3GPP R8 LTE Overview: 조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

3GPP R8 LTE Overview
조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

brian.cho@intel.com
Intel Corporation
Contents
 Technology Evolution
 OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA
 LTE Overview
 LTE Radio Interface Architecture
 LTE Downlink Transmission
 LTE Uplink Transmission
 LTE Cell Search
 LTE Performance
 Summary
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 2
Technology Evolution
Worldwide Mobile Users
Number Percentage
cdmaOne 2,512,409 0.06%
CDMA2000 1X 309,507,900 7.18%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO 121,821,983 2.83%
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev. A 13,912,386 0.32%
Subtotal for 3GPP2 447,754,678 10.39%
GSM 3,449,010,903 80.02%
WCDMA 255,773,412 5.93%
WCDMA HSPA 132,079,727 3.06%
TD-SCDMA 825,044 0.02%
Subtotal for 3GPP 3,837,689,086 89.03%
Subtotal for 3GPP except GSM 388,678,183 9.02%
TDMA 753,411 0.02%
PDC 2,752,436 0.06%
iDEN 21,361,981 0.50%
Total 4,310,311,592
* Data supplied by GSMA Mobile Infolink on Aug/07/2009
3GPP Standards Evolution
Ongoing GERAN Evolution
GERAN
GPRS EGPRS GERAN Evolution
DL PDR: 50 kbps DL PDR: 236 kbps SAIC
MSRD
UL PDR: 21 kbps UL PDR: 118 kbps PS Handover
Dual Carrier
Ongoing
UMTS R5 HSDPA R6 HSUPA R7 HSPA R8 HSPA HSPA Evolution
WCDMA (5MHz) (5 MHz) Evolution Evolution
(5MHz) (5 MHz) (5(x2) MHz)
DL PDR: 14 Mbps DL PDR: 14 Mbps
DL PDR: 384 kbps DL PDR: 28.8 Mbps DL PDR: 43.2 Mbps
UL PDR: 384 kbps UL PDR: 5.7 Mbps
UL PDR: 64 kbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps UL PDR: 11.5 Mbps
LTE R8
Feasibility LTE/SAE R10
(1.25-20MHz) LTE-Adv
Study DL PDR:  100 Mbps
(1.25-20MHz) UL PDR:  50 Mbps
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Technology Evolution Path
3G 3.5G~3.99G IMT-Adv?
2005 2006 2007-2009 2010+

3G Technology Evolution
HSPA+ (R7/R8)
WCDMA (R99) HSDPA (R5) LTE-Adv ?
3GPP LTE (R8)
EVDO R.B
EVDO R.0 EVDO R.A ?
3GPP2 UMB
Wi-Fi 802.16e 802.16e

802.16m ?
OFDM OFDMA MIMO-OFDMA (WiMAX R2.0)
(WiMAX R1.0)
Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution
Advancement For High Data Rate
3.5G 4G
2G, 3G
(HSDPA,EVDO) (LTE,WiMAX)
Access Scheme CDMA OFDM(A)
QPSK,16QAM,
Modulation QPSK Up to 16QAM
64QAM
Link Adaptation Mainly PC Mainly AMC with channel-aware scheduler
ARQ without soft
ARQ HARQ with soft combining
combining
Handover SHO HHO
FDD,
Duplexing FDD
TDD is emerging
Antenna Various Antenna

Rx Antenna Diversity
Technology Diversity, MIMO, BF
OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA
ISI Prevents High Data Rate?
 In general, ISI prevents “HIGH DATA RATE”
 Symbol rate increase  Ts decrease  severe ISI
Symbol rate decrease  Ts increase  less ISI
Multipath profile in the wireless channel

(which is already given)
time
System#1 s1 s2
Ts
System#2 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16
Ts
• System#2 achieves 10x higher data rate by using 10x more spectrum (BW)
• However, at the same time, system#2 suffers 10x more severe ISI due to
short symbol duration compared to the multipath profile in the time domain
Multicarrier to “Minimize” ISI Effect
 Ways to “minimize” inter-symbol interference:
 Reduce the symbol rate, but data rate goes down too
 Equalizers, but equalization is processor intensive & expensive
We are talking about

“Broadband Wireless” which
requires high data rate
 Solution:
 Transmit data over multiple carrier frequencies in parallel
 Narrow, slower channels are MUCH LESS vulnerable to ISI thanks to long symbol duration compared to
the multipath delay in time domain
 OFDM splits data into parallel, independent, narrowband channels (“subcarriers”)
 Expensive adaptive equalizers are not required
FDM and OFDM
Unlike conventional FDM which requires Guard Band & Sharp Filter between carriers, OFDM exploits
the mathematical property of the signal and doesn’t require any GB or Filter between subcarriers
Guard Interval To “Remove” ISI
Cyclic Prefix for Guard Interval
More on CP (Cyclic Prefix)
 OFDM guarantee no interference „between‟ subsequent OFDM symbols

OFDM allows ISI „within‟ one OFDM symbol
 Then, how can we remove ISI „within‟ each OFDM symbol?
Circular Convolution
 Circular convolution
where is a periodic version of x[n] with period L.
 DFT
 The duality b/w circular convolution in the time domain and simple multiplication
in the frequency domain is a property unique to DFT
 The above simple formula describes an ISI-free channel in the frequency
domain, where each input symbol X[m] is simply scaled by a complex value
H[m]
 It is trivial to recover the input symbol by simply computing
Frequency Domain Model of OFDM Tx/Rx
One-tap EQ
OFDMA: (1) Better BW Utilization
 Cell center area
 mostly BW-limited region
 MSs are mostly not power-hungry
 In general, if we want to increase user data rate, we need to allocate more BW.
 Cell edge area
 mostly power-limited region
 MSs are mostly power-hungry
 In general, it will not be very effective to allocate wide BW to power-hungry MS since they will not be
able to use the allocated BW anyway.
 To better utilize the resource,”FDM-based access” is also required especially in wideband system
 Enhance uplink link budget as well.
200mW
200mW
Total System BW
OFDMA: (2) Freq. Domain Scheduling
 Freq. domain scheduling gain = Freq. domain multiuser diversity
Localized subcarrier assignment Distributed subcarrier assignment
OFDMA: (3) Interference Coordination
 Flexible Fractional Frequency Reuse
Cell-A
Power
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4
B5 C5
weak users good users
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B2 B3 B4 B5 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-B
B1
good user weak user
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Cell-C
A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
good users weak users
A Brief History of OFDM*
 1966: Chang shows that multicarrier modulation can solve the multipath
problem without reducing data rate
 R. W. Chang, “Synthesis of band-limited orthogonal signals for multichannel
data transmission”, Bell Systems Technical Journal, 45:1775-1796, Dec. 1966
 1971: Weinstein and Ebert show that multicarrier modulation can be
accomplished using a DFT
 S. Weinstein and P. Ebert, “Data Transmission by frequency-division
multiplexing using the discrete Fourier transform”, IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 19(5): 628-634, Oct. 1971
 1985: Cimini at Bell Labs identifies many of the key issues in OFDM
transmission and does a proof-of-concept design
 L. J. Cimini, “Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile channel using
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing”, IEEE Transactions on
Communications, 33(7): 665-675, July 1985
 1993: DSL adopts OFDM
 1999: IEEE 802.11 releases the 802.11a standard for OFDM
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Jeffrey Andrews, et al., Fundamentals of WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
20
OFDM in Communication Systems
 3GPP LTE
 3GPP2 UMB
 IEEE 802.16e Mobile WiMAX
 DAB, DVB-T, DVB-H
 T-DMB
 MediaFlo
 IEEE 802.11a WLAN
 xDSL
 PLC
 Etc…
SC-FDMA Transmitter
 SC-FDMA is a new hybrid modulation technique combining the low PAR
single carrier methods of current systems with the frequency allocation
flexibility and long symbol time of OFDM
 SC-FDMA is sometimes referred to as Discrete Fourier Transform Spread
OFDM = DFT-SOFDM
Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols
Coded symbol rate= R Spreading
Sub-carrier CP
DFT Mapping IFFT insertion
Msymbols Size-M
Low High Low

