Cardo was the Latin name given to a north-south street in Ancient Roman cities and military camps as an

integral component of city planning.

Agglomeration -clustering or concentrating businesses or people with similar characteristics (De Blij) ex.
ethnic neighborhoods

Barriadas

-Spanish word for "slum"

-prevalent in Latin American countries

Bid-rent theory

-suggests that property and land closer to the CBD (central business district) is more expensive because
it is more desirable
-only commercial landlords can afford land within the CBD (Kap)

Blockbusting

-rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real
estate agents stir up fear in declining neighborhoods and encourage these people to sell their homes for
a lower price and move elsewhere

-illegal

-"white flight" (De Blij + notes)

CBD (central business district)

-another word for downtown

-central heart of a central city
-marked by high land values, concentration of business and commerce, and clustering of the tallest
buildings (de Blij)

Census tract

-geographic areas with about 5,000 people on average although they can vary from 2500 to 8000
-small districts used by the US Census Bureau to survey population

Centralization

-focusing of power into one authority, usually the command of a mayor or city manager

-opposite of decentralization

Central-place theory

-proposed by Walter Christaller

-hexagonal model shows that city is not self-sustaining
-it is supported by neighborhoods, hamlets, and townships on the outskirts
-all work together to form a functional region
-ASSUMES: flat topography, equal transportation systems, and that people will travel the least distance
possible to meet their service needs (Kap)

Walter Christaller

-developed central place theory

Greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of
largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas. A major
threat for greenbelts all over the globe is urban growth and development.

Green belt land refers to an area that is kept in reserve for an open space, most often
around larger cities. The main purpose of the green belt policy is to protect the land around
larger urban centres from urban sprawl, and maintain the designated area for forestry and
agriculture as well as to provide habitat to wildlife.
Green belt offers a number of benefits for both urban and rural population. By preventing
the urban sprawl, it helps protect agricultural activities and the unique character of rural
communities. Urban population, on the other hand, is provided an access to an open space
which offers opportunities for outdoor activities and an access to clean air.
Areas that are designated as green belt must not be built upon because green belt is
defined as an open space, however, that does not mean that no buildings can be erected in
green belt. Buildings for agricultural uses and sanitation facilities, for instance, are usually
allowed. In some cases, it is also possible to change the use of land in green belt and even
gain permission for structures that are officially not allowed in green belt. However, such
cases are very rare and the local authorities grant permission only if no suitable site for the
building can be found in the urban centre or outside the green belt and there is an
accessible business electricity source.
Conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that,
through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban
or industrially developed area. A conurbation consists of a large city together with the smaller
towns around it.

Buffer zone a tract of land between two differently zoned areas. For example, a city might
position a park between a commercial and residential district. A buffer zone is generally a zonal
area that lies between two or more other areas, but depending on the type of buffer zone, the reason for it
may be to segregate regions or to conjoin them.

Commuter zone

-the outermost ring of the Concentric Ring model (1920s)

-suggests that people who live there have enough money to buy a car or afford any other type of
transportation
-farthest away from CBD

Concentric zone model

-model by Burgess, models North American central city during the 1920s

-much like the Thunen model, it consists of rings, each with their own purpose

-order of rings: CBD in center, low-class residential, middle-class residential, high-class residential,
commuter zone

Counter urbanization

-When people leave the cities due to problems that arise because of urbanization

ex. Detroit lost two thirds of its population

Decentralization

-the distribution of authority from a center figure or point to other sectors on the city

Deindustrialization
-process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving newly
deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high
unemployment (De Blij)

-shift to a more specialized economy (Kap)

ex. Detroit

Basic economic base

-city-forming industry (Kap)

ex. steel industry in Pittsburgh, automobile industry in Detroit, and computer chips in San Jose

Nonbasic economic

-city-serving industry (Kap)

ex. construction, industrial equipment

Edge city

-coined by Joel Garreau

-describes shifting focus of urbanization in the US away from the CBD

-characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas, and modern
buildings (De Blij)

-large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping (Kap)

Emerging cities

-experiencing population growth as well as increasing economic and political clout throughout their
region (Kap)
ex. Shanghai

