Production of 120000 MTA Oleochemical Fatty Acids From Sunflower Oils

PRODUCTION OF 120,00 MTA
OLEOCHEMICAL FATTY ACID, LINOLEIC

FROM SUN FLOWER OIL
PREPARED BY: GROUP 5
SECTION : 04
GROUP MEMBERS :
NO. NAME ID NO
1 LIM BING RUI KA15104
2 MUHAMMAD NAJMUDDIN BIN MUKHTAR KA15105
3 NUR ATIQAH BINTI NAZERI KA15182
4 AMIERA BINTI SAIDI KC13016
5 MUHAMMAD HANIF BIN AHMAD KE13031
LECTURERS NAME: DR NOOR SABRINA BINTI AHMAD MUTAMIM
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8TH DECEMBER 2017
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS
NO. TITLE PAGE

1 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 3
2 CHAPTER 2 : PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND FLOW 17
SHEETING
3 CHAPTER 3 : MATERIAL BALANCE 19
4 CHAPTER 4 : ENERGY BALANCE 45
5 CHAPTER 5 : PROCESS EQUIPMENT SIZING 78
6 CHAPTER 6 : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 86
7 REFERENCES 91
8 APPENDICES 92
2
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the product
Oleochemicals (from Latin: oleum olive oil) are chemicals derived from plant and animal
fats. They are analogous to petrochemicals derived from petroleum.
The formation of basic oleochemical substances like fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME), fatty alcohols, fatty amines and glycerols are by various chemical and enzymatic
reactions. Intermediate chemical substances produced from these basic oleochemical
substances include alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary
ammonium salts, monoacylglycerols (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG), structured
triacylglycerols (TAG), sugar esters, and other oleochemical products.
As the price of crude oil rose in the late 1970s, manufacturers switched from petrochemicals
to oleochemicals because plant-based lauric oils processed from palm kernel oil were cheaper.
Since then, palm kernel oil is predominantly used in the production of laundry detergent and
personal care items like toothpaste, soap bars, shower cream and shampoo.
Important processeses in oleochemical manufacturing include hydrolosis and
transesterification, among others.
1.1.1 Hydrolysis
The splitting (or hydrolysis) of the triglycerides produces fatty acids and glycerol:
RCO2CH2CHO2CRCH2O2CR + 3 H2O 3 RCOOH + HOCH2CHOHCH2OH
The addition of base helps the reaction proceed more quickly, the process being saponification.
1.1.2 Transesterification
Fats react with alcohols (R'OH) instead of with water in hydrolysis) in a process called
transesterification. Glycerol is produced together with the fatty acid esters. Most typically, the
reaction entails the use of methanol (MeOH) to give fatty acid methyl esters:
RCO2CH2CHO2CRCH2O2CR + 3 MeOH 3 RCO2Me + HOCH2CHOHCH2OH
FAMEs are less viscous than the precursor fats and can be purified to give the individual fatty
acid esters, e.g. methyl oleate vs methyl palmitate.
1.1.3 Hydrogenation
The fatty acid or fatty esters produced by these methods may be transformed. For example,
hydrogenation converts unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids. The acids or esters
can also be reduced to the fatty alcohols. For some applications, fatty acids are converted to
fatty nitriles. Hydrogenated of these nitriles gives fatty amines, which have a variety of
applications.
3
1.2 Application of products
The largest application for oleochemicals, about 30% of market share for fatty acids and 55%
for fatty alcohols, is for making soaps and detergents. Lauric acid, used to produce sodium
lauryl sulfate and related compounds, which are used to make soaps and other personal care
products.
Other applications of oleochemicals include the production of lubricants, solvents, biodiesel
and bioplastics. Due to the use of methyl esters in biodiesel production, they represent the
fastest growing sub-sector of oleochemical production in recent years.
Oleochemicals are important raw material for polymeric resins specially alkyd based because
of possible functional group modifications. These modifications are based on reaction of
vegetable oil with excess glycerol to obtain monoglyceride, which is then converted into
polymeric resins i.e. alkyd by reacting with dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides. Recently
polyesteramide resins are also prepared using vegetable oil as an oleochemical.
AGRO-CHEMICALS
Sustainable products with a wide range of applications as inerts and adjuvants in the
agrochemical applications. Many methyl esters, fatty alcohols, and glycerin products in the
EPA Inert Trade Name Database.
COSMETICS
Oleochemicals with high quality ideally suited for use in cosmetic formulations. Utilizing the
expertise and knowledge gained from decades of supporting consumer products business, the
chemicals has a global network created to drive joint value and enable our customers' business.
PHARMACEUTICALS EXCIPIENTS
Glycerin is a common product used in the manufacturing of various pharmaceutical
applications. For Pharmaceutical Industry Applications which require a higher level of GMPs
and documentation, facility audits, traceability.
FOOD & BEVERAGE
Glycerin is widely used as a food additive for its sweet taste and humectant properties in cakes,
chocolates, flavors, etc. Light cut fatty acids serve the food industry as MCTs, an additive to
regulate food taste and texture.
LUBRICANTS
Oleochemical products have been widely used in many lubricant and metal working
applications. Sustainable oleochemicals provide unique properties in the lubricant and metal
working industries including technical benefits as well as helping customers to meet their
environmental commitments.
HOUSEHOLD CARE
Oleochemicals are a common material used in the formulation and production of Household
Care items such as surface cleaners, fabric cleaners and softeners, degreasers, and many
intermediates.
4
1.3 Market survey and analysis
1.3.1 Projection of Product Demand up to 2020
Fatty acids are ultimately consumed in a wide variety of end-use industries for different types
of purposes. The economic growth of many industries (e.g., personal and household care,
rubber, plastics, and detergents) is usually indicating how well the overall economic
performance of a region is. It can be observed that the historical growth in the consumption of
fatty acids is close to approximate GDP growth in the region of their consumption.
Asia rises as the largest fatty acidproducing region in the world, with 49% of total world
production. Malaysia, China, Indonesia, and India contribute for 91% of Asian fatty acid
production. Indonesia and Malaysia are the leading palm oil producers in the world and have
raw material advantages. The exponential rise of fatty acid capacity in Malaysia has led
decreasing operating rates. However, most of the fatty acids produced in Malaysia and
Indonesia will continue to be exported.
The following pie chart shows world consumption of natural fatty acids in 2014.
Figure 1 World consumption of natural fatty acids in 2014
China is the main consuming country in the region, with over 60% of Asians total consumption
and a high annual growth rate of almost 5.4% expected over the forecast period. China is
predicted to account for 29% of global consumption by 2019. The main use for fatty acids in
Asia is soap production. Japanese consumption is anticipated to grow slightly in the next few
years. In 2014, Western European fatty acid consumption was roughly 25% of the world total.
Annual consumption growth during 201419 is expected to be moderate at 1.4%, and is
forecasted to follow GDP in the region. Some market segments will grow at above-average
rates, while others will be limited in growth. North American consumption contributes 21% of
the world fatty acids market and its moderate growth is around 2.3% per year. Other fatty acid
consuming regions with smaller markets are predicted to face relatively higher growth rates.
For example, Central and South America is expected to grow as much as 3.5% per year because
of its emerging economies and increases in use in personal and home care products. Central
5
and Eastern Europe will grow 3.4% per year, while the Middle East is expected to grow around
4% annually (mainly Turkey driving growth and satisfied by Asian imports). In Africa, nearly
5% average annual growth is expected, with South Africa and Nigeria being the major
consumers.
Use of oils and fats feedstocks in form of petroleum-based feedstocks to produce biofuels,
plastics, and other fields will create competition for fatty acids production or supply, and affect
its pricing. However, the usage is highly dependent on crude oil prices and sensibility of
switching costs. New glycerin is used as chemical feedstock (e.g., in the manufacture of
propylene glycol and epichlorohydrin) and increasing uses in industry (such as antifreeze use)
will are expected to led to decreased focus about oversupply as a by-product result of fatty
acids production.
The fatty acid industry provides multiple products that are used in a wide range of industries
due to their molecule structure. A typical fatty acid consists of two reactive sites; the minor is
the double bonds situated along the straight alkyl chain, while the major is a carboxylic acid
group at the beginning of the chain. Thus, the molecule acts as a starting material for a number
of reactions changing the functionality and performance depending on the fatty acid derivative
formed. Fatty acids are excellent hydrophobes, an important material for a number of very
important surfactant groups. Oleochemicals will be a crucial resource to meet the ingredient
needs of many specialty chemical formulators and consumer-facing organizations.
Market survey on demand of oleochemical fatty acids is conducted to provide projection of its
demand up to 2020. According to BCC Research Chemical Report, the global market for
natural fatty acids should reach $16.2 billion by 2021 from $12.4 billion in 2016 at a compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.6%, from 2016 to 2021. According to Stratistics MRC, the
Global Oleochemicals Fatty Acids market is estimated at $17.73 billion in 2015 and is expected
to reach $30.62 billion by 2022 growing at a CAGR of 8.1% from 2015 to 2022. Some of the
key drivers of the market include consumer-driven demand and recyclability. Moreover,
demand for food & beverages, soaps & detergents act as opportunities for the market growth.
Exposure to consumer trends is favouring markets such as cleaning, beauty and food. Besides,
Zion Research has published a new report titled Oleochemicals (Fatty Acid, Fatty Alcohol,
Glycerin and Others) Market for Polymers, Food and Beverages, Pharmaceutical & Personal
Care, Soaps & Detergents and Others Applications: Global Industry Perspective,
Comprehensive Analysis and Forecast, 2014 - 2020. According to the report, global demand
for oleochemicals market was valued at USD 21.25 billion in 2014, is expected to reach USD
29.50 billion by 2020, growing at a CAGR of slightly above 5.5% between 2015 and 2020.
6
Figure 2 Global oleochemicals market from 2014 up to 2020
According to the report 'Oleochemicals market analysis: by type (fatty acids, fatty alcohols,
glycerine, methyl esters, fatty amines and others); by application (pharmaceuticals, personal
care, food & beverages, soaps & detergents, intermediates and others) forecast (2016-2021)'
published by IndustryARC, the market is estimated to reach $31.7 billion by 2021 at high
CAGR. Apart from that, the global oleochemicals market is also expected to reach USD 30.03
billion by 2020, according to a new study by Grand View Research, Inc. Increasing demand
for bio-based products from different end-use industries such as soaps & detergents,
pharmaceuticals and personal care is anticipated to remain the most important driving factor
for the global oleochemicals market. Industry has shifted its focus towards developing bio-
based products because of volatility in petrochemicals prices due to supply demand imbalances
that is also expected to have a positive impact on oleochemicals demand over the forecast
period. Initiatives from different environmental organizations regarding toxic emissions from
petrochemicals are expected to encourage oleochemicals in penetrating the market because it
is biodegradable and renewable raw materials.
Figure 3 U.S. oleochemicals market revenue by product from 2014 up to 2024 (USD Million)
7
Fatty acids were the leading oleochemical product and accounted for 57% of total demand in
2013. Growing demand for fatty acid as raw material in end-use industries such as detergent
and personal care is expected drive its demand over the forecast period. Glycerol is expected
to witness significant growth rate over the next six years. Global demand for fatty acids is
expected to grow at an estimated CAGR of 6.4% from 2014 to 2020. Increasing glycerol
applications in food & beverages industry is expected to drive its demand over the next several
years. Growing awareness for green chemistry among consumers is also expected to have
positive impact on glycerol demand. European oleochemicals demand is expected to grow at
an estimated CAGR of 4.1% from 2014 to 2020. Global oleochemicals market is moderately
concentrated with top four companies accounted for over 55% of the total market.
Oleochemicals market witnessed a large number of mergers and acquisitions and there are
significant opportunities for the market occupants to introduce diversified products to sustain
market growth. Top oleochemicals market players include ADM, Akzo Nobel, BASF Cognis,
Cargill, Emery Oleochemicals, Evonik, Oleon, KLK Malaysia, and Wilmar International.
1.3.2 Source of Raw Material