Size-N
PAPR PAPR PAPR
CM of OFDMA & SC-FDMA
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
16QAM
SC-FDMA
QPSK
SC-FDMA
pi/2-BPSK
Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA*
 QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
 How OFDM and SC-FDMA would be used to transmit a sequence of 8
QPSK symbols
* Moray Rumney (Agilent), “Concepts of 3GPP LTE”, Live Webinar, Sep. 20th, 2007.
Comparing OFDM and SC-FDMA
Time Domain Equalizer
 In general, the complexity of time-discrete equalizer with linear equalization

implementation (as above) grows relatively rapidly with the bandwidth of the
signal to be equalized
 A more wideband signal is subject to relatively more frequency selectivity or,
equivalently, more time dispersion. This implies the equalizer needs to have a larger
span.
 A more wideband signal leads to a correspondingly higher sampling rate for the
received signal. Thus, also the receiver-filter processing needs to be carried out with
a correspondingly higher rate.
Frequency Domain Equalizer
 Frequency domain equalization basically consists of

 A size-N DFT/FFT
 N complex multiplications (the frequency-domain filter)
 A size-N inverse DFT/FFT
 Especially in extensive frequency selective channel, the complexity of the
frequency domain equalization can be significantly less than that of time
domain equalization
* D. Falconer, et al., “Frequency domain equalization for single-carrier broadband
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 wireless systems,” IEEE Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002 27
SC-FDMA & FDE:
Good papers
LTE Overview
3GPP Specifications
 LTE Study Phase (Release 7)
 TR 25.813, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Radio interface protocol aspects
 TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for E-UTRA
 TR 25.912, Feasibility study for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
 TR 25.913, Requirements for E-UTRA and E-UTRAN
 LTE Specifications (Release 8)
 TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission and reception
 TS 36.104, E-UTRA: BS radio transmission and reception
 TS 36.201, E-UTRA: LTE Physical Layer - General Description
 TS 36.211, E-UTRA: Physical channels and modulation
 TS 36.212, E-UTRA: Multiplexing and channel coding
 TS 36.213, E-UTRA: Physical layer procedures
 TS 36.214, E-UTRA: Physical layer – Measurements
 TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN: Overall description; Stage 2
 TS 36.302, E-UTRA: Services provided by the physical layer
 TS 36.306, E-UTRA: UE Radio Access Capabilities
 TS 35.321, E-UTRA: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
 TS 36.323, E-UTRA: Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification
 TS 36.331, E-UTRA: Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification
 TS 36.401, E-UTRAN: Architecture description
 TR 36.938, E-UTRAN: Improved network controlled mobility between LTE and 3GPP2/mobile
WiMAX radio technologies
 TR 36.956, E-UTRA; Repeater planning guidelines and system analysis
3GPP LTE
 LTE focus is on:
 enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
 optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
 With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for
several years
 LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP
technologies for the future (started at Nov. 2004)
 Motivations
 Need for PS optimized system
 Evolve UMTS towards packet only system
 Need for higher data rates
 Can be achieved with HSDPA/HSUPA and/or new air interface defined by 3GPP LTE
 Need for high quality of services
 Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services
 Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly)
 Reduce round trip delay
 Need for cheaper infrastructure
 Simplify architecture, reduce number of network elements
 Most data users are less mobile
Detailed Requirements*
 Peak data rate
 Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink
spectrum allocation (5 bps/Hz)
 Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 50 Mb/s (2.5 bps/Hz) within a 20MHz
uplink spectrum allocation)
 Control-plane latency
 Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6
Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
 Transition time of less than 50 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6
CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH
 Control-plane capacity
 At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum
allocations up to 5 MHz
 User-plane latency
 Less than 5 ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for
small IP packet
* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 UTRA (E-UTRA) and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), Release 8, Version 8.0.0, Dec. 2008
32
Detailed Requirements
 Average user throughput
 Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA
 Uplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Cell edge user throughput
 Downlink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA
 Uplink: user throughput per MHz at 5% of CDF, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Spectrum efficiency
 Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4
times Release 6 HSDPA )
 Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times
Release 6 Enhanced Uplink
 Mobility
 E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 15 km/h
 Higher mobile speed between 15 and 120 km/h should be supported with high
performance
 Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350
km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band)
 Coverage
 Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met up to 5 km
cells, and with a slight degradation up to 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should
not be precluded.
Detailed Requirements
 Spectrum flexibility
 E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.25 MHz, 2.5
MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation
in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supported
 Co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP RAT (UTRAN, GERAN)
 Architecture and migration
 Single E-UTRAN architecture
 The E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made
to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class traffic
 E-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoS
 Backhaul communication protocols should be optimized
 Radio Resource Management requirements
 Enhanced support for end to end QoS
 Support of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access
Technologies
 Complexity
 Minimize the number of options
 No redundant mandatory features
LTE System Performance
 Peak Data Rate
150.8 baseline
302.8
51.0
75.4 baseline
LTE System Performance – cont’d
 Downlink Spectral Efficiency
 Uplink Spectral Efficiency
LTE Key Features
 Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 Less critical AMP efficiency in BS side Making MS cheap as
 Concerns on high RX complexity in terminal side much as possible by
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier-FDMA) moving all the burdens
 Less critical RX complexity in BS side from MS to BS
 Critical AMP complexity in terminal side (Cost, power Consumption, UL coverage)
 Single node RAN (eNB)
 Support FDD (frame type 1) & TDD (frame type 2 for TD-SCDMA) <cf> H-FDD MS
 User data rates
 DL (baseline): 150.8 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ 2x2 SU-MIMO
 UL (baseline): 75.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW w/ non-MIMO or 1x2 MU-MIMO
 Radio frame: 10 ms (= 20 slots)
Sub-frame: 1 ms (= 2 slots)
Slot: 0.5 ms
 TTI: 1 ms
 HARQ
 Incremental redundancy is used as the soft combining strategy
 Retransmission time: 8 ms
 Modulation
 DL/UL data channel = QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
LTE Key Features – cont’d
 MIMO SM (Spatial Multiplexing), Beamforming, Antenna Diversity
Min requirement: 2 eNB antennas & 2 UE rx antennas
 DL: Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
 UL: 1x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO
 Resource block
 12 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 15kHz  “180kHz”
 24 subcarriers with subcarrier BW of 7.5kHz (only for MBMS)
 Subcarrier operation
 Frequency selective by localized subcarrier
 Frequency diversity by distributed subcarrier & frequency hopping
 Frequency hopping
 Intra-TTI: UL (once per 0.5ms slot), DL (once per 66us symbol)
 Inter-TTI: across retransmissions
 Bearer services
 Packet only – no circuit switched voice or data services are supported
 Voice must use VoIP
 MBSFN
 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network
 To support a Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast System (MBMS)
 Time-synchronized common waveform is transmitted from multiple cells for a given duration
 The signal at MS will appear exactly as a signal transmitted from a single cell site and subject to multi-path
 Not only “improve the received signal strength” but also “eliminate inter-cell interference”
E-UTRAN Architecture*
MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