Employment structure

-the shift from secondary to tertiary to quaternary economic sectors (Kap)

Entrepot

-places where goods are reexported and send them all over the world

ex. Singapore, Hong Kong, etc

Favela

-squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo

-Sao Paulo: located on periphery

-Rio: located throughout city

-violent, drug gangs, hard to control (Kap)

Festival landscape

-space within an urban environment that can accommodate a large number of people

-may be decorated and used for celebrations (Kap)

ex. Central Park, Hyde Park

Galatic city model

-type of model
-a mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

Gateway city

-connect two areas and serve as a gateway

-connect two cultures and serve as a cultural point of entry (Kap)

ex. Ellis Island in New York, Angel Island in California, St. Louis, Sydney, Istanbul

Gentrification

-the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents (De Blij)

-wealthy people moving into inner-city areas

ex. Harlem in NYC

High-tech corridors

-areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to research, development, and sale
of high-tech products

-develop because networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating high-tech enterprises in close
proximity to each other (De Blij)

ex. Silicon Valley, Foxconn

Hinterland

-"country behind"

-term referring to surrounding area served by an urban center

-that center is the focus of goods and services produced for its hinterland and is its dominant urban
influence
-Port cities: hinterland includes the inland area whose area flows through that port (De Blij)

-called "market area" of the product

Hydraulic civilization

-a civilization based on large-scale irrigation

Indigenous city

-a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a place

In-filling

-greenbelts prevent this

-process of cities that are close to each other merging together

-cities are politically separate but together form a large metropolitan area (Kap)

ex. Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul

Informal sector

-economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government

-not included in government's GDP (De Blij)

ex. drug cartels, trafficking, babysitting

Infrastructure

-roads, highways, and even airline routes that connect places to other places
Inner city

-the central area of a major city

-in the US, it often applies to the poorer parts of the city where people are less educated and there is
more crime

Invasion and succession

-process by which new immigrants move to a city and dominate areas occupied by older immigrant
groups (De Blij)

-continued expansion of central business district and the continual push outwards of the zones (Kap)

ex. Puerto Rican immigrants invaded Jewish neighborhood in East Harlem

Lateral commuting

-commuting that occurs between suburban areas rather than towards the central city.

Medieval city

-most had walls for protection

-were very few because urbanization did not occur and in some places was reversed

Megalopolis/conurbation

-designates large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world

ex. Northeast megalopolis: Boston, New York City, Pennsylvania, Washington DC

Metropolitan area

-has a large population (over 50,000), incorporate large areas, and are focused around one large city
-usually include suburbs from where people drive to work

Multiple nuclei model

-North American city model by Harris and Ullman, 1950s

-three CBDs: regular, rich, suburb

-multiple nuclei suggests that people are now buying more than one car and can drive from farther away

-still shows social stratification

Multiplier effect

-principle that development spurs more development (Kap)

Primate city

-a country's largest city

-most expressive of the national culture and usually the capital city, though not always (De Blij)

-have more than twice the population of any urban area in that country (Kap)

-CHINA AND THE US DO NOT HAVE PRIMATE CITIES

ex. Copenhagen in Denmark, Mexico City in Mexico

Racial steering

-the practice in which real estate agents guid prospective buyers away from or towards certain
neighborhoods based on their race

-similar to blockbusting

Rank-size rule
-in a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional
to its rank in the hierarchy (De Blij)

ex. 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, etc.

Redlining

-discriminatory, illegal practice by real agents where minority groups are denied a loan to purchase
property in a predominantly white neighborhood (de Blij)

Restrictive covenants

-prevent economic decline of newly gentrified areas

ex. not illegal to park your car at night but your development may fine you, garbage cans must be kept
inside the garage, expansion of city limits in Portland, Oregon

Sector model

-North American city model by Hoyt, 1930s

-circular, with pieces radiating from CBD

-rich are far away from poor and are near education

-poor are near industry and transportation

-middle class is buffer zone

Segregation

-forced separation of the races

Nucleated settlement

-clustered around a central node

Dispersed settlement

-isolated houses, far from neighbors, large tracts of land

-small population residing in a large area

Elongated settlement

-houses are on long, narrow strips of land

Shopping mall

-group of retail outlets that either share a roof or are connected by a set of walkways

