Directional Earth Fault Protection Element

the relay measures the Direction by using the Fault Current IF=( -3I0) and it is comapred by
refersnce Voltage ( UP)= 3Uo the Zero sequence Voltage

the Relay to be able for directional determination minimum zero sequence current is
required ( 3Io) and minimum Zero sequence Voltage ( 3U0) is required.

to get the relay Directionality boundry NOTE : that we inject current with angle ZERO but
the Relay will detect this current with angle 180 Degrees so in order to calculate the angles
so you have to substract this angle from the actual measured angle

Results
Actual injected current is 180 degrees it means angle ------> Zero
Actual injected current is 58 degrees it means angle ------> 180-58 = 122 degree
Actual injected Current is 202 degrees it means angle -> 180-202 = -22+360=338

to test the minimum Required Voltage for Directional Measurement

Simulate We have fault in the Forward direction by injection single phase current + single
Phase voltage = Zero but the current exceeds the 3Io but the current angle within the forward
Direction the Indiction Forward Pick up will not COME now increase the Single phase voltage
till the thershold value and check the indication of the Directional COME