S1
S1
S1
S1
X2 E-UTRAN
eNB eNB
X2
X2
eNB
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009
39
Functional Split b/w E-UTRAN and EPC*
eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Connection Mobility Cont.

MME
Radio Admission Control
NAS Security
eNB Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Idle State Mobility
Handling
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
EPS Bearer Control
RRC
PDCP
S-GW P-GW
RLC
Mobility UE IP address
MAC Anchoring allocation
S1
PHY Packet Filtering
internet
E-UTRAN EPC
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009
40
3GPP Architecture Evolution
Towards Flat Architecture
E-UTRA Frequency Band*
 Japan, Korea?
 Korea?
 Europe
 Korea?
 US?
 US?
 China?
* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 42
E-UTRA Channel Bandwidth*
 1RB = 180kHz  6RBs = 1.08MHz, 100RBs = 18MHz
 6RBs (72 subcarriers) with 128 FFT, 100RBs (1200 subcarriers) with 2048 FFT
* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 and reception, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 43
LTE Radio Interface Architecture
LTE Protocol Architecture (DL)
Example of LTE Data Flow
Logical Channels: “type of information it carries”
 Control Channels
 Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
used for transmission of system information from the network to all UEs in a cell
 Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
used for paging of UEs whose location on cell level is not known to the network
 Common Control Channel (CCCH)
used for transmission of control information in conjunction with random access, i.e.,
used for UEs having no RRC connection
 Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
used for transmission of control information to/from a UE, i.e., used for UEs having
RRC connection (e.g. handover messages)
 Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
used for transmission of control information required for reception of MTCH
 Traffic Channels
 Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
used for transmission of user data to/from a UE
 Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
used for transmission of MBMS services
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 47
Transport Channels: “how”, “with what characteristics”
 Downlink
 Broadcast Channel (BCH)
 A fixed TF
 Used for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called MIB
 Paging Channel (PCH)
 Used for transmission of paging information from PCCH
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
 Main transport channel used for transmission of downlink data in LTE
 Used also for transmission of parts of BCCH, so called SIB
 Supports discontinuous reception (DRX)
 Multicast Channel (MCH)
 Used to support MBMS
 Uplink
 Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
 Uplink counterpart to the DL-SCH
 Random Access Channel(s) (RACH)
 Transport channel which doesn‟t carry transport blocks
 Collision risk
* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 description; Stage 2, Release 9, V9.0.0, June 2009 48
DL Physical Channels
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 실제 downlink user data를 전송하기 위한 transport channel인 DL-SCH와 paging 정보를 전송
하기 위한 transport channel인 PCH가 매핑
 동적 방송 정보인 SI (System Information) 값들도 RRC 메시지 형태로 DL-SCH를 통해 전송되
므로 이 역시 PDSCH로 매핑
 이 경우는 전체 셀 영역으로 도달될 수 있는 능력이 요구되기도 함
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 UE가 cell search과정을 마친 후에 최초로 검출하는 채널로서, 다른 물리 계층 채널들을 수신하
기 위하여 반드시 필요한 기본적인 시스템 정보들인 MIB (Master Information Block)를 전송하
기 위한 transport channel인 BCH가 매핑
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
 방송형 데이터를 전송하기 위한 transport channel 인 MCH가 매핑
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 매 subframe마다 전송, only one PCFICH in each cell
 Informs UE about CFI which indicates the number of OFDM symbols used for PDCCHs
transmission
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Informs UE about resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH
 HARQ information related to DL-SCH
 UL scheduling grant
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
 Carries HARQ ACK/NACKs in response to UL transmission
UL Physical Channels
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
 Carries UL-SCH
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Carries HARQ ACK/NAKs in response to DL transmission
 Carries Scheduling Request (SR)
 Carries channel status reports such as CQI, PMI and RI
 At most one PUCCH per UE
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 Carries the random access preamble
LTE Channel Mapping
Downlink
Uplink
LTE Downlink Transmission
Frame Structure: Type 1 for FDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms
One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
One subframe
where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds  “the smallest time unit in LTE”

Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
Frame Structure: Type 2 for TDD
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
Frame Structure: FDD/TDD
DL Slot Structure One downlink slot Tslot
 DL : Downlink bandwidth configuration,

N RB
expressed in units of N scRB DL
N symb OFDM symbols
 N scRB : Resource block size in the k  N RB N sc  1

DL RB
frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers Resource block
DL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
DL
 N symb: Number of OFDM symbols in an
downlink slot
 N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
DL
N RB
The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE

scheduling is “1ms (1subframe) x 180kHz
(12subcarriers @ 15kHz spacing)”
k 0
l0 l DL
N symb 1
Definitions
 Resource Grid
DL
 Defined as N RB N scRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb
DL
OFDM symbols in time domain
 The quantity N RB
DL
depends on the DL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6  N RB
DL
 110
DL
 The set of allowed values for N RB is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
 Resource Block (1 RB = 180 kHz)
 Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and Nsymb
DL
“consecutive” OFDM
symbols in time domain
 Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
 Resource Element
 Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l  in a slot where k  0,..., N RB
DL
N scRB  1 and l  0,..., Nsymb
DL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
Normal CP & Extended CP
PRB and VRB (LVRB, DVRB)