In synthesis fatty acids, there are different types of oils and fats used in the process. The raw
materials commonly used in the production of oleochemicals include RBD palm oil, RBD palm
stearin, crude palm kernel oil / coconut oil and tallow. The sources of oils and fats are various
vegetable and animal raw materials (e.g., tallow, lard) with the vegetable raw materials soybean,
palm, rapeseed and sunflower oil being the most common ones regarding the amounts involved.
Out of the approximately 101 million tonnes of fats and oils that were produced worldwide in
1998, 14 million tonnes were supplied for oleochemistry. In recent years, the amounts produced
have continuously increased by nearly 3% per year. It is predicted that this trend will maintain
in the medium and long terms. Coconut oil and palm kernel oil consists of high share of fatty
acids with a short or medium chain length (mainly 12 and 14 carbon atoms: C12, C14). For
example, these are particularly suitable for further processing to surfactants for washing and
cleansing agents as well as cosmetics. Palm, soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower oil, as well as
animal fats such as tallow, contain mainly long-chain fatty acids (e.g., C18, saturated and
unsaturated) and are used as raw materials for polymer applications and lubricants.
Figure 4 World production and uses of oils and fats (Million Tonnes), acc. to Oil World, Hamburg
8
The following table shows the composition of fatty acids and their weight percentages in
different types of fats and oils.
Table 1 Typical fatty acid profiles of various oils and fats
Vegetable oils and fats are important constituents of human and animal foodstuffs. Certain
grades are industrially used. Together with carbohydrates and proteins, they are recognized as
an important renewable resources compared to fossil and mineral raw materials, whose
occurrence is limited. In concepts for new products, the price, performance, and product safety
criteria are equally important and have a correspondingly high importance right at the start of
product development. To ensure a high degree of product safety and its sustainability for
consumers and the environment, renewable resources have often proven to be giving great
advantages compared to petrochemical raw materials. Therefore, it is usually be regarded as
the ideal raw material basis.
1.4 Summary of synthesis routes

The oleochemical fatty acid can be produced by various types of technologies with different
sources of raw materials. The well known method to produce this product is by hydrolysis
process. There are 3 types of synthesis routes of this hydrolysis process. One of the commercial
method is through a Twitchell hydrolysis process, where the fats and oils will be hydrolyzed
into fatty acids and glycerol. Another type of the hydrolysis process is the batch autoclave
hydrolysis in the presence of catalyst to produce the constituent component of fatty acids and
glycerol. Lastly, there is also another type of hydrolysis process named the Colgate-Emery,
which is also can produce fatty acids.
1.4.1 Production of the oleochemical fatty acids from Twitchell hydrolysis

process
The Twitchell process for the hydrolysis of fat into glycerol and fat acids has assumed
increased importance because of the wartime demand for glycerol. It is a time-consuming
9
process, however, and for that reason an improvement was sought through a study of the
reaction and a comparison of the efficiency of several catalysts. The Twitchell reagent proper,
made from oleic acid, sulfuric acid, and an aromatic compound, usually naphthalene, is no
longer used to any extent (Twitchell, 1906). The petroleum sulfonic acid reagents, by-products
in the sulfuric acid treatment of petroleum, have displaced the Twitchell reagent and reagents
of a similar type (Petrov, 1927).
The unsaponifiable matter in the reagent may contribute to unsaponifiable matter in the
distilled fat acids; the dark color of the aqueous solution of the reagent contributes undesired
color to the products of hydrolysis; the reagent may cause troublesome emulsions; the
composition of the reagent may be variable, and in consequence the process may be somewhat
unpredictable. It would be especially desirable to have a reagent active enough to decrease
considerably the time required for the approximate completion of hydrolysis and to accomplish
the hydrolysis in one step without drawing off the glycerol at an intermediate stage.
1.4.2 Production of oleochemical fatty acids from Batch autoclave hydrolysis

process.
Practical hydrolysis methods require consideration of both capital cost and operating
expense. When a large number of different fat stocks are processed and the total volume of any
one is fairly small, a batch process is indicated. When only a few different stocks are handled
and changes are at infrequent intervals, the continuous process is generally preferred. By
raising the temperature, the reaction rate is increased approximately 33% for each 10C (18F).
As soon as the temperature is raised above 212F (100oC), pressure vessels are required.
Because of the corrosion problems attendant on acid catalysts, autoclave splitting is confined
to the basic catalysts. Stainless steel construction and mechanical agitation are commonly used.
Once it is desired to go to this more expensive construction, there is no point in stopping short
of 150 p.s.i, operating pressure which corresponds to about 300F (150C). Temperatures up
to 472F (220C) are common, and the required batch time is reduced to about six hours.
1.4.3 Production of the oleochemical fatty acids from the Colgate-Emery

