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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is the most important livestock disease in the world in terms of its
economic impact. FMD status of a country is an important determinant of international trade in livestock
products and the existence of FMD is an effective barrier from the markets with highest prices for these
products. The disease is ranked as number one priority disease to be taken up for the control and
eradication globally. India is a developing nation with vast resources in Livestock sector and has very
large populations of susceptible animals. Indian livestock sector is predominantly composed of small,
marginal and landless farmers who keep livestock as their resource of income and livelihood. Control of
FMD is relevant, for protecting the livestock industries in developed countries and for livelihoods and
income generation in the developing countries like India, where FMD is endemic. Progressive risk
reduction of FMD can help in progressive market access of livestock commodities from developing
countries.
Control of Foot and Mouth disease:
Control of FMD is usually achieved by mass vaccination of all the susceptible livestock repeatedly
at regular intervals till the disease incidence comes down to negligible levels. Several countries in
Western Europe followed this strategy of regular coordinated mass vaccination, control of animal
movements, quarantine practices and strict zoo-sanitary measures from early 1950s and successfully
eradicated the disease and further from 1992 stopped vaccination altogether. At present, these countries
(FMD free developed countries) follow the stamping out method in case of any fresh incursion, in which
all the affected and in contact animals are killed and disposed off in order to quickly control the disease.
In developing countries like India, where the disease is endemic, repeated vaccination along with
other control measures such as restriction on animals movement and zoo sanitary measures will be the best
option to build-up herd immunity, which in turn will eliminate the circulating virus from the population
and bring down the incidence.
Important facts
Ebola is named after the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where it was first identified.
Bush meat from primates which are highly genetically similar to
humans like chimpanzees (98% DNA similarity) and gorillas (97%
DNA similarity) was the most important source of cross-species human
infection.
First three outbreaks occurred in DRC and Sudan between 1976 and
1979. Five human outbreaks occurred between 2000 and 2004 in
western central Africa. All these infections were traced back
epidemiologically to multiple introductions from animal sources.
Initially hunters were affected and disease spread among humans to wipe out entire villages.
Zaire type and Sudan type of Ebola virus produce 90% and 50% case-fatality.
Ebola has been linked to declines in African great ape and other animals like duiker.
Fruit bats have been confirmed to be natural reservoir of Ebola.
Movement of non-human primates for research purpose is a proved source of Ebola spread.
Symptoms
Symptoms may appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days of post exposure, with an average of 8-10 days.
Some infected individuals completely recover, reasons for which are not clear. However, dying patients
usually do not develop a good immune reaction to Ebola.
Transmission
Because the natural reservoir of Ebola viruses has not yet been proven, the manner in which the
virus first appears in a human at the start of an outbreak is unknown. However, researchers have
hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal.
When an infection does occur in humans, the virus can be spread in several ways to others. The
virus is spread through direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with
a sick person's blood or body fluids (urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and semen)
objects (such as needles) that have been contaminated with infected body fluids
infected animals
Healthcare workers and the family and friends in close contact with Ebola patients are at the
highest risk. During outbreaks of Ebola HF, the disease can spread quickly within healthcare settings (such
as a clinic or hospital). Exposure to Ebola viruses can occur in healthcare settings where hospital staffs are
not wearing appropriate protective equipment, such as masks, gowns, and gloves. Proper cleaning and
disposal of instruments, such as needles and syringes, is also important. If instruments are not disposable,
they must be sterilized before being used again. Without adequate sterilization of the instruments, virus
transmission can continue and amplify an outbreak.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing Ebola HF in an individual who has been infected for only a few days is difficult,
because the early symptoms, such as red eyes and a skin rash, are nonspecific to Ebola virus infection and
Introduction
Pig farming is very important in the livestock sector. Nowadays it is taken as entrepreneurship since
the demand for the pork became very much high. Around 11.12 million pig population is seen in
india. Much population is distributed in Assam, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and also in Karnataka. However
Piglet anemia is a big threat to the piggery industry since it causes severe economical loss to the farmers.
Iron is a vital component in forming hemoglobin, a protein comprising about one-third of the weight of the
red blood cell. It has got the function of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues of the body and
transporting carbon dioxide resulting from cellular metabolism back to the lungs. When there is a
deficiency of iron, the piglet cannot synthesize an adequate amount of hemoglobin. They show microcytic,
hypochromic type of anemia. Thus, piglet anemia is a condition of the blood in which the oxygen-carrying
capacity is greatly reduced, and this condition is generally due to iron deficiency.
Causes of Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency develops rapidly in piglets because
Pigs are born with low iron reserves about 50 mg.
A sow's milk is low in iron. It contributes only 1 mg per day, but a piglet needs approximately 7 - 16 mg
per day (depending on the rate of weight gain) for proper growth and health.
Modern pig breeding practices keep sows and piglets indoors in concrete pens that offer no chance for
the animals to acquire iron from soil.
Piglets have an extremely high growth rate compared to other mammals. In fact, a piglet born at 1.5 kg
will increase its weight tenfold in its first 60 days of life. And this growth requires a great deal of iron.
Sometimes pigs from sows consuming moldy feed or deficient in vitamin K may lose an excessive
amount of blood from the umbilical cord at birth and quickly become anemic.
PELVIC
3. What is the subsidy available? If not, whether the applicant will bring sufficient margin money ?
5. What is the design of shed? Whether adequate ventilation is available for animals ?
7. Ensure the floor is non slippery and provision for drainage of dung and urine is available.
9. What is the expected average milk yield / other parameters observed while selecting the animals ?
10.Whether concentrate feed is available at reasonable rate / arrangements for mixing the feed at farm ?
11.Whether adequate quantity of green fodder and dry fodder is available (Normally @ 25 kg green fodder
12. Whether the farmer has enough land to supply green fodder / arrangements for cultivation of green
fodder ?
Rate of interest
14. Whether animals have been properly identified by tagging and insured. Whether the farmers are aware
PELVIC
following ?
Silage pit - for 20 animals unit: 5, 610 cu.ft. @ Rs. 15/Cu. ft. Manure pit @ 2.2 cu.m/animal
Equipments such as Castrater, dehorner, Sickle, Wheel barrow, Milk pails, Buckets, Tie Chains,
monthly e-Bulletin
Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru
Contact :
Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore
email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com
Blog: pashubandhavch.blogspot.in
PELVIC