DL
Physical resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N RB  1 in the frequency domain.
 The relation between the physical resource block number nPRB in the frequency domain
and resource elements (k , l ) in a slot is given by
 k 
nPRB   RB 
 N sc 
 A virtual resource block is of the same size as a physical resource block.
Two types of virtual resource blocks are defined: LVRB and DVRB
 Virtual resource blocks of localized type are mapped directly to PRBs such that virtual
resource block nVRB corresponds to physical resource block nPRB  nVRB .
Virtual resource blocks are numbered from 0 to N VRB
DL
 1 , where N VRB
DL DL .
 N RB
DVRB
 Virtual resource blocks of distributed type are mapped to PRBs as follows
 Consecutive VRBs are not mapped to PRBs that are consecutive in the frequency domain
 Even a single VRB pair is distributed in the frequency domain
 The exact size of the frequency gap depends on the overall downlink cell BW
Resource-element groups (REG)
n+6
n+5
n+7
 Basic unit for mapping of PCFICH,
PHICH, and PDCCH
 Resource-element groups are used
for defining the mapping of control
n+3
n+4
channels to resource elements.
 Mapping of a symbol-quadruplet
n+1
n+0
n+2
z (i), z (i  1), z (i  2), z (i  3) onto a resource
-element group is defined such that
elements z (i) are mapped to resource
elements (k , l ) of the resource-element
n+5
n+4
n+6
group not used for cell-specific
reference signals in increasing order
of l and k
n+3
n+1
n+0
n+2
DL Physical Channel Processing
code words layers antenna ports
Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
Mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling element mapper
Mapper generation
 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

physical channel
 modulation of scrambled bits to generate complex-valued modulation symbols
 mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several
transmission layers
 precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for
transmission on the antenna ports
 mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to
resource elements
 generation of complex-valued time-domain OFDM signal for each antenna port
Channel Coding
 Turbo code
 PCCC (exactly the same as in WCDMA/HSPA)
 QPP (quadratic polynomial permutation) interleaver
Modulation
DL Layer Mapping and Precoding
 Explained in MIMO session
DL OFDM Signal Generation
 OFDM Parameters
0  t  N CP,l  N  Ts
N = 2048 for f=15kHz
N = 4096 for f=7.5kHz
 Check with resource block parameters

 (160+2048) x Ts = 71.88us
(144+2048) x Ts = 71.35us
71.88us + 71.35us x 6 = 0.5ms
 Normal Cyclic Prefix = 160 Ts = 5.2 us
Normal Cyclic Prefix = 144 Ts = 4.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix = 512 Ts = 16.7 us
Extended Cyclic Prefix for MBMS = 1024 Ts = 33.3 us
DL Physical Channels & Signals
 Physical channels
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
 Physical signals
 Reference Signals
 Cell-specific RS, associated with non-MBSFN transmission
 Aid coherent detection (pilot)
 Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB
 MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission

 UE-specific RS
 Synchronization Signals
 Carries frequency and symbol timing synchronization
 PSS (Primary SS) and SSS (Secondary SS)
DL Reference Signals
 Cell-specific reference signals
 Are transmitted in every downlink subframe, and span entire cell BW
 Can be used for coherent demodulation of any downlink transmission
“except” when so-called non-codebook-based beamforming is used
 Using antenna ports {0, 1, 2, 3}
 MBSFN reference signals

 Are used for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of signals being
transmitted by means of MBSFN
 Using antenna port 4
 UE-specific reference signals

 Is specifically intended for channel estimation for coherent demodulation of
DL-SCH when non-codebook-based beamforming is used.
 Are transmitted only within the RB assigned for DL-SCH to that specific UE
 Using antenna port 5
Cell-Specific Reference Signals
 When estimating the channel for a certain RB, UE may not only use the
reference symbols within that RB but also, in frequency domain, neighbor
RBs, as well as reference symbols of previously received slots/subframes
 Pseudo-random sequence generation
rl , ns (m) 
1
1  2  c(2m)   j 1
1  2  c(2m  1), m  0,1,..., 2 N RB
max,DL
1
2 2
 is the slot number within a radio frame.
 is the OFDM symbol number within the slot.
 The pseudo-random sequence c(i) is a length-31 Gold sequence.
 The complex values of reference symbols will vary b/w different reference-
symbol position and also b/w different cells. Thus, RS of a cell can be seen as
a cell-specific two-dimensional sequence with the period of one frame.
 Regardless of cell BW, the reference signal sequence is defined assuming the
maximum possible LTE cell BW corresponding to 110 RBs in frequency
domain
Relationship with Cell Identity
 504 unique Cell ID:
 168(N1) Cell ID groups, 3 (N2) Cell ID within each group
 Cell ID = 3xN1+N2 = 0 ~ 503 index
 504 pseudo-random sequences
 One to one mapping between the Cell ID and Pseudo-random sequences
 Cell-specific Frequency Shift (N1 mod 6)
 1 RE shift from current RS position in case of next Cell ID index
 Each shift corresponds to 84 different cell identities, that is 6 shifts jointly cover all
504 cell identities.
 Effective with RS boosting to enhance reference signal SIR by avoiding the collision
of boosted RSs from neighboring cells (assuming time synchronization)
Cell-Specific RS Mapping
R0 R0
One antenna port
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
Resource element (k,l)
R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenan port
R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port
R0 R0 R1 R1
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
Four antenna ports
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3
R0 R0 R1 R1 R2
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6
LTE/MIMO 표준기술
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
71
Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3
MBSFN RS Mapping
MBSFN RS Mapping
UE-specific RS on top of Cell-specific RS
 UE-specific RS (antenna port 5)
 12 symbols per RB pair
 DL CQI estimation is always based on cell-specific RS (common RS)
PCFICH
 The number of OFDM symbols used for control channel can be varying per TTI
 CFI (Control Format Indication)
 Information about the number of OFDM symbols (1~4) used for transmission of PDCCHs in a
subframe
 PCFICH carries CFI
 2 bits  32 bits (block coding)  32 bits (cell specific scrambling)  16 symbols (QPSK)
 Mapping to resource elements: 4 REG (16 RE excluding RS) in the 1st OFDM symbol
 Spread over the whole system bandwidth
 To avoid the collisions in neighboring cells, the location depends on cell identity
 Transmit diversity is applied which is identical to the scheme applied to BCH
PCFICH REG Mapping Cell ID
 Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

DL
 N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50)
 N scRB = 12
REG
PCFICH Processing
PHICH
 HARQ ACK/NAK in response to UL transmission
 HI codewords with length of 12 REs = 4 (Walsh spreading) x 3 (repetition)
 3 groups of 4 contiguous REs (not used for RS and PCFICH)
 BPSK modulation with I/Q multiplexing
 SF4 x 2 (I/Q) = 8 PHICHs in normal CP
 Cell-specific scrambling
 Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
 Typically, PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only
 For FDD, an uplink transport block received in subframe n should be acknowledged on the
PHICH in subframe n+4
PHICH REG Mapping Cell ID


N ID  nli
cell
 
n1  m' mod nli i0

ni   N ID  nli
cell
n1   m' nl  3mod nl 
i i
i 1



N ID  nli
cell
n1   m' 2 nl  3mod nl 
i i
i2
DL
N RB

DL
 N RB = 25 (number of REGs = 50)
 N scRB = 12
REG
PHICH Processing
symbol
PCFICH/PHICH RE Mapping
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Subcarrier 81