hydrolysis process.
A continuous high temperature fat splitting process, employing countercurrent reaction in a
pressure tower with internal heat exchange, has been developed and carried through pilot plant
investigation to successful commercial operation. This method, known as the Colgate-Emery
Fat Splitting Process, gives splitting efficiencies of about 98%, producing fatty acids which can
generally be bleached to a color equal to or better than that of the original fat. Because of
savings in steam, since no catalyst is needed, the new process shows considerable economy
over the old Twitchell method.
In the Colgate-Emery hydrolysis process, fat and water react counter-currently in a
column at about 500 degrees Fahrenheit and about 725 psi. Heat exchange between fatty acid
and water takes place in the top portion of the column and between fat and sweet water in the
bottom part. A temperature of around 500~ was selected as a practical compromise, and a
maximum operating pressure of 725 lbs was chosen to provide a suitable excess to prevent
boiling (vapor pressure of water at 500~ is 669 psi). The fat is pumped from tank cars, storage,
or purification into alternate feed tanks. From these it is charged into the bottom of the splitting
10
column by a high pressure plunger type feed pump. It enters through a sparge ring which breaks
the fat into small droplets and, as it becomes heated, it rises through the sweet water
accumulating section where its temperature is increased by direct contact with the sweet water.
After passing through the fat-water interface, the fat is further heated by direct sparged
steam to about 500 degrees Fahrenheit. Hydrolysis takes place as the fat (the continuous phase)
passes upward through the tower. The column is heavily insulated to minimize heat loss. The
small amount of heat needed to maintain the contents at the splitting temperature may be
supplied either by direct high pressure steam admitted to the central portion of the tower, or by
external electric strip heaters. Process water is withdrawn from its tank and is charged into the
top of the splitting tower through a sparge ring by a high-pressure plunger-type pump. The
water is heated by direct contact with the fatty acid in the internal tray type heat exchanger and
is then re-dispersed by a distributor plate. The additional heat required to bring the water to
500 degrees Fahrenheit is supplied by direct steam.
The water, in the form of fine droplets, falls through the column of fatty acid and fat
and the sweet water is accumulated at the bottom of the tower prior to discharge by an
automatic interface controller. The fatty acid is discharged from the top of the tower through a
back-pressure control valve which maintains the column at working pressure. The column is
completely filled with liquids and vaporization of water is prevented by maintaining the
pressure in excess of the vapor pressure of water at the operating temperature. The fatty acid
passes to a flash tank where the temperature is dropped by evaporating part or all of the water
which it carries and then to a settling tank which removes the remainder of the water.
The settling tank serves also as a surge tank for recycling the product in starting. From
there it goes to heated fatty acid storage tanks. The sweet water goes to a flash tank and then
to a settling tank where small amounts of fat and dirt are removed by skimming. The sweet
water is now ready, after a light lime treatment, to be sent to the glycerine concentrator.
High pressure steam, at 800 psi, is supplied by a steam generator or a steam compressor.
In the Emery plant steam is supplied by a small high pressure boiler, using condensate from
the steam chests of the glycerine concentrators as feed water. Treated city water would also be
suitable. If there is already available a steam supply at a pressure lower than 800 psi, it can be
boosted to the required pressure by a steam compressor. It is particularly advantageous to use
this system when steam is being produced in the main plant boiler house at 300 to 400 psi.
The fat storage tanks can be fabricated of carbon steel, stainless steel, or aluminum,
depending upon the type of fats used. Blow-down tanks, settling tanks, and fatty acid storage
tanks are constructed of stainless steel, Inconel or aluminum, depending upon the service
conditions. All parts of the high pressure charging pumps in contact with the materials being
handled should be of stainless steel. The process piping in contact with the fatty acids should
be of Inconel or Type 316 stainless. In addition to the high pressure steam requirement, low
pressure steam is used to melt the fat and heat it to 180-200~ to warm the water to
approximately 100~ and to keep the traced pumping lines warm.
As soon as all of the fatty acid has been discharged from the tower the new feed stock
is started in. During this period the upper heat exchange section functions while fatty acid is
11
discharged, and the lower one functions while the new fat is pumped in. About eight hours'
time is lost and all of the fat from both feed stocks during the switch-over is satisfactorily split.
Some advantages of the process are :
The process can be operated at high rates and with high degrees of split without the use of
catalyst. The plant capacity can be further increased by using a small amount of catalyst and in
certain eases this may be a reasonable thing to do.
Compared with the Twitchell process, treatment of the charging stock is much less critical.
With high grade fats an acid boil is not required and it is only necessary to remove the
suspended impurities.
By this process a split of 98% can be obtained.
The fatty acid product is considerably lighter in color than that obtained by the Twitchell
splitting of the same grade of fat and is free from unsaponifiables introduced by the Twitchell
reagent. With high grade feed stocks, it is possible to make a good grade of fatty acid without
distillation, much can be used for soap and many products. By a suitable bleach the product
can be made generally lighter in color than the original fat.
With higher grade fats, the glycerine concentration in the sweet water can be 13 to 18%, or in
general more concentrated than obtained by the Twitchell method. A light lime treatment is all
that is required to coagulate impurities and the concentrated glycerine is practically ash free.
The process has exceptional heat economy, splitting more than five pounds of fat for every
pound of high pressure steam used.
All of the inherent advantages of a continuous and countercurrent process are realized,
including ease of control and operation, uniformity of product, low labor cost, high through-
put, low uniform steam and power consumption, small space requirement, and low inter-
process inventory. 8. The overall cost of splitting is less than by usual methods.
12
Table 1.4 : Comparison of Hydrolysis
Characteristics
Twitchell Batch Autoclave Colgate-Emery
Temperature (C) 150 180 180 250 and above
Pressure (psig) - 150 500 500 725

Catalyst Sulfonate of phenyl steric acid, 2 to 3% of lime, magnesia, or zinc None
alkylbenzene sulfonic acids, organo- oxide
sulphonic acids
Time (hour) 12 48 10 15 23
Operation Batch Batch Continuous
Equipment Lead lined tank or tank of monel Iron construction, corrosion-resistant Tower of solid type 316 stainless steel or Inconel
construction and fitted with covers metal in form of tall cylindrical
vessels
Successful 85% - 98% 95% - 96% 98 99%

