ASSIGNMENT 1

DESIGN OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

FOR FIVE STAR HOTEL

NAME: H.M.I HERATH

INDEX NO: 130202B
DATE OF SUB: 27/11/2017
 1. Introduction

Water is a scarce natural resource, used in the hotel intensively for sanitary and food processing
purposes, producing and letting out vast amount of wastewater in the process. Untreated waste water
has detrimental effects on the environment and negatively impacts human and other life forms.
Hotels also must constantly commit a lot of finances into obtaining fresh water from the mains to
meet with huge water demands. Fortunately, water is a renewable resource which may be reclaimed
for both economic and environmental benefits. Treatment of wastewater therefore, makes it a
resource rather than a waste.

With new hotels rapidly increasing, regulatory authorities in Sri Lanka have decided to enforce
stringent environmental regulations on the hotel industry. As a result, under the Sri Lanka National
Environment Act, tolerance limits for industrial and domestic effluents discharged into the sea were
defined in 1990. To comply, most coastal hotels were compelled to set up effluent treatment plants to
treat effluents to correct standards before discharging into the sea or the coastal environment.

This report consists of the details of designing a wastewater treatment plant for a 5-star hotel situated
in port city. The designs have been carried out to fulfil the criteria of treating the wastewater up to a
standard that it can be safely discharged to the sea. When designing the plant, SLS573 guidelines and
government gazette notification stating the tourism act (No. 38 of 2005) has been followed. Since
this hotel is situated in port city, disposal will be done into the sea. Disposal requirements are as
follows:

Parameter Tolerance limit

BOD 100 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
TSS 150 mg/l
N 50 mg/l
P 1 mg/l

2. Consumption Levels

2.1 Customers

No of rooms = 1000
Suites = 10
Others (double bed rooms) = 990
Daily out flow:
Suite = 250 l/capita/day
Other bed rooms = 240l/capita/day
No of people from each type of room:
Suites = 2 - 3
Other rooms = 2
Total customers = 3*10 + 2* 990 = 2010 people

2.2 Employees

Assumptions
 1. 40% of employees from total customers.
2. Employees per shift is 50% of total employees
3. 10% of employees have given accommodations for on call duties.

No of employees = 2010*40% = 804

Employees per shift = 804*50% = 401
Out flow from employees on shift = 100 l/capita/day
Employees with accommodations = 804*10% = 80
Out flow from employees with accommodations = 200 l/day/capita

2.3 Other Customers

Assuming visitors and drivers = 5% of total customers

No. of visitors, customers = 2010*5% = 105
Out flow from visitors = 60 l/capita/day

2.4 Cafeteria

Seating capacity should be available for all the customers and outsiders.
Assume 30% are outsiders.
Total cafeteria users = 2010 + 2010* 30% = 2613 people
Out flow from cafeterias = 10l/day/capita
Assume no. of cafeterias available = 10

Cafeteria Name Capacity

Lagoon 300
Echo 250
Noodles 300
Taprobane 300
Cheers 400
Breeze 300
Jacked up coffee 200
Tao 100
Coffee time 80
Chutneys 200

2.5 Spa

Facilities in spas should at least be available for 10% of customers

No. of users = 2010*10% = 201
Assume available spas = 5
Spa Name Capacity
Angsana 40
Coco 30
Spa Ceylon 40
Amaya 40
Body and Mind Spa 30
 2.6 Vehicular washing

Vehicular washing should be done based on separate divisions. It has been assumed that high
pressure guns are used for washing and consumption is 5l/day/vehicle

Division No of vehicles
Hotel cars for guests 15
Kitchen 2
Cafeteria 5
Marketing 4
Employee transport 4

2.7 Laundry

Assume this facility is used by both customers and employees on shift.

Total number of people using laundry = 2010+401 = 2411

2.8 Kitchen

Based on SLS 573 kitchen out flow rate is as follows:

Out flow from each = 15 l/meal

Assume 3meals per day per each customer

Out flow from each customer = 3* 15=45 l/capita/day

3. Design flow calculations

Type Consumption No of users Total

Black water (l/capita/day) (l/day)
Customers 60 2010 120600
Employees on shift 50 401 20050
On call employees 50 80 4000
Visitors/Drivers 15 105 1575
146225
Grey water
Customers 180 2010 361800
Employees on shift 50 401 20050
On call employees 150 801 120150
Visitors/Drivers 45 105 4725
506725
Cafeteria
Lagoon 10 300 3000
Echo 10 250 2500
Noodles 10 300 3000
Taprobane 10 300 3000
Cheers 10 400 4000
Breeze 10 300 3000
 Jacked up coffee 10 200 2000
Tao 10 100 1000
Coffee time 10 80 800
Chutneys 10 200 2000
24300
Kitchen
Kitchen 1 45 1000 45000
Kitchen 2 45 500 22500
Kitchen 3 45 500 22500
90000
Laundry
Laundry 1 50 1200 60000
Laundry 2 50 1200 60000
120000
Vehicular washing l/veh/day
Hotel cars for guests 5 15 75
Kitchen 5 2 10
Cafeteria 5 5 25
Marketing 5 4 20
Employee transport 5 4 20
150
Spa l/capita/day
Angsana 20 40 800
Coco 20 30 600
Spa Ceylon 20 40 800
Amaya 20 40 800
Body and Mind Spa 20 30 600
3600
Boiler blowdown 2500
Total 893500
Total flow = 893500 l/day