PDCCH DCI Format
 PDCCH is used to carry DCI where DCI includes;
 Downlink scheduling assignments, including PDSCH resource indication, transport format, HARQ-
related information, and control information related to SM (if applicable).
 Uplink scheduling grants, including PUSCH resource indication, transport format, and HARQ-
related information.
 Uplink power control commands
DCI
Usage Details
Formats
0 UL grant For scheduling of PUSCH
1 For scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD)
For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (SIMO, TxD) and random access procedure
1A
initiated by a PDCCH order
1B For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding information (CL single-rank)
DL
For very compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword (paging, RACH response and dynamic
1C assignment
BCCH scheduling)
1D For compact scheduling of one PDSCH codeword with precoding & power offset information
2 For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in CL SM
2A For scheduling PDSCH to UEs configured in OL SM
3 Power For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with 2-bit power adjustment
3A control For transmission of TPC commands for PUCCH/PUSCH with single bit power adjustment
Downlink Assignment
 Major contents of different DCI formats: not exhaustive
 DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
 Distributed transmission flag [1 bit]
 Resource-block allocation [variable]
 For the first (or only) transport block
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
 For the second transport block (present in DCI format 2 only)
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Redundancy version [2 bit]
 HARQ process number [3 bit for FDD]
 Information related to SM (present in DCI format 2 only)
 Pre-coding information [3 bit for 2 antennas, 6 bit for 4 antennas in CL-SM]
 Number of transmission layer
 HARQ swap flag [1 bit]
 Transmit power control (TPC) for PUCCH [2 bit]
 Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
Uplink Grants
 Major contents of DCI format 0 for UL grants: not exhaustive
 DCI format 0/1A indication [1 bit]
 Hopping flag [1 bit]
 Resource-block allocation [variable]
 MCS [5 bit]
 New-data indicator [1 bit]
 Phase rotation of UL demodulation reference signal [3 bit]
 Channel-status request flag [1 bit]
 Transmit power control (TPC) for PUSCH [2 bit]
 Identity (RNTI) of the terminal for which the PDCCH transmission is intended [16 bit]
 The time b/w reception of an UL scheduling grant on a PDCCH and the
corresponding transmission on UL-SCH are fixed
 For FDD, the time relation is the same as for PHICH
 Uplink grant received in downlink subframe n applies to uplink subframe n+4
PDCCH Processing
 First n OFDM symbols
 < 10RB: 2~4 OFDMA symbols
 > 10RB: 1~3 OFDMA symbols  1/14~3/14 (10~20%) overhead
 PDCCH format based on # of CCE (Control Channel Element, = 9 REGs)
 Depending on the payload size of control information (DCI payload) & coding rate
 Number of CCEs for each of PDCCH may vary and is not signaled, so UE has to blindly
determine this
 search space: a set of candidate control channels formed by CCEs on a given aggregation
level {1, 2, 4, 8}, which UE is supposed to attempt to decode
 User identification is based on “UE specific CRC (normal CRC with UE ID masking)”
 Cell-specific scrambling, QPSK with tail-biting Conv. Code
 Tx diversity, the same antenna ports as PBCH
 Mapped to REG not assigned to PCFICH or PHICH
PDCCH Processing
System Information
 Master information block (MIB) includes the following information:
 Downlink cell bandwidth [4 bit]
 PHICH duration [1 bit]
 PHICH resource [2 bit]
 System Frame Number (SFN) except two LBSs
 Etc…
 LTE defines different SIBs:
 SIB1 includes info mainly related to whether an UE is allowed to camp on the cell. This includes info about the
operator(s) and about the cell (e.g. PLMN identity list, tracking area code, cell identity, minimum required Rx
level in the cell, etc), DL-UL subframe configuration in TDD case, and the scheduling of the remaining SIBs.
SIB1 is transmitted every 80ms.
 SIB2 includes info that UEs need in order to be able to access the cell. This includes info about the UL cell
BW, random access parameters, and UL power control parameters. SIBs also includes radio resource
configuration of common channels (RACH, BCCH, PCCH, PRACH, PDSCH, PUSCH, PUCCH, and SRS).
 SIB3 mainly includes info related to cell-reselection.
 SIB4-8 include neighbor-cell-related info. (E-UTRAN, UTRAN, GERAN, cdma2000)
 SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier
 SIB10/11 contains ETWS (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System) notification
 More to be added
 MIB mapped to PBCH
 Other SIBs mapped to PDSCH
BCH on PBCH
 To broadcast a certain set of cell and/or system-specific information
Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
 BCH transmission
 The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes (slot #1 in subframe #0)
within a 40ms interval
 40ms timing is blindly detected (no explicit signaling indicating 40ms timing)
 Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be decoded from a
single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions
BCH on PBCH – cont’d
 Single (fixed-size) transport block per TTI (40 ms)
 No HARQ
 Cell-specific scrambling, BPSK with ½ tail-biting Conv. Code, Tx diversity(1,2,4)
 BCH mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within a subframe in time-domain at 6 RBs
(72 subcarriers) excluding DC in freq-domain
 PBCH is mapped into RE assuming RS from 4 antennas are used at eNB,
irrespective of the actual number of TX antenna
 Different transmit diversity schemes per # of antennas
 # of ant=2: SFBC
 # of ant=4: SFBC + FSTD (Frequency Switching Transmit Diversity)
 No explicit bits in the PBCH to signal the number of TX antennas at eNB
 PBCH encoding chain includes CRC masking dependent on the number of
configured TX antennas at eNB
 Blind detection of the number of TX antenna using CRC masking by UE
PBCH Processing
PDSCH Processing
1) RS
2) PSS & SSS

and BCH
3) PCFICH
4) PHICH
5) PDCCH
6) PDSCH
DL constellation & frame summary
LTE Uplink Transmission
LTE Uplink Key Features
 SC-FDMA 사용
 단말의 PAPR을 낮추어 커버리지를 증가시키기에 적합함
 DFT size is limited to products of the integers 2, 3, and 5
(e.g. DFT sizes of 60, 72, and 96 are allowed but a DFT size of 84 is not allowed.)
 No unused DC-subcarrier is defined
 CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Autocorrelation) sequence 사용
 Reference signal 및 제어 정보 채널 전송 시 각 단말들의 신호를 구분하기 위하여 CDM
을 수행하는 경우 CAZAC sequence를 주로 사용
 CAZAC sequence는 시간/주파수 차원에서 일정한 amplitude를 유지하는 특성을 가지
므로 단말의 PAPR을 낮추어 커버리지를 증가시키기에 적합함
 MU-MIMO 지원
 QPSK, 16QAM, (64QAM) modulation 지원
UL Slot Structure One uplink slot Tslot
UL
 N RB : Uplink bandwidth configuration,
expressed in units of N scRB UL
N symb SC-FDMA symbols
 RB : Resource block size in the

N sc k  N RB N sc  1
UL RB
frequency domain, expressed as a

number of subcarriers Resource block
UL
N symb  N scRB resource elements
UL
 N symb : Number of SC-FDMA symbols in
an uplink slot
 N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
UL
N RB
k 0
l0 l UL
N symb 1
Definitions
 Resource Grid
UL UL
 Defined as N RB N scRB subcarriers in frequency domain and N symb SC-FDMA symbols in time domain
UL
 The quantity N RB depends on the UL transmission BW configured in the cell and shall fulfill
6  N RB
UL
 110
 The set of allowed values for N RB