Hydrolysed
Advantages Low temperature required Adaptability to small throughput Most efficient and inexpensive method for
Low pressure Faster splitting than Twitchell large scale production of saturated fatty acids
Simple operation process from fats and oils
Adaptability to small throughput Uniform product quality
Inexpensive equipment Low labour cost
More accurate and automatic control
Lower annual cost
Small floor space
Disadvantages Catalyst handling High cost Operate at elevated temperature and pressure
Fatty acids obtained are dark in colour Catalyst handling Need greater operating skill
and contain the fat splitting reagent. Longer reaction time
13
Long reaction time High labor cost
Tendencies to form dark colour acid Not so adaptable to automatic
The splitting efficiency is not better control as continuous process
than 95% Need more than 1 stage for good
Steam consumption is high yield
Process of acid washing required
which including at least three times of
boiling with opened steam
14
1.4.4 Screening of synthesis routes
There are several considerations in making decision for the synthesis route screening
such as the raw material availability, the operating condition and cost, the complexity
of the process and the quality of the product formed. The pros and cons of each
synthesis route are summarized in Table 1.4 above. Based on the summary, it is found
that the Colgate-Emery hydrolysis to produce the oleochemical fatty acids is perfectly
matched with the considerations.
Twitchell's method is widely used and will not be replaced entirely for many
years because it is still a good process for certain types of splitting. Batch autoclave
splitting at 100 to 150 psi with lime, magnesia, or zinc catalyst, has been widely used,
especially in Europe, while the batch process at around 400 psi without catalyst has
found limited popularity. Continuous countercurrent high temperature splitting
constitutes a marked improvement over Twitchell and is finding wide immediate
acceptance, particularly for large scale operation (Procter, 1947). The fatty acid
industry originated early in the last century and first produced stearic acid for candles.
The present day stearic and oleic acid industry, based primarily on animal fats,
has developed from this primitive origin and now produces materials which find their
way into a wide variety of uses. Moreover the demand for fatty acid from other sources
such as vegetable oils and hydrogenated oils is steadily expandling. Because of the
advantages of countercurrent fat splitting as a step in soap making, indications are that
future expansion of the soap industry will be expanding in this direction.
Besides, While batch autoclave splitting is common in Europe, it has not been
widely employed in the USA. The preference in the U. S. is for the Twitchell method.
While popular in Europe, batch autoclave operations did not make much headway in
the USA. In the last 25 years the availability of suitable materials of construction,
notably the stainless steels, and a background of successful continuous operations in
chemicals and in petroleum aided in the successful operation of the continuous
countercurrent autoclave process (Lawrence, 1954).
From the comparison as shown in the table above, it is found that the continuous counter
current fat splitting process and also known as Colgate emery process is the most
suitable process use for the production from palm oil. The main reason that this process
is chosen as it can give high percentage of hydrolysis with no catalyst. However, the
reaction is at elevated temperature and the pressure thus safety aspect should be given
more attention.
15
1.5 Objectives of the project
1. To design a reactor for the production of 120,000 MTA of Linoleic acid from
Sun Flower Oil.
2. To apply Unit Operation fundamentals to designing a reactor.
3. To estimate the cost and profit of production 120,000 MTA Linoleic acid using
the designed reactor.
16
CHAPTER 2 PROCESS SYNTHESIS AND FLOW SHEETING
17
In our proposed process flow diagram, there are two storage tanks (T-101 and T-102)
containing sunflower oil and water that are joined into one mixer. The mixer (E-87)
functions to mix well the sunflower oil and water. The mixture is then heated up before
being channeled to the reactor by pump. In the reactor (R-101), hydrolysis of fat takes
place and products including glycerol and fatty acids are synthesized. After the reaction,
the products are sent to splitter (S-101) by pump. In splitter, the unreacted sunflower
oil is separated and recycled back into the mixer. The remaining substances that consist
of unreacted water, glycerol and fatty acids are being sent to the first distillation column
(D-101) by pump after being heated up to the feed temperature of DC 1, 260.5 C. Dew
point of DC 1 is 200 C and bubble point of it is 321 C. In the first distillation column,
unreacted water is separated and sent to wastewater tank (T-103). The bottom product
of DC 1 that comprises of glycerol and fatty acids are being pumped to the second
distillation column (D-102) after being heated up to feed temperature of DC 2, 325 C.
The second distillation column functions to separate the glycerol from fatty acids. Dew
point of DC 2 is 290 C and bubble point of it is 360 C. The bottom product that
consists of only fatty acids is being sent to the next distillation column, DC 3. Fatty acid
that is made up of Myristic acid, Palmitic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, and Stearic
acid is then separated using the other four distillation columns. The following table
shows the details of each distillation column:
Distillation Dew Point Bubble Point Top Product Bottom Product
Column ( C) ( C)
DC 3 (D-103) 321 361 Myristic acid Palmitic acid, Oleic
acid, Linoleic acid,
Stearic acid
DC 4 (D-104) 349 363 Palmitic acid Oleic acid, Linoleic
acid, Stearic acid
DC 5 (D-105) 359 363 Oleic acid Linoleic acid, Stearic
acid
DC 6 (D-106) 362 373 Linoleic acid Stearic acid
Heater functions to heat up every components to the desired temperature while cooler
functions to cool down every components to the desired temperature. Different storage
tanks are used to store the top product from each distillation column.
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CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL BALANCE
Production of 120,000 MTA Oleo Chemical Fatty Acid
Operating hours per year = 8000 hours
Sun Flower Oil :

Constituents Comp. MW
Myristic 0.01 228.3709 2.283709
Palmitic 0.06 256.43 15.3858
Oleic 0.205 282.4614 57.90459
Linoleic 0.685 280.4455 192.1052
Stearic 0.04 284.4772 11.37909
Avg MW 1 279.0584
MTA kg/s mol/s

120000 4.166667 14.93117
1 + 32 1 + 3
ni = ni0 + v
Assuming conversion, X = 90%
ni ni0 v
SFO 0.553006 5.530062 -1 4.977055
Water 1.659018 16.59018 -3 4.977055
Glycerol 4.977055 0 1 4.977055
Fatty acids 14.93117 0 3 4.977055
Total 22.12025 22.12025
19
SPLITTER
SPLITTER
From the reactor: To Distillation Column 1:

Fi xF Fi xF
SFO 0.553006 0.025 Water 1.659018 0.076923
Water 1.659018 0.075 Glycerol 4.977055 0.230769
Glycerol 4.977055 0.225 Myristic 0.149312 0.006923
Myristic 0.149312 0.00675 Palmitic 0.89587 0.041538
Palmitic 0.89587 0.0405 Oleic 3.060889 0.141923
Oleic 3.060889 0.138375 Linoleic 10.22785 0.474231
Linoleic 10.22785 0.462375 Stearic 0.597247 0.027692
Stearic 0.597247 0.027 Total F 21.56724 1
Total F 22.12025 1
20
DISTILLATION COLUMN 1
Assuming 99% of water is recovered in the distillate and 99% of glycerol in the
bottoms
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 1
Feed Distillate Bottoms

Comp. xF xFF yD=xD yDD xW xWW
Water 0.0769 1.6590 0.9706 1.6424 0.0008 0.0166
Glycerol 0.2308 4.9771 0.0294 0.0498 0.2479 4.9273
Myristic 0.0069 0.1493 0.0000 0.0000 0.0075 0.1493
Palmitic 0.0415 0.8959 0.0000 0.0000 0.0451 0.8959
Oleic 0.1419 3.0609 0.0000 0.0000 0.1540 3.0609
Linoleic 0.4742 10.2278 0.0000 0.0000 0.5146 10.2278
Stearic 0.0277 0.5972 0.0000 0.0000 0.0301 0.5972
1.0000 21.5672 1.0000 1.6922 1.0000 19.8750
Finding dew point of the distillate

Calculation of partial pressure, P for each components using Antoine equation at
T=200 C
T( C ) Substance A B C P(mmHg)
200 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 11639.83
200 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 30.70359
200 Myristic/Tetradecanoic 7.91297 2450.62 160.791 13.20129
200 Palmitic/Hexadecanoic 8.58266 3341.95 235.116 7.981132
200 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 4.179593
200 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 5.203096
linoleate
200 Stearic/Octadecanoic 7.86912 2572.31 140.468 2.060164
21
Calculation of Tdew
1st Trial: T = 200C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1

bar
Comp. yiD Ki i yi/i xi
Water 0.9706 15.5185 379.1033 0.0026 0.0801
Glycerol 0.0294 0.0409 1.0000 0.0294 0.9199
Myristic 0.0000 0.0176 0.4300 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 0.0106 0.2599 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0000 0.0056 0.1361 0.0000 0.0000
Linoleic 0.0000 0.0069 0.1695 0.0000 0.0000
Stearic 0.0000 0.0027 0.0671 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.0320 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.0320 750.0617 mmHg = 23.9810 mmHg
P(mmHg) Substance A B C T( C )
23.9810 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 23.39272
23.98096 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 194.289
23.98096 Myristic/Tetradecanoic 7.91297 2450.62 160.791 214.3171
23.98096 Palmitic/Hexadecanoic 8.58266 3341.95 235.116 228.8637
23.98096 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 241.6207
23.98096 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 238.403
linoleate
23.98096 Stearic/Octadecanoic 7.86912 2572.31 140.468 255.9274
Tcal. =194.2890 C
194.2890 C200C
% = 100 = 100 = -2.8555 < 5%
200C
22
Finding bubble point of the bottom
Calculate partial pressure, P of each component using Antoine equation at T=321C
321 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 86643.4
321 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 1818.836
321 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 293.6863
321 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 287.2348
linoleate
Calculation of Tbubble
1st Trial: T = 321C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1 bar

Comp. xiW Ki i ixi yi
Water 0.0008 115.5150 47.6367 0.0398 0.0972
Glycerol 0.2479 2.4249 1.0000 0.2479 0.6060
Myristic 0.0075 0.8941 0.3687 0.0028 0.0068
Palmitic 0.0451 0.4990 0.2058 0.0093 0.0227
Oleic 0.1540 0.3915 0.1615 0.0249 0.0608
Linoleic 0.5146 0.3829 0.1579 0.0813 0.1986
Stearic 0.0301 0.2629 0.1084 0.0033 0.0080
1.0000 0.4091 1.0000
1 1
= = 0.4091
750.0617 mmHg = 1833.3703 mmHg

23
1833.3703 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 126.8421
1833.3703 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 321.299
1833.3703 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 401.7928
1833.3703 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 408.021
linoleate
Tcal. =321.299C
321.299C321C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.0932 < 5%
321C
Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux

Nm for total reflux
L,av =134.3847
xLDD =1.6424 xHWW = 4.9273
xHDD = 0.0498 xLWW = 0.0166
Nm = 1.8753
24
Assuming 99% of glycerol is recovered in the distillate and 99% of Myristic acid in
the bottoms,
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 2