= 893.5 m3 /day

For calculations flow considered as 890 m3/day

4. Wastewater characterization in equalization tank

Type BOD(mg/l) COD(mg/l)

Black water 80 400
Grey water 20 100
Cafeteria 10 40
Kitchen 100 700
Laundry 500 2000
Vehicular washing 20 100
Boiler blow down 10 20
Spa 1000 4000
Sample BOD calculation

80 146225 + 20 506725 + 10 24300 + 100 90000 + 500 120000 + 20 150 + 10 2500 + 1000 3600
BOD =
146225 + 506725 + 24300 + 90000 + 120000 + 150 + 2500 + 3600

= 106 mg/l

With same calculation:

COD = 479 mg/l

Other factors are considered as follows

TKN 20-40 mg/l

Total P 1-5 mg/l
TSS 200 mg/l
BOD 106 mg/l
COD 479 mg/l

Biological treatment was selected since it is the most suitable type for a warm tropical country like
Sri Lanka. Treatment processes were developed to treat Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, BOD, COD,
TSS, TN and TP.

5. Design of waste water treatment plant

5.1 Pre-treatment

This is the first step in the treatment process. This step should be conducted because wastewater
needs to be adjusted to a required level of quality before the start of the biological process. Main
reasons for pre-treatment are:

1. Screen out coarse soils.

2. Separate floating oils.
3. Equalize fluctuations in flow.

There are many unit processes involved in pre-treatment such as:

1. Bar racks.
2. Cutter pumps
3. Oil and grease removal
4. Flow equalization chamber

In this example bar rack and grit chambers have not been considered. This is since there is no
coarse waste generated from the hotel as well as the availability of cutter pumps. Also, a bad odour
can be generated from these units which will not be suitable in this five-star hotel.

Grit chambers have been avoided since there wont be any grit partial contaminant in these
wastewaters. Due to the proximity of the plant to the hotel, there is a lesser chance of grit particles
getting accumulated during transmission.

5.1.1 Oil and grease traps

Grease interceptor shall be used for oil and grease traps

Flow from kitchen and spa = 890000 l / day

=890m3/day

Flow (gallons per minute) = 136 gpm

Adjustment for displacement = 136/0.75

= 181 gpm

Capacity of the chamber = 181* 231=41811cu.in.

= 0.7 m3

5.1.2 Equalization tank

Flow of wastewater varies with time, but a continuous flow must be maintained in the plant.
Morning hours high flow
Evening hours low flow.
To achieve this equalization chamber used. After oil and grease traps this chamber is used to give a
continuous supply to the plant.

Function of a flow equalization tank:

o Equalize the flow rate
o Equalize or balance the organic concentration
o Dilute or dampen the impact from inhibitory compounds
o Neutralize the pH
o Even out temperature fluctuations, and
o Minimize chemical usage (e.g., downstream pH adjustment).

Effluent rate = 890 m3/day /24

= 37.08 m3/hr.

Assume influent volumes as follows (all values are in m3/hr.)

 Time Influent Effluent Cum. Influent Cum. Effluent Difference
0-1 18 37.08 18 37.08 -19.08
1-2am 18 37.08 36 74.16 -38.16
2-3am 18 37.08 54 111.24 -57.24
3-4am 20 37.08 74 148.32 -74.32
4-5am 23 37.08 97 185.4 -88.4
5-6am 44 37.08 141 222.48 -81.48
6-7am 54 37.08 195 259.56 -64.56
7-8am 52 37.08 247 296.64 -49.64
8-9am 45 37.08 292 333.72 -41.72
9-10am 40 37.08 332 370.8 -38.8
10-11am 40 37.08 372 407.88 -35.88
11-12am 40 37.08 412 444.96 -32.96
12-1pm 40 37.08 452 482.04 -30.04
1-2pm 42 37.08 494 519.12 -25.12
2-3pm 42 37.08 536 556.2 -20.2
3-4pm 42 37.08 578 593.28 -15.28
4-5pm 47 37.08 625 630.36 -5.36
5-6pm 48 37.08 673 667.44 5.56
6-7pm 48 37.08 721 704.52 16.48
7-8pm 48 37.08 769 741.6 27.4
8-9pm 47 37.08 816 778.68 37.32
9-10pm 38 37.08 854 815.76 38.24
10-11pm 18 37.08 872 852.84 19.16
11-12pm 18 37.08 890 889.92 0.08
Total 890 889.92 0

Cum. Flow vs. Time

1000
900
800
700
Cum. Flow

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time
Cum. Influent Cum. Effluent
Capacity of the equalization tank is the difference between cumulative flows.
Capacity of the equalization tank = Abs (-88.4) + abs (38.24)
= 126.64 m3
= 130 m3

Assume free board of 1m for fluctuations

Assume water depth of 4m
Assume width = 5m
Length = 130 / (4*5)
= 6.5 m
Total depth of tank = 5m

5.1.3 Cutter Pumps

There are two main advantages of using cutter pumps.