UL
is given by TS 36.101, TS 36.104
 Resource Block
 Defined as N scRB “consecutive” subcarriers in frequency domain and Nsymb
UL
“consecutive” SC-
FDMA symbols in time domain
 Corresponding to one slot in the time domain and 180 kHz in the frequency domain
 Resource Element
 Uniquely defined by the index pair k, l  in a slot where k  0,..., N RB N sc  1 and
UL RB
l  0,..., N symb
UL
1
are the indices in the frequency and time domain, respectively
UL Physical Channels & Signals
 UL physical channels
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
 UL physical signals
 An uplink physical signal is used by the physical layer but does not
carry information originating from higher layers
 Two types of reference signals
 UL demodulation reference signal (DRS) for PUSCH, PUCCH
 UL sounding reference signal (SRS) not associated with PUSCH,
PUCCH transmission
UL Reference Signals
 UL RS should preferably have the following properties:
 Favorable auto- and cross-correlation properties
 Limited power variation in freq-domain to allow for similar channel-estimation quality for all
frequencies
 Limited power variation in time-domain (low cubic metric) for high PA efficiency
 Sufficiently many RS sequences of the same length to avoid an unreasonable planning effort
 Zadoff-Chu Sequence
 Appeared in IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory in 1972
 Poly-phase sequence
 Constant amplitude zero auto correlation (CAZAC) sequence의 일종
 Cyclic autocorrelations are zero for all non-zero lags, Non-zero cross-correlations
 Constant power in both the frequency and the time domain
 No restriction on code length N
  j 2N pn2
 e , when N is even
g p ( n)   2
 e  j N pn( n 1) , when N is odd

- Sequence number p is relatively prime to N
- Sequence length: N
- Number of sequences: N-1
DRS
 DRS is made from Z-C sequence*, and the DRS sequence length is the same
with the number of subcarriers in an assigned RBs
 DRS is defined with the following parameters
 Sequence group (30 options): cell specific parameter
 Sequence (2 options for sequence lengths of 6PRBs or longer): cell specific
parameter
 Cyclic shift (12 options): both terminal and cell specific components
 Sequence length: given by the UL allocation
 Typically,
Cyclic shifts are used to multiplex RSs from different UEs within a cell.
Different sequence groups are used in neighboring cells.
DRS Location within a Subframe
 DRS for PUSCH
 Normal CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 중앙의 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치
Extended CP 적용 시 PUSCH RS는 한 슬롯 당 3번째 SC-FDMA 심볼에 위치
 DRS for PUCCH

 Format 1x
 Format 2x

SRS
 기지국이 각 단말의 상향링크 채널 정보를 추정할 수 있도록 단말이 전송하는 RS
 Reference for channel quality information
 CQ measurement for frequency/time aware scheduling
 CQ measurement for link adaptation
 CQ measurement for power control
 CQ measurement for MIMO
 Timing measurement
 Reference signal sequence is defined by a cyclic shift of a base sequence (ZC)
r SRS n  ru(,v ) n ru(,v) (n)  e jn ru,v (n), 0  n  M scRS
 SRS 전송주기/대역폭은 각 단말마다 고유하게 할당

 From as often as once in every 2ms to as infrequently as once in every 160ms (320ms)
 At least 4 RBs
 SRS는 서브프레임의 마지막 SC-FDMA 심볼로 전송
 SRS multiplexing by
 Time, Frequency, Cyclic shifts, and transmission comb (2 combs  distributed SC-FDMA)
 To avoid the collision b/w SRS and PUSCH transmission from other UEs, SRS
transmissions should not extend into the frequency band reserved for PUCCH.

SRS – cont’d
 Non-frequency-hopping (wideband) SRS and frequency-hopping SRS
 Multiplexing of SRS transmissions from different UEs

Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling
 Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of:
 HARQ acknowledgements for received DL-SCH transport blocks
 UE reports downlink channel conditions including CQI, PMI, and RI
 Scheduling requests
 Two different methods for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
 No simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE doesn‟t have a valid scheduling grant, that is, no resources have been assigned for UL-SCH
in the current subframe
 PUCCH is used for transmission of UL L1/L2 control signaling
 Simultaneous transmission of UL-SCH
 UE has a valid scheduling grant, that is, resources have been assigned for UL-SCH in the
current subframe
 UL L1/L2 control signaling is time multiplexed with the coded UL-SCH onto PUSCH prior to SC-
FDMA modulation
 Only HARQ acknowledgement and channel-status reports are transmitted
No need to request a SR. Instead, in-band buffer status reports are sent in MAC headers
 The basis for channel-status reports on PUSCH is aperiodic reports
If a periodic report is configured to be transmitted on PUCCH in a frame when US is scheduled
to transmit PUSCH, then the periodic report is rerouted to PUSCH resources

Periodic/Aperiodic Channel Info Feedback
Periodic reporting Aperiodic reporting
When to send Periodically every 2-160 ms When requested by eNB
Normally on PUCCH, PUSCH used

Where to send Always on PUSCH
when multiplexed with data
Payload size of the reports 4-11 bits Up to 64 bits
Channel coding Linear block codes RM coding or tail-biting CC
CRC protection No Yes, 8 bit CRC
Sent in separate subframes at lower Sent separately encoded in the

RI
periodicity same subframe
Only very limited amount of Detailed frequency selective reports

Freq. selectivity of CQI
frequency info are possible
Frequency selective PMI reports are

Freq. selectivity of PMI Only wideband PMI
possible

UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUCCH
 The reasons for locating PUCCH resources at the edges of the spectrum
 To maximize frequency diversity
 To retain single-carrier property
 Multiple UEs can share the same PUCCH resource block
 Format 1: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence + length-4 orthogonal cover
 Format 2: length-12 orthogonal phase rotation sequence
 PUCCH is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH from the same UE
 2 consecutive PUCCH slots in Time-Frequency Hopping at the slot boundary

PUCCH Formats
Multiplexing
PUCCH Modulation Number of bits
Usage capacity
format scheme per subframe
(UE/RB)
1 N/A N/A SR 36, 18*, 12
1a BPSK 1 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
1b QPSK 2 ACK/NACK 36, 18*, 12
2 QPSK 20 CQI 12, 6*, 4
2a QPSK+BPSK 21 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4
2b QPSK+QPSK 22 CQI + ACK/NACK 12, 6*, 4
* Typical value with 6 different rotations (choosing every second cyclic shift)
 PUCCH Format 2/2a/2b is located at the outermost RBs of system BW

 ACK/NACK for persistently scheduled PDSCH and SRI are located next
 ACK/NACK for dynamically scheduled PDSCH are located innermost RBs

PUCCH Resource Mapping
 Format 1
 4 symbols are modulated by BPSK/QPSK

 BPSK/QPSK symbol is multiplied by a length-4 orthogonal cover sequence (a length-3
orthogonal cover when there is SRS), and then it modulates the rotated length-12
sequence.
 Reference signals also employ one orthogonal cover sequence
 PUCCH capacity: up to 3 x 12 = 36 different UEs per each cell-specific sequence
(assuming all 12 rotations being available  Practically, only 6 rotations.)
 Format 2
 5 symbols are modulated by QPSK after being multiplied by a phase rotated length-12
cell specific sequence.
 Resource consumption of one channel-status report is 3x of HARQ acknowledgement

PUCCH Format1 Processing

PUCCH Format2 Processing

UL L1/L2 control signaling on PUSCH

PUSCH Processing

UL SC-FDMA Signal Generation
 This section applies to all uplink physical signals and physical channels
except the physical random access channel
 SC-FDMA parameters
0  t  N CP,l  N  Ts where N = 2048
 Check with numbers in Table 5.2.3-1.