Water 0.0008 0.0166 0.0034 0.0166 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.2480 4.9273 0.9963 4.8780 0.0033 0.0493
Myristic 0.0075 0.1490 0.0003 0.0015 0.0099 0.1476
Palmitic 0.0451 0.8953 0.0000 0.0000 0.0598 0.8953
Oleic 0.1540 3.0600 0.0000 0.0000 0.2044 3.0600
Linoleic 0.5146 10.2244 0.0000 0.0000 0.6828 10.2244
Stearic 0.0301 0.5972 0.0000 0.0000 0.0399 0.5972
1.0000 19.8698 1.0000 4.8961 1.0000 14.9737

Calculation of partial pressure, P for each components using Antoine equation
290 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 56492.9
290 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 760.0028
290 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 122.4602
25
290 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 125.4631
linoleate
Calculation of Tdew
1st trial: T=290C P=750.061mmHg or 1 bar
Water 0.0034 75.3177 188.4909 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.9963 1.0133 2.5358 0.3929 0.9992
Myristic 0.0003 0.3996 1.0000 0.0003 0.0008
Palmitic 0.0000 0.2205 0.5518 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0000 0.1633 0.4086 0.0000 0.0000
Linoleic 0.0000 0.1673 0.4186 0.0000 0.0000
Stearic 0.0000 0.1043 0.2611 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.3932 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.3932 750.0617 mmHg = 294.9407mmHg
294.9407 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 74.87913
294.9407 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 259.9457
294.9407 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 321.1614
294.9407 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 322.0593
linoleate
Tcal. =289.4229C
289.4229C290C
% = 100 = 100 = -0.1990 < 5%
290C
26
Calculation of partial pressure, P for each components using Antoine equation at T=
360C
360 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 139428.2
360 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 4810.604
360 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 762.5825
360 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 710.3353
linoleate

Water 0.0000 185.8890 86.4875 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0033 6.4136 2.9840 0.0098 0.0211
Myristic 0.0099 2.1493 1.0000 0.0099 0.0212
Palmitic 0.0598 1.2358 0.5750 0.0344 0.0740
Oleic 0.2044 1.0167 0.4730 0.0967 0.2080
Linoleic 0.6828 0.9470 0.4406 0.3009 0.6472
Stearic 0.0399 0.7148 0.3326 0.0133 0.0285
1.0000 0.4649 1.0000
1 1
= = 0.4649
750.0617 mmHg = 1613.5555 mmHg

27
1613.555 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 122.6664
1613.555 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 316.5381
1613.555 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 395.3001
1613.555 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 401.0554
linoleate
Tcal. =360.0428C
360.0428C360C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.0119 < 5%
360.0428C
Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux, Nm
L,av = 2.7508
xLDD = 4.8780 xHWW = 0.1476
xHDD = 0.0015 xLWW = 0.00493
Nm = 9.0823
28
Assuming 99% of Myristic acid is recovered in the distillate and 99% of Palmitic acid
in the bottoms,
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 3

Water 0.0008 0.0166 0.0034 0.0166 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.2480 4.9273 0.9963 4.8780 0.0033 0.0493
Myristic 0.0075 0.1490 0.0003 0.0015 0.0099 0.1476
Palmitic 0.0451 0.8953 0.0000 0.0000 0.0598 0.8953
Oleic 0.1540 3.0600 0.0000 0.0000 0.2044 3.0600
Linoleic 0.5146 10.2244 0.0000 0.0000 0.6828 10.2244
Stearic 0.0301 0.5972 0.0000 0.0000 0.0399 0.5972
1.0000 19.8698 1.0000 4.8961 1.0000 14.9737

Calculation of partial pressure, P for each components using Antoine equation at
T=321C
321 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 86643.4
321 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 1818.836
321 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 293.6863
29
321 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 287.2348
linoleate
Calculation of Tdew
Water 0.0000 115.5150 231.4852 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.2412 2.4249 4.8594 0.0496 0.1008
Myristic 0.7150 0.8941 1.7918 0.3991 0.8103
Palmitic 0.0438 0.4990 1.0000 0.0438 0.0890
Oleic 0.0000 0.3915 0.7846 0.0000 0.0000
Linoleic 0.0000 0.3829 0.7674 0.0000 0.0000
Stearic 0.0000 0.2629 0.5269 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.4925 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.4925 750.0617 mmHg = 369.4081mmHg
369.4081 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 80.48231
369.4081 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 266.7888
369.4081 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 329.8387
369.4081 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 331.2539
linoleate
Tcal = 320.4725C
320.4725C321C
% = 100 = 100 = -0.1643 < 5%
320.472521C
30
Calculate partial pressure, P of each component at T=361C using Antoine equation
361 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 141025.7
361 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 4924.088
361 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 780.0224
361 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 725.7586
linoleate
1st Trial: T = 361C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1 bar

Water 0.0000 188.0189 148.8833 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 6.5649 5.1984 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0001 2.1944 1.7377 0.0002 0.0002
Palmitic 0.0600 1.2629 1.0000 0.0600 0.0765
Oleic 0.2072 1.0399 0.8235 0.1706 0.2174
Linoleic 0.6923 0.9676 0.7662 0.5304 0.6760
Stearic 0.0404 0.7319 0.5796 0.0234 0.0299
1.0000 0.7846 1.0000
1 1
= = 0.7846
750.0617 mmHg = 955.9233 mmHg

31
955.9233 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 106.4882
955.9233 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 297.8192
955.9233 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 370.1669
955.9233 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 374.1639
linoleate
Tcal = 361.4225C
361.4225C361C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.1170 < 5%
361C
Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux

Nm for total reflux
L,av =1.7645
xLDD =0.1461 xHWW = 0.8863
xHDD = 0.0090 xLWW = 0.0015
Nm = 16.1839
32
Assuming 99% of Palmitic acid is recovered in the distillate and 99% of Oleic acid in
the bottoms,
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 4

Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0001 0.0015 0.0016 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0600 0.8863 0.9647 0.8774 0.0006 0.0089
Oleic 0.2072 3.0591 0.0336 0.0306 0.2185 3.0285
Linoleic 0.6923 10.2229 0.0000 0.0000 0.7377 10.2229
Stearic 0.0404 0.5972 0.0000 0.0000 0.0431 0.5972
1.0000 14.7670 1.0000 0.9095 1.0000 13.8575

Calculation of partial pressure, P for each component at T= 290C using Antoine
equation
349 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 122694.2
349 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 3703.338
349 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 591.2219
349 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 557.8167
linoleate
33
Calculation of Tdew
1st trial: 349 C 750.0617 mmHg or 1 bar
Water 0.0000 163.5788 207.5264 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 4.9374 6.2639 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0016 1.7012 2.1583 0.0008 0.0009
Palmitic 0.9647 0.9687 1.2289 0.7850 0.9580
Oleic 0.0336 0.7882 1.0000 0.0336 0.0410
Linoleic 0.0000 0.7437 0.9435 0.0000 0.0000
Stearic 0.0000 0.5479 0.6951 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.8194 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.8194 750.0617 mmHg = 614.6082 mmHg
614.6082 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 93.90779
614.6082 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 282.956
614.6082 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 350.6468
614.6082 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 353.3575
linoleate
Tcal. =350.6468C
350.6468C349C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.4719 < 5%
349C
34
363C
363 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 144259.8
363 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 5157.982
363 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 815.8988
363 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 757.4355
linoleate

Water 0.0000 192.3305 176.8109 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 6.8767 6.3218 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 2.2869 2.1024 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0006 1.3186 1.2122 0.0008 0.0008
Oleic 0.2185 1.0878 1.0000 0.2185 0.2338
Linoleic 0.7377 1.0098 0.9283 0.6849 0.7328
Stearic 0.0431 0.7671 0.7052 0.0304 0.0325
1.0000 0.9346 1.0000
1 1
= = 0.9346
750.0617 mmHg = 802.5747 mmHg

802.5747 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 101.3978
802.5747 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 291.838
802.5747 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 362.2659
802.5747 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 365.734
linoleate
Tcal = 362.2659C
35
362.2659C363C
% = 100 = 100 = -0.2022 < 5%
363C
L,av = 1.2205
xLDD = 0.8774 xHWW = 3.0285
xHDD = 0.0306 xLWW = 0.0089
Nm = 46.1175
36
Assuming 99% of glycerol is recovered in the distillate and 99% of Myristic acid in
the bottoms
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 5

Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0006 0.0089 0.0029 0.0089 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.2186 3.0285 0.9643 2.9982 0.0028 0.0303
Linoleic 0.7376 10.2181 0.0329 0.1022 0.9416 10.1159
Stearic 0.0431 0.5972 0.0000 0.0000 0.0556 0.5972
1.0000 13.8526 1.0000 3.1093 1.0000 10.7434

359C
359 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 137843.5
359 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 4699.377
359 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 745.4684
359 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 695.1836
linoleate
37
Calculation of Tdew
Water 0.0000 183.7762 198.2836 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 6.2653 6.7599 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 2.1050 2.2711 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0029 1.2092 1.3046 0.0022 0.0023
Oleic 0.9643 0.9939 1.0723 0.8992 0.9625
Linoleic 0.0329 0.9268 1.0000 0.0329 0.0352
Stearic 0.0000 0.6981 0.7532 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.9343 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.9343 750.0617 mmHg = 700.7748 mmHg
700.7748 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 97.54954
700.7748 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 287.2867
700.7748 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 356.2953
700.7748 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 359.3711
linoleate
Tcal = 359.3711C
359.3711C359C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.1034 < 5%
359C
38
363C
363 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 144259.8
363 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 5157.982
363 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 815.8988
363 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 757.4355
linoleate

Water 0.0000 192.3305 190.4581 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 6.8767 6.8098 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 2.2869 2.2647 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 1.3186 1.3057 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0028 1.0878 1.0772 0.0030 0.0031
Linoleic 0.9416 1.0098 1.0000 0.9416 0.9541
Stearic 0.0556 0.7671 0.7596 0.0422 0.0428
1.0000 0.9869 1.0000
1 1
= = 0.9869
750.0617 mmHg = 760.0524 mmHg

760.0524 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 99.84295
760.0524 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 290.0022
760.0524 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 359.8533
760.0524 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 363.1621
linoleate
39
Tcal = 363.1621C
363.1621C363C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.00447 < 5%
363C
L,av = 1.0748
xLDD = 2.9982 xHWW = 10.1159
xHDD = 0.1022 xLWW = 0.0303
Nm = 127.4752
40
Assuming 99% of Linoleic acid is recovered in the distillate and 99% of Stearic acid
in the bottoms,
Light Key 0.99 D
Heavy Key 0.99
F DISTILATION
COLUMN 6

Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0028 0.0303 0.0030 0.0300 0.0000 0.0000
Linoleic 0.9416 10.1159 0.9964 10.0147 0.1461 0.1012
Stearic 0.0556 0.5972 0.0006 0.0060 0.8539 0.5912
1.0000 10.7434 1.0000 10.0507 1.0000 0.6924

362C
362 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 142636.3
362 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 5039.868
362 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 797.7929
362 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 741.4575
linoleate
41
Calculation of Tdew
Water 0.0000 190.1660 253.7820 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 6.7193 8.9671 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 2.2403 2.9897 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 1.2905 1.7222 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0030 1.0636 1.4195 0.0021 0.0028
Linoleic 0.9964 0.9885 1.3192 0.7553 0.9964
Stearic 0.0006 0.7493 1.0000 0.0006 0.0008
1.0000 0.7580 1.0000
= yi/i P = 0.7580 750.0617 mmHg = 568.5527 mmHg
568.5527 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 91.78223
568.5527 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 280.4176
568.5527 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 347.3508
568.5527 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 349.8511
linoleate
Tcal = 362.4914C
362.4914C362C
% = 100 = 100 = 0.1357 < 5%
362C
42
373C
373 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 161221.3
373 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 6476.205
373 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 1016.509
373 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 933.4212
linoleate
Water 0.0000 214.9440 222.8341 0.0000 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 8.6342 8.9512 0.0000 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 2.7983 2.9011 0.0000 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 1.6292 1.6890 0.0000 0.0000
Oleic 0.0000 1.3552 1.4050 0.0000 0.0000
Linoleic 0.1461 1.2445 1.2901 0.1885 0.1808
Stearic 0.8539 0.9646 1.0000 0.8539 0.8192
1.0000 1.0424 1.0000
1 1
= = 1.0424
750.0617 mmHg = 719.5590 mmHg

43
719.5590 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 98.29328
719.559 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 288.1683
719.559 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 357.4491
719.559 Linoleic/Methyl 7.84215 2664.897 173.974 360.6002
linoleate
Tcal = 327.7568 C
372.75688C373C
% = 100 = 100 = -0.0652 < 5%
373C
L,av = 1.3046
xLDD = 10.0147 xHWW = 0.5912
xHDD = 0.0060 xLWW = 0.1012
Nm = 34.5633
44
CHAPTER 4 ENERGY BALANCE
45
C-101 (200 C - 40 C)
Cp = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3
H = Cp dT
Water : (92.053 x T)+(-3.9953 x 10^-2) x (T^2/2)+(-2.1103 x 10^-4) x (T^3/3) +
(5.3469 x 10^-7) x (T^4/4)
=25991.9986 (T=313.14K) =38330.2335(T=473.14K)
dH = 25991.9986 - 38330.2335 = -12338.2349 1 x 1.64243 =

-20264.6662 W
Glycerol : (132.145 x T)+(8.6007 x 10^-1) x (T^2/2)+(-1.9745 x 10^-3) x (T^3/3) +
(1.8068 x 10^-6) x (T^4/4)
=67681.5136 (T=313.14K) =111716.2481(T=473.14K)
dH = 67681.5136 - 111716.2481= -44034.7345 1 x 0.04977 = -2191.6332 W
1
0.45
Myristic : 8.314 x (1.45+( ))+((0.25x0.976)x(17.11+((25.2x((1 Tr)3 ))/)
1
1.742
( ))))))+608.69
1
= 692.9744 (at 313.14 K, Tr=0.4019) = 684.9998 (at 473.14 K, Tr=0.6073)

1
(684.9998 + 692.9744)(40 200) = -110237.9317 1
2
dH =-110237.9317 1 x 0.00027 = -29.5129 W

Palmitic : dH = 1/2 x(803.6381+814.1179)x(40 200) = -129420.476 1x 0.00058
= -75.149 W
Oleic : dH = 1/2 x(899.6926+911.9819)x(40 200) = -144933.9552 1x 0.00086
= - 124.9334 W
Linoleic : dH = 1/2 x(872.2061+883.8163)x(40 200) = -140481.7976 1x 0.00346
= -486.6217 W
Stearic : dH = 1/2 x(926.744+939.6878)x(40 200) = -149314.5421 1x 0.00006

= -8.9074 W
46
C-102 (290 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.01659 -20392.6151 -338.3173
Glycerol 4.87801 -70997.5281 -346326.7973
Myristic 0.00149 -172651.4752 -257.3266
Palmitic 0.00005 -202467.9751 -9.9621
Oleic 0.00002 -226579.3610 -4.0157
Linoleic 0.00005 -219631.8499 -10.5184
Stearic 0.00000 -233413.0341 -0.0213
Sum -346946.9586
C-103 (360 C - 341 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0000 -2180.7148 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0493 -6438.4395 -317.2403
Myristic 0.1476 -13229.8746 -1952.1144
Palmitic 0.8952 -15429.1848 -13812.8253
Oleic 3.0600 -17209.6818 -52661.7875
Linoleic 10.2243 -16686.7404 -170610.8586
Stearic 0.5972 -17723.3163 -10584.1324
Sum -249938.9585
C-104 (321 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.00000 -23552.3320 0.0000
Glycerol 0.04927 -80881.9647 -3985.2848
Myristic 0.14608 -194505.6504 -28412.9904
Palmitic 0.00895 -227927.1850 -2040.4956
Oleic 0.00090 -254952.0827 -229.9269
Linoleic 0.00140 -247138.4454 -347.2122
Stearic 0.00000 -262635.6565 -0.1074
Sum -35016.0174
47
C-105 (361 C - 356 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0000 -586.8439 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 -1714.8025 0.0000
Myristic 0.0015 -3489.4401 -5.1488
Palmitic 0.8863 -4066.6094 -3604.1860
Oleic 3.0591 -4533.9256 -13869.7659
Linoleic 10.2229 -4396.1791 -44941.8410
Stearic 0.5972 -4669.1843 -2788.3738
Sum -65209.3155
C-106 (349 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.00000 -26632.8212 0.0000
Glycerol 0.00000 -90161.3269 0.0000
Myristic 0.00148 -214576.5003 -316.6151
Palmitic 0.87742 -251191.4609 -220401.6276
Oleic 0.03059 -280800.3342 -8589.9842
Linoleic 0.00486 -272197.6521 -1323.1093
Stearic 0.00000 -289256.6670 -0.0001
Sum -230631.3364
C-107 (363 C - 361 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0000 -237.0885 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 -689.6497 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 -1397.3953 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0089 -1627.9262 -14.4281
Oleic 3.0285 -1814.5984 -5495.5410
Linoleic 10.2181 -1759.4720 -17978.4099
Stearic 0.5972 -1868.7217 -1115.9754
Sum -24604.3544
48
C-108 (359 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.00000 -27791.7160 0.0000
Glycerol 0.00000 -93567.5390 0.0000
Myristic 0.00000 -221858.9515 0.0000
Palmitic 0.00886 -259589.7184 -2300.7118
Oleic 2.99823 -290103.8487 -869798.4373
Linoleic 0.10218 -281217.0643 -28734.9602
Stearic 0.00000 -298837.8918 0.0000
Sum -900834.1093
C-109 (362 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.00000 -28145.8294 0.0000
Glycerol 0.00000 -94599.6020 0.0000
Myristic 0.00000 -224058.8792 0.0000
Palmitic 0.00000 -262120.8054 0.0000
Oleic 0.03027 -292904.0659 -8864.8614
Linoleic 10.01473 -283931.7499 -2843500.3020
Stearic 0.00597 -301721.6455 -1801.8409
Sum -2854167.0044
C-110 (373 C - 40 C)
dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0000 -29470.6868 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 -98425.9075 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 -232196.3815 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 -271454.7460 0.0000
Oleic 0.0000 -303213.0175 -5.9901
Linoleic 0.1012 -293925.7003 -29733.2024
Stearic 0.5912 -312337.9189 -184658.7479
Sum -214397.9404
49
H-101 (25 C - 155 C)
SFO : = 697646 x (155 - 25)
dH = 90693980 1
Water : Cp = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3