Pump wastewater to required place
Cut solid particles.

Equalization tank situated 4m below,

Additional depth = 3m
Friction loss = 1m
Head = 8m

Assume flow consider 12 hrs of day

8903/
= = 1.24 3 /
1260/

New out flow = 1.19 3/min

= 856.8 m3/day
 Provided bypass system to achieve required flow.

5.1.3.1 Bypass system 126.6m3/day

890m3/day

5.2 Biological Treatment

Biological treatment process has been used as a secondary treatment process. The following
reasons have been considered when selecting this method
o Warm country
o No much lower temperatures (Less than 100C)
o High microorganism growth
o Less energy
o Easy to operate
o Less expensive

5.2.1 Anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic tanks

Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic
SRT (days) 2-5 7-20 7-20
F/M (kg BOD/kg MLVSS 0.2-0.6 0.2-0.6 0.2-0.6
D)
Vol.Org. (kg BOD/m3d) 0.3-1.6 0.3-1.6 0.3-1.6
MLSS (mg/l) 3000-4000 3000-4000 3000-4000
HRT (hrs.) 0.5-1.5 1-3 4-12
RAS (%) 25-100 50-100 50-100
As a thumb rule:
Anoxic tank volume= 2*Anaerobic tank volume

Assume depth = 4.5m with free board of 0.5m

Assume width = 4m
Assume lengths of each as follows

Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic

Volume (m3) Volume intake/hr HRT (hrs.)

Anaerobic 2*4*4 =32 37.08 0.86

Anoxic 4*4*4 =64 37.08 1.73
Aerobic 12*4*4= 192 37.08 5.18

All HRT values are in permissible range. Hence these dimensions are suitable.

=

BOD = 106 mg/l

Q= 890m3/day
V = 18*4*4 = 288 m3

MLSS = 3500 mg/l (assume)

106890
F/M =
(1844)3500

F/M = 0.09 kg BOD/kg MLVSS D

Vol.Org.Loading rate =
106890
= 2881000
= 0.33 kg BOD/m3d

F/M ratio is less than the required level and the Vol.Org.Loading rate is nearly within the lower
limits. So, extra c source has been applied to full the deficit.

It has been assumed that extra c source with BOD value of 194 mg/l has been used.
 Total BOD = 300 mg/l
300890
New F/M = (1844)3500
= 0.26 BOD/kg MLVSS D
300890
New Vol.Org.Loading rate =2881000
= 0.93 kg BOD/m3d

Now both values are within permissible range.

5.3 Secondary treatment

Two main unit processes were established under this:

1. Clarifier
2. Disinfection process

5.3.1 Clarifier design

Clarifier was designed as to collect the sludge and dispose it into the sea.

Assume detention time of 2.5 hrs.

=

Tank volume = detention time * influent rate

8903/
= 2.5
24/
3
= 92.7

Lets assume width = 4m

Depth of water= 3m
Length = 6.5m
Free board = 1m
Flow in gal/day = 192846
Width in feet = 13.12
Surface area in ft2= 273

( )

Surface flow rate = ( 2 )

= 192846 / 273 = 706.4 gpd/ft2

Permissible range = 400-800 gpd/ft2
Length of weir = 2* width of tank

( )

Weir over flow rate = ()
= 192846 / 26.25
= 7346.51 gpd/ft
Permissible rage ~ 10000
Both surface and weir flow rates are satisfied with these dimensions.

5.3.2 Disinfection

The purpose of wastewater disinfection is to reduce pathogen concentrations to acceptable levels.

These can be identified as the main methods:
Chlorination
UV radiation

Chlorination can be identified as the most suitable option because the treated wastewater is discharged
to the sea and hence there wont be issues with residual chlorine. One of the major drawbacks of UV
treatment is that the disinfectant properties of UV radiation is limited to a short period and pathogens
will start growing when the effect has worn off.

5.3.3 Sludge disposal

Sludge is the residue that accumulates in sewage treatment plants. Treatment and disposal of sewage
sludge are major factors in the design and operation of all wastewater treatment plants. There isnt
any correct solution for sludge treatment. Only solution is the disposal of sludge. Sludge should be
collected and disposed for every 2 - 5 days.

6. Layout of processes

6.1 Biological treatment

6.2 Treatment Process

1. Oil and Grease traps
2. Equalization tank
3. Cutter pump
4. Anaerobic tank
5. Anoxic tank
6. Aerobic tank
7. Clarifier
8. Chlorination
9. Sludge collection

7. References

i. National Environmental Act, No. 47 Of 1980

ii. Cinnamon hotels www.cinnamonhotels.com
iii. Ensuring Sustainability in Sri Lankas Growing Hotel Industry www.ifc.org
iv. Clarifier calculations - Prepared by Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit
v. Lecture notes
vi. The Tourism Act, No. 38 Of 2005
vii. SLS 573
viii. www.watts.com/pages/support/greaseSizing.asp?catld=67
ix. web.deu.edu.tr/atriksu/toprak/dengle.html