 {(160+2048) x Ts} + 6 x {(144+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms
 6 x {(512+2048) x Ts} = 0.5 ms

PUSCH Frequency Hopping
 PUSCH transmission
 Localized transmission w/o frequency hopping
 Frequency Selective Scheduling Gain
 Localized transmission with “frequency hopping”
 Frequency Diversity Gain, Inter-cell Interference Randomization
 Two types of PUSCH frequency hopping
 Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns
 Hopping based on explicit hopping information in the scheduling grant

Hopping based on cell-specific patterns
 Subbands are defined
 In 10 MHz BW case, the overall UL BW corresponds to 50 RBs and there are a total of 4 subbands, each consisting
of 11 RBs. The remaining 6 RBs are used for PUCCH transmission.
 The resource defined by a scheduling grant (VRBs) is not the actual set of RBs for transmission.
The resource to use for transmission (PRBs) is the resource provided in the scheduling grant “shifted” a
number of subbands according to a cell-specific hopping pattern.

More on hopping w/ cell-specific patterns
 Example for predefined hopping for PUSCH with 20 RBs and M=4
(subband hopping + mirroring)

Hopping based on explicit information
 Explicit hopping information provided in the scheduling grant is about the “offset” of the
resource in the second slot, relative to the resource in the first slot
 Selection b/w hopping based on cell-specific hopping patterns or hopping based on explicit
information can be done dynamically.
 Cell BW less than 50 RBs
 1 bit in scheduling grant indicating to specify which scheme is to be used
 When hopping based on explicit information is selected, the offset is always half of BW
 Cell BS equal or larger than 50 RBs
 2 bits in scheduling grant
 One of the combinations indicate that hopping should be based on cell-specific hopping patterns
 Three remaining combinations indicate hopping of 1/2, +1/4, and -1/4 of BW

PRACH
 PRACH는 RA 과정에서 단말이 기지국으로 전송하는 preamble이다
 6RB를 차지하며 부반송파 간격은 1.25kHz (format #4는 7.5kHz)
 64 preamble sequences for each cell  64 random access opportunities per PRACH resource
 Sequence부분은 길이 839의 Z-C sequence로 구성 (format #4는 길이 139)
 Phase modulation: Due to the ideal auto-correlation property, there is no intra-cell interference from multiple
random access attempt using preambles derived from the same Z-C root sequence.
 Five types of preamble formats to accommodate a wide range of scenarios
 Higher layers control the preamble format
 넓은 반경의 셀 환경과 같이 시간 지연이 긴 경우

 SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition
 SINR이 낮은 상황을 고려하여 sequence repetition
 TDD 모드용

Different Preamble Formats

PRACH Location

UL 16QAM SC-FDMA

LTE Cell Search
Synchronization Signals
 504 unique physical-layer cell identities
 168 unique physical-layer cell-identity groups (0~167)
 3 physical-layer identity within physical-layer cell-identity group (0~2)
 SS is using single antenna port
However, SS can be with UE-transparent transmit antenna scheme (e.g.
PVS, TSTD, CDD)
 Primary SS (PSS) and Secondary SS (SSS)

Primary Synchronization Signal
 The sequence used for the primary synchronization signal is generated from a frequency-
domain Zadoff-Chu sequence (Length-62)
  j un( n 1)
 e 63 n  0,1,...,30
d u (n)   u ( n 1)(n  2)
e  j 63 n  31,32,...,61

 For frame structure type 1, PSS is mapped to the last OFDM symbol in slots 0 and 10
 No need to know CP length
 The sequence is mapped to REs (6 RBs) according to
DL RB
ak ,l  d n ,
N RB N sc
k  n  31  , l  N symb
DL
 1, n  0,...,61
2
 Cell ID detection within a cell ID group (3 hypotheses)

 Half-frame timing detection (Repeat the same sequence twice)

Secondary Synchronization Signal
 The sequence used for the second synchronization signal is an interleaved concatenation
of two length-31 binary sequences (X and Y)
 The concatenated sequence is scrambled with a scrambling sequence given by PSS
 The combination of two length-31 sequences defining SSS differs between slot 0 (SSS1)
and slot 10 (SSS2) according to
s0( m0 ) (n)c0 n  in subframe 0
d ( 2n)   ( m )
s1 1 (n)c0 n  in subframe 5
s1( m1 ) (n)c1 n z1( m0 ) n  in subframe 0
d (2n  1)   ( m )
s0 0 (n)c1 n z1 1 n  in subframe 5
(m )
where 0  n  30
 Blind detection of CP-length (2 FFT operations are needed)
 The same antenna port as for the primary sync signal
 Mapped to 6 RBs

Structure of SSS

Synchronization Signals – cont’d
 Cell ID group detection (the set of valid combination of X and Y for SSS are 168)
 Frame boundary detection (the m-sequences X and Y are swapped b/w SSS1 and SSS2)

LTE Cell Search
Primary SS
Symbol timing acquisition
Frequency synchronization
Cell ID detection within a cell group ID (3
hypotheses)
Half-frame boundary detection
Secondary SS
Cell group ID detection (168 hypotheses)
Frame boundary detection (2 hypotheses)
CP-length detection (2 hypotheses)
Check Cell ID with cell-specific RS
BCH
40ms BCH period timing detection
eNB # of tx antenna detection
MIB acquisition
(Operation BW, SFN, etc…)
PDCCH reception
SIB acquisition within PDSCH

(cf) WCDMA Cell Search Procedure
Terminal power on
Detect strongest PSCH
Get slot synch from P-SCH
Get PICH code group info from S-SCH

8 PN codes per group.
64 code groups have
512 PN codes in total. Get PN code info by evaluating
all 8 PN codes in code group
Get system info from PCCPCH
Wait while monitoring SCCPCH

LTE Cell Search – cont’d*
PSS/SSS, BCH, RACH
1.4

LTE Performance
Spectral Efficiency per Features [15]
 The percentage figure to the left represents the individual feature impact, and the percentage
figure to the right represents the accumulated impact of the features combined.
 It is seen that in both downlink and uplink, the normalized FDD and TDD performance is indeed
similar. The differences are due to the TDD guard period, the UpPTS, and the slightly longer
channel-quality-feedback delays for TDD