H = Cp dT
T2 T3
(92.053 x T) + (-3.9953 x 102) x ( )+ (-2.1103 x 104) x ( ) +
2 3
T4
(5.3469 x 107) x ( )
4
= 24861.00 (at T=298.14 K) = 34720.71 (at

T=428.14 K)
dH = 34720.71 - 24861.00 = 9859.71 1 x 1.65902 = 16357.4431 W
T2 T3
Glycerol : (132.145 x T) + (8.6007 x 101) x ( )+ (-1.9745 x 103) x ( ) +
2 3
T4
(1.8068 x 106) x ( )
4
= 98928.1612 (at T=428.14 K) = 63749.2881 (at

T=298.14 K)
dH = 98928.1612- 63749.2881 = 35178.8731 1 x 4.97706 =

175087.2022 W
1
(Cp Cp, gas) 0.45 25.2(1 )3
= 1.45 + + 0.25(17.11 + + 1.742/(1
1
)
1
0.45
Myristic : 8.314 x (1.45+( ))+((0.25x0.976)x(17.11+((25.2x((1 Tr)3 ))/)
1
1.742
( ))))))+608.69
1
= 694.7280 (at 298.14 K, Tr=0.3827) = 685.5732 (at 428.14 K,

Tr=0.5496)
1
(694.728 + 685.5732)(155 25) = 89719.5756 1
2
dH =89719.5756 1 x 0.14931 = 13396.1791 W
Palmitic : dH = 1/2 x(816.2246+804.7793)x(155-25) = 105365.2526 1x 0.89587 =

94393.5668 W
50
Oleic : dH = 1/2 x(914.3304+901.269)x(155-25) = 118013.9607 1x 3.06089 =
361227.646 W
Linoleic : dH = 1/2 x(886.0494+873.6698)x(155-25) = 114381.746 1x 10.22785 =
1169879.2205 W
Stearic : dH = 1/2 x(942.1462+928.4321)x(155-25) = 121587.5890 1x 0.59725 =

72617.7807 W
SUM dH = 52057288.7428 W
H-102 (155 C 260.5 C)

dH/mol dH, W
SFO 0 73601653 0
Water 1.65902 8864.1023 14705.7095
Glycerol 4.97706 30663.3808 152613.3467
Myristic 0.14931 72370.8284 10805.8088
Palmitic 0.89587 84875.8952 76037.7666
Oleic 3.06089 941955.4699 290781.5972
Linoleic 10.22785 92097.1237 941955.4699
Stearic 0.59725 97854.6665 58443.3721
Sum 1545343.0709
H-103 (321 C - 325 C)

dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0166 426.0732 7.0686
Glycerol 4.9273 1303.8009 6424.1987
Myristic 0.1490 2766.6862 412.3578
Palmitic 0.8953 3233.4058 2894.8337
Oleic 3.0600 3611.1719 11050.2838
Linoleic 10.2244 3501.3672 35799.3266
Stearic 0.5972 3719.1069 2221.0023
Sum 58809.0715
H-104 (363 C - 367.5 C)

dH/mol dH, W
Water 0.0000 538.4513 0.0000
Glycerol 0.0000 1559.6666 0.0000
Myristic 0.0000 3147.7931 0.0000
Palmitic 0.0000 3665.7142 0.0000
Oleic 0.0303 4085.1500 123.7194
Linoleic 10.1159 3961.0519 40069.5679
Stearic 0.5972 4206.9733 2512.3476
Sum 42705.6350
51
Distillation Column, D-101
Figure 4.14: Condition for the distillation column, D-101

Table 4. : Properties of water and glycerol
Component A B C D
-3.9953 x 10- -2.1103 x 10- 5.3469 x 10-
Water 92.053 2 4 7
-1.9745 x 10- 1.8068 x 10-

Glycerol 132.145 8.6007 x 10-1 3 6
Table 4.8: Properties of fatty acids

Component Tc (K) Tr (K)
Palmitic acid 719.80 1.1087 0.7428
Stearic acid 819.00 1.2369 0.7254
Oleic acid 819.14 1.1850 0.7253
Myristic acid 779.07 0.976 0.7626
Linoleic acid 819.82 1.1294 0.7247
Top
( = 473.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

= 49544.3306

1
Hwater = n = 1.64243 89568.3645 = 147109.6166
3600
52
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
6 4
(1.8068 10 )
+
4

= 30813.0047

1
Hglycerol = n = 0.04977 = 1533.5803
3600
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

= 89568.3645

1
Hpalmitic = n = 0.00058 89568.3645 = 147109.6166
3600
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

= 30813.0047

1
Hstearic = n = 0.00006 30813.0047 = 1533.5803
3600
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 34721.4385

53
1
Holeic = n = 0.00086 34721.4385 = 29.93
3600
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

= 63580.3419

1
Hmyristic = n = 0.00027 63580.3419 = 17.02173
3600
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 29173.1602

1
Hlinoleic = n = 0.00346 29173.1602 = 101.0543
3600
= 148826.9352
54
Bottom
( = 594.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

= 5959.5143

1
Hwater = n = 0.0166 89568.3645 = 98.8694
3600
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

= 18971.9362

1
Hglycerol = n = 4.9273 18971.9362 = 93480.1348
3600
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

= 48774.5572

1
Hpalmitic = n = 0.8953 48774.5572 = 43667.3403
3600
For stearic acid:
55
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

= 56151.1954

1
Hstearic = n = 0.5972 56151.1954 = 33532.7638
3600
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 54519.1175

1
Hpalmitic = n = 3.06 54519.1175 = 166829.9768
3600
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

= 41678.2413

1
Hmyristic = n = 0.149 41678.2413 = 6211.8895
3600
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 29173.1602

56
1
Hlinoleic = n = 10.2244 52826.5576 = 540456.4681
3600
= 884277.4427
Total for top and bottom = 1033104.3779W
Top
( = 563.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

= 89568.3645

1
Hwater = n = 0.01659 89568.3645 = 1485.9557
3600
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4
57

=30813.0047
1
Hglycerol = n = 4.87801
30813.0047 3600 =150306.2082
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=53959.2980
1
Hpalmitic = n =0.00005 89568.3645 3600 =2.6550
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

= 30813.0047

1
Hstearic = n = 0.00006 30813.0047 = 1533.5803
3600
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=73763.6295
1
Holeic = n = 0.0001
34721.4385 3600 =0.0067
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]
58

= 63580.3419

1
Hmyristic = n =0.00149 63580.3419 3600 =94.7626
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 29173.1602

1
Hlinoleic = n =0.00005 29173.1602 3600 =1.3971
=151891.6008
Bottom
( = 633.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
7 4
(5.3469 10 )
+
4

