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Prepared for Presentation at AIChE 2004 Annual Meeting, November 8-12, Austin, TX
at the Session of Incorporating New Technologies into Chemical Engineering Education
(529g).
Unpublished
Numerous tables and figures are used to solve engineering design problems in
Chemical Engineering courses such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat
transfer. Tables and figures are often misread, and significant times/efforts are consumed
to understand them, because their complex formats make them difficult to be
comprehended. Such problems can be alleviated by developing simple computer
programs with readily available software such as FORTRAN, C++, and Microsoft EXCEL,
to replace conventional figures and tables with computer-generated engineering design
data.
The friction factor chart is utilized to determine skin friction loss of pipes. The chart
(shown in Fig. 1) is replaced with a simple computer program, which can be easily
developed with the Colebrook equation as shown in Equation 1, using EXCEL software.
Figure 2 shows pressure drop for the flow of oil in a schedule-40 3-inch pipe, while Figure
3 shows friction loss for the flow of air in straight ducts. These figures are substituted with
computer software, which is developed by incorporating the Colebrooks equation into the
Bernoullis equation.
1 . 255
1
= 4 log D + (1)
f 3 .7 R f
where f: friction factor
: absolute roughness of pipe
D: inside diameter of pipe or duct
R: Reynolds number
Table 1 shows flow of water through schedule-40 steel pipes. Table 2 shows
properties of water at various temperatures, whereas Table 3 shows properties of air at
various temperatures. Relationships between properties of water and air, and
temperatures are developed with EXCEL software or hand calculators. These simple
relationships can be substituted with Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 can be replaced with
simple computer software developed with the Colebrooks equation, Bernoullis equation,
and relationships between properties of water and temperatures.
Heat Transfer Course
The Gauss error function values as shown in Table 4 are used to solve unsteady-state convection
heat transfer problems of semi-infinite solids. If the desired error function values are not available,
approximate error function values may be obtained with the interpolation method. A simple computer
software is developed to obtain easily more accurate error function values than those of the Gauss error
function table. The Gauss error function equation (see Equation 2) is applied to Taylor series expansion, and
the first 25 terms of Taylor series expansion are selected to be integrated with the help of EXCEL.
U
erf (U ) =
e U dU
2
2
(2)
0
Water, steam and air are frequently utilized as heat transfer media for heat exchangers and
condensers. Convection heat transfer coefficients in the presence of water and air, and condensation heat
transfer coefficients in the presence of steam are obtained with properties of water and air, using their
property tables (see Tables 2 and 3). Desired properties may be obtained with the aid of the interpolation
method, which is tedious and time-consuming. Relationships between properties of water and air, and
temperatures are developed with EXCEL software or hand calculators. These simple relationships can be
substituted with Tables 1 and 2.
Thermodynamics Course
The Depriester charts (see Figures 4 and 5) are used to compute dew-point pressures, bubble point
pressures, vapor-phase compositions, and liquid-phase compositions for hydrocarbons in the design of a
flash drum. These charts are very difficult to be read for the computation of these desired values, which are
frequently obtained with the trial-and-error method. The McWilliams equations (see Equation 3) replace
these charts, and are incorporated into vapor-liquid equilibrium equations for the programming of simple
computer software with FORTRAN.
ln K = A + TB + C + Dln P + E + FP (3)
T2 P2
Figure 2. Pressure drop for flow of 62.3-lbm/ft3 and 50-cP oil in 3-inch schedule-40 pipe.
Figure 3. Friction of air in straight ducts.
References
1. Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N., Transport Phenomena, 2nd Edition,
2002.
2. Noel D. Nevers, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Second Edition, McGraw-
Hill, 1991.
3. J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002
4. Smith and Van Ness, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 4th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1987
Acknowledgments
The authors thank to the Tuskegee University Title III program - faculty development
program for support of travel expenses for presentation of this paper at AIChE 2004
Annual Meeting