-attract more customers than a single store would

-agglomeration is advantageous (Kap)

ex. Providence Place, Magnificent Mile

Site

-internal attributes of a place (De Blij)

ex. absolute location, spatial character, LOW LABOR, INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS

Situation

-external locational attributes of a place (de Blij)

ex. relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal place, FREEWAY ACCESS, PORT
FACILITIES
Slum

-high density areas of lower-class citizens who live in substandard housing

-new immigrants to city live here mostly (Kap)

Social structure

-class structure

-low, middle, high class (Kap)

Specialization

-a line of work you have adopted as your career

ex. manufacturing, research, farming, etc.

Squatter settlement

-areas of squalor and extreme poverty

-slums (Kap)

Grid

-streets run east/west and north/south

-create grid pattern

-names are usually 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc

-north/south streets may have names like Avenue

-easy to navigate (Kap)

Dendritic
-street pattern

-much like dendrites in a brain cell

-looks like the root system of a tree, with streets that curve and meander through the city (Kap)

Access, control

access streets- provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway

control streets- one that controls access

Symbolic landscape

-urban landscape that reflects the city's history and has become synonymous with the city

Tenement

-rundown apartment buildings that are minimally kept up by landlords because their value is so low
(Kap)

-located in zone in transition outside of CBD

Threshold

-minimum number of people needed to meet the needs of the industry (Kap)

Range

-max distance that people are willing to travel to purchase a product or partake in a service

Underclass

-made up of people who are excluded from the creation of wealth

ex. the "untouchables" in India (bottom of the caste system)

Underemployment

-happens when too many employees are hired and there is not enough work for all of them to do

-leads to layoffs

Urban growth rate

-rate at which individual cities increase their populations

-cities are growing rapidly owing to the poverty of the countryside (farmers forced off land, etc.) (Kap)

Urban function

-services that are provided in a certain area

-works with central place model because hamlets, villages, towns, and cities work together to form a
functional area

Urban hearth area

-a region in which the world's first cities evolved

-evolved from: agricultural surplus and industrialization

Urban heat island

-cities create their own heat

Urban hierarchy

-puts cities in ranks based from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large,
world-class cities

-the higher the rank, the higher the sphere of influence that city has on a global scale (Kap)
Urban hydrology

-how a city deals with getting clean water to its citizens and then removing dirty water and cleaning it
before it is distributed back into the world's rivers and oceans

Urban morphology

-all of the street patterns, structures, and the physical forms of the city

ex. blacktop and concentrated brick, stone, and metal in buildings hold the heat much longer than the
natural landscape

Urban realms model

-interprets America's urban structure

-demonstrates that today's outer cities are not satellites of the central city, they're helping to shape the
metropolis

World city

-New York City, London, and Tokyo

-financial capitals of their regions, many transnational corporations have headquartered here

-often appear on news and in works of literature as well as other media

-world-class airports, mass transportation, freeways, ethnic communities

-also called great cities (Kap)

Zone in transition

-located outside CBD

-slums are located here (Kap)

Zoning
-used in European cities

-Residential: housing

-Commercial: business and retail

-Industrial: manufacturing plants (Kap)

Hamlet

-may include a few dozen people and offer limited services

-clustered around urban center (gas station or general store) (Kap)

Village

-larger than hamlets and offer more services

-specialized stores (Kap)

Towns

-50 to thousands of people

-considered an urban area with an undefined boundary but are smaller than a city in terms of
population and area

-farms are hinterlands of towns in Great Plains (Kap)

City

-large, densely populated areas (Kap)

-PHYSICAL: non-rural that is built up, economically functional, has a local government, and a legal
boundary
-ECONOMIC: basic sector (bring money in city) and non basic sector (do not bring money in city)

Urban sprawl

-second-ring suburbs are growing and infringing on the surrounding rural areas
-PROBLEMS: more people to take care of, more infrastructure to build, less individuality in houses
(cookie cutter)