Relative Efficiency of Different LTE BW*
 Downlink
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
RB 6 15 25 50 100
GB overhead 23% 10% 10% 10% 10%
BCH overhead 2.9% 1.1% 0.7% 0.3% 0.2%
SCH overhead 2.5% 1.0% 0.6% 0.3% 0.2%
Freq. domain 5% (+) 20% (+) 35% (+) 40% (+) 45% (+)
scheduling gain
 Uplink
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
GB overhead 23% 10% 10% 10% 10%
PUCCH overhead 16.7% 13.3% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0%
Freq. domain 2.5% (+) 10% (+) 17.5% (+) 20% (+) 22.5% (+)
scheduling gain
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
132
SE Relative to 10MHz LTE*
133
LTE DL Efficiency Benefit over R6 HSDPA
in Macro Cells*
LTE Benefit Gain Explanation
HSDPA suffers from intra-cell interference fro
Up to +70%
the Rake receiver. Rake receiver is assumed
OFDM with freq. depending on
in R6. However, most HSDPA terminals have
domain EQ the multi-path
an EQ that removes most intra-cell
profile
interference.
Frequency domain scheduling is possible in

Freq. domain packet OFDM system, but not in single carrier
+40%
scheduling HSDPA. The dual carrier HSDPA can get part
of the frequency domain scheduling gain.
No MIMO defined in HSDPA R6. The gain is
MIMO +15% relative to single antenna BS transmission.
HSDPA R7 includes MIMO.
Inter-cell interference The interference rejection combining works
+10%
rejection combining better in OFDM system with long symbols.
Total =3.0x 1.7 x 1.4 x 1.15 x 1.1
134
SE of HSPA and LTE*
135
LTE (5 MHz) Voice Capacity*
AMR 5.9 AMR 7.95 AMR 12.2
Dynamic scheduler w/o bundling 210 210 210
DL Dynamic scheduler with bundling 410 400 370
Semi-persistent scheduler 470 430 320
Dynamic scheduler 230 230 210
UL
Semi-persistent scheduler 410 320 240
 VoIP with dynamic scheduler is limited by the available PDCCH resources,

and therefore the dynamic scheduler cannot fully exploit the PDSCH capacity
as there are not enough CCEs to schedule the unused PRBs.
 VoIP with semi-persistent scheduler is not limited by the control channel
resources, but is limited by the PDSCH resources.
136
Summary
LTE Frame & Slot Structure
LTE/MIMO 표준기술 * 윤상보 (삼성), “3GPP LTE & LTE-Advanced System”, 제5차 차세대이동통신 단기강좌, Aug. 2008
138
DL Frame Structure Type 1*

UL Frame Structure Type 1*
1 RB

E-UTRA UE Capabilities*
* 3GPP TS 36.306, E-UTRA; UE Radio Access Capabilities,

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Release 8, V8.4.0, June 2009 141
Final Message* * Signals Ahead

References
[1] 3GPP homepage: www.3gpp.org
[2] Hannes Ekströ m, Anders Furuskär, Jonas Karlsson, Michael Meyer, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Torsner, and Mattias
Wahlqvist (Ericsson), “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution”, IEEE Communications Magazine,
March 2006
[3] Erik Dahlman, Hannes Ekstrom, Anders Furuskar, Ylva Jading, Jonas Karlsson, Magnus Lundevall, and Stefan
Parkvall (Ericsson), “The 3G Long-Term Evolution - Radio Interface Concepts and Performance Evaluation”, IEEE
VTC 2006
[4] Leonard J. Cimini Jr. and Ye (Geoffrey) Li, “Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing for wireless channels”,
AT&T Labs – Research
[5] Richard van Nee and Ramjee Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Publishers
[6] D. Falconer, et al., “Frequency domain equialization for single-carrier broadband wireless systems,” IEEE
Communication Magazine, vol.40, no.4, April 2002
[7] Hyung G. Myung, Junsung Lim, and David J. Goodman, “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission”,
IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, Sep. 2006
[8] 오민석 (LGE), “3GPP LTE”, KRnet 2007, June 29 2007
[9] 김학성 (LGE), “3GPP LTE PHY Layer Specification and Technology”, 제4차 차세대이동통신 단기강좌, Feb. 2008
[10] Moray Rumney (Agilent), “Concepts of 3GPP LTE”, Live Webinar, Sep. 2007
[11] 이상근, 조봉열, 여운영, 쉽게 설명한 3G/4G 이동통신 시스템 (2nd edition), 홍릉과학출판사, 2009
[12] Erik Dahlman, et al, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband (2nd edition), Academic Press, 2008
[13] Harri Holma and Antti Toskala, LTE for UMTS: OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, Wiley, 2009
[14] Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, LTE, The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to
Practice, Wiley, 2009
[15] David Astély, et al, “LTE: The Evolution of Mobile Broadband,” IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009
[16] Anna Larmo, et al, “The LTE Link-Layer Design,” IEEE Commun. Mag. April 2009
[17] LSTI, “Latest Results from the LSTI,” Feb. 2009;
http://www.lstiforum.com/file/news/Latest_LSTI_Results_Feb09_v1.pdf

3GPP R8 LTE Overview: 조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

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3GPP R8 LTE Overview: 조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

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3GPP R8 LTE Overview

조봉열, Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

 OFDM(A) and SC-FDMA

2005 2006 2007-2009 2010+

Wi-Fi 802.16e 802.16e

Broadband Wireless Technology Evolution

Access Scheme CDMA OFDM(A)

Antenna Various Antenna

Multipath profile in the wireless channel

System#2 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10 s11 s12 s13 s14 s15 s16

We are talking about

 OFDM guarantee no interference „between‟ subsequent OFDM symbols

 Then, how can we remove ISI „within‟ each OFDM symbol?

where is a periodic version of x[n] with period L.

Localized subcarrier assignment Distributed subcarrier assignment

weak users good users

good user weak user

good users weak users

Signal at each subcarrier is linear combination of all M symbols

Coded symbol rate= R Spreading

Low High Low

 In general, the complexity of time-discrete equalizer with linear equalization

 Frequency domain equalization basically consists of

* 3GPP TR 25.913, Technical Specification Group RAN: Requirements for Evolved

 Uplink Spectral Efficiency

MME / S-GW MME / S-GW

Inter Cell RRM

Connection Mobility Cont.

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

* 3GPP TS 36.101, E-UTRA: UE radio transmission

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

* 3GPP TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN; Overall

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts=10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

where, Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) seconds  “the smallest time unit in LTE”

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

 DL : Downlink bandwidth configuration,

 N scRB : Resource block size in the k  N RB N sc  1

frequency domain, expressed as a

The minimum RB the eNB uses for LTE

Modulation Resource OFDM signal

 scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a

 Check with resource block parameters

 Reference channel for CQI from UE to eNB

 MBSFN RS, associated with MBSFN transmission

 MBSFN reference signals

 UE-specific reference signals

 Using antenna port 5

Resource element (k,l)

 Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

 Example for 5 MHz BW LTE

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 Subcarrier 81

2) PSS & SSS

 RB : Resource block size in the

frequency domain, expressed as a

 The set of allowed values for N RB

 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

 DRS for PUCCH

LTE/MIMO 표준기술 100

 SRS 전송주기/대역폭은 각 단말마다 고유하게 할당