=3931.0122
1
Hwater = n = 0.0000
3931.0122 3600 = 0
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

= 18971.9362

59
1
Hglycerol = n =0.0493 11725.2607 3600 =577.7370
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

= 28387.6290

1
Hpalmitic = n =0.8952 28387.6290 3600 =25413.7444
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=32620.0347
1
Hstearic = n =0.5972 32620.0347 3600 =19480.2576
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=31674.3014
1
Hpalmitic = n = 3.06
31674.3014 3600 =96923.6593
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=24327.7586
60
1
Hmyristic = n =0.1476 24327.7586 3600 =3589.6460
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=30711.6311
1
Hlinoleic = n =10.2243 30711.6311 3600 =314006.0699
=459991.1142
Total for top and bottom = 611882.7150 W
Top
( = 594.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=93870.7730
1
Hwater = n = 0
93870.7730 3600 = 0
61
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

=51232.8333
1
51232.8333 3600 =2524.3877
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

= 83111.198

1
Hpalmitic = n =0.00895 83111.1980 3600 = 1744.0448
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=107599.3545
1
Hstearic = n = 0.00001
107599.3545 3600 =0.0440
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=67581.1135
1
Holeic = n =0.00090 67581.1135 3600 =60.9476
62
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

= 88232.286

1
Hmyristic = n =0.14608 88232.2869 3600 =12888.7933
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=61047.4702
1
Hlinoleic = n =0.00140 61047.4702 3600 =85.7674
=16303.9848
Bottom
( = 634.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=2298.7521
1
Hwater = n = 0
2298.7521 3600 = 0
63
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

=6782.4595
1
Hglycerol = n = 0 18971.9362 = 0
3600
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=16243.1063
1
Hpalmitic = n =0.8863 16243.1063 3600 =14396.0657
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=18657.6413
1
Hstearic = n =0.5972 18657.6413 3600 =11142.0914
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=18116.9444
1
Hpalmitic = n =3.0591 18116.9444 3600 =55421.6810
64
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=13928.5330
1
Hmyristic = n =0.0015 13928.5330 3600 =20.5520
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=17566.4392
1
Hlinoleic = n =10.2229
17566.4392 3600 =179580.5170
=260560.9072
65
Top
( = 622.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=94889.1383
1
Hwater = n = 0
94889.1383 3600 = 0
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

=56326.9066
1
56326.9066 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
66
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=92468.5980
1
Hpalmitic = n =0.87742 92468.5980 3600 =81134.2449
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=118460.2045
1
Hstearic = n = 0.00001
118460.2045 3600 =0.0001
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 78128.663

1
Holeic = n =0.03059 78128.6635 3600 =2390.0398
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=96145.2569
1
Hmyristic = n =0.00148 96145.2569 3600 =141.8657
67
For linoleic acid:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=71278.7302
1
Hlinoleic = n =0.00486 71278.7302 3600 =346.4745
=84012.6250
Bottom
( = 636.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=823.9324
1
Hwater = n = 0
823.9324 3600 = 0
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

=2404.4522
1
Hglycerol = n = 0
2404.4522 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
68
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=5694.5846
1
Hpalmitic = n =0.0089 5694.5846 3600 =50.4704
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=6537.9452
1
Hstearic = n =0.5972 6537.9452 3600 =3904.3726
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=6348.5621
1
Hpalmitic = n =3.0285 6348.5621 3600 =19226.7247
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=4886.9011
1
Hmyristic = n =0 4886.9011 3600 =0
69
For linoleic acid:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 6155.687

1
Hlinoleic = n =10.2181 6155.6879 3600 =62899.2576
=86080.8254
Top
( = 632.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=95255.04183
1
Hwater = n = 0
95255.04183 3600 = 0
70
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
6 4
(1.8068 10 )
+
4
= 58176.66232
1
Hglycerol = n = 0
58176.66232 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=96067.59800
1
Hpalmitic = n =0.00886 96067.59800 3600 =851.4353
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=82185.41350
1
Hstearic = n = 0
82185.41350 3600 =246410.8785
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=82185.41350
1
Holeic = n =2.99823 82185.41350 3600 =246410.8785
71
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=99188.70690
1
Hmyristic = n =0 99188.70690 3600 =0
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=71278.7302
1
Hlinoleic = n =0.10218 75213.83020 3600 =7685.4028
=254947.7167
Bottom
( = 636.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4

=237.0885
1
Hwater = n = 0
237.0885 3600 = 0
72
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
6 4
(1.8068 10 )
+
4

=2404.4522
1
Hglycerol = n = 0
2404.4522 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=689.6497
1
Hpalmitic = n =0 689.6497 3600 =0
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

= 1868.721

1
Hstearic = n =0.5972 1868.7217 3600 =1115.9754
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

= 1814.5984

1
Hpalmitic = n =0.0303 1814.5984 3600 =54.9554
73
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=1397.3953
1
Hmyristic = n =0 1397.3953 3600 =0
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=1759.4720
1
Hlinoleic = n =10.1159 1759.4720 3600 =17798.6258
=18969.5566
Top
( = 635.14 )
74
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
7 4
(5.3469 10 )
+
4

=95365.04163
1
Hwater = n = 0
95365.04163 3600 = 0
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

= 58734.63650
1
Hglycerol = n = 0
58734.63650 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=93548.29800
1
Hpalmitic = n =0 93548.29800 3600 =0
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=119713.37950
1
Hstearic = n =0.00597 119713.37950 3600 =714.9121
75
For oleic acid:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=79345.68850
1
Holeic = n =0.03027 79345.68850 3600 =2401.4297
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=97058.29190
1
Hmyristic = n =0 97058.29190 3600 =0
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=72459.26020
1
Hlinoleic = n =10.01473 72459.26020 3600 =725660.0514
=728776.3933
Bottom
( = 646.14 )
For water:
(3.9953 102 2 ) (2.1103 104 3 )

= 92.053 + +
2 3
(5.3469 107 ) 4
+
4
76

=667.6924
1
Hwater = n = 0
667.6924 3600 = 0
For glycerol:
(8.6007 101 2 ) (1.9745 103 3 )

= 132.145 + +
2 3
(1.8068 106 ) 4
+
4

=1921.5448
1
Hglycerol = n = 0
1921.5448 3600 = 0
For palmitic acid:
( 124.43 )/8.314 =
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7428)1 + 0.25 1.1087[17.11

1
+ 25.2(1 0.7428)3 0.74281 + 1.742(1 0.7428)1 ]

=4486.0584
1
Hpalmitic = n =0 4486.0584 3600 =0
For stearic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7254)1 + 0.25 1.2369[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7254)3 0.72541 + 1.742(1 0.7254)1 ]

=5146.52981
1
Hstearic = n =0.5912 5146.5298 3600 =3042.7037
For oleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1850[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]
77

=4997.5422
1
Holeic = n =0.0303 4997.5422 3600 =0.0987
For myristic:
( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7247)1 + 0.25 0.976[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7247)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7247)1 ]

=3854.6181
1
Hmyristic = n =0 3854.6181 3600 =0
For linoleic acid:

( 124.43)/8.314
= 1.45 + 0.45(1 0.7253)1 + 0.25 1.1294[17.11
1
+ 25.2(1 0.7253)3 0.78081 + 1.742(1 0.7253)1 ]

=4845.7380
1
Hlinoleic = n =0.1012 4845.7380 3600 =490.1896
=3532.9920
78
CHAPTER 5 PROCESS EQUIPMENT SIZING
5.1 Distillation Column 1
To design the distillation column, an average temperature, Tavg is calculated by taking
the average temperature of dew point and bubble point.
1
= (200 + 321) = 260.5
2
Vapor pressure of each component is calculated at this temperature, 260.5 C using
Antoines equation as follow:

= 10+
The calculated values are tabulated as follow:
T( C ) Substance A B C P(mmHg) P(atm)
260.5 Water 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 35814.89477 47.12486
260.5 Glycerol 9.90788 3821.36 253.806 300.4352279 0.39531
260.5 Myristic/Te 7.91297 2450.62 160.791 124.7500158 0.164145
260.5 Palmitic/He 8.58266 3341.95 235.116 69.12532336 0.090954
260.5 Oleic 8.0641 2729.09 166.667 47.34642517 0.062298
260.5 Linoleic/Me 7.84215 2664.8969 173.974 51.11324916 0.067254
260.5 Stearic/Oct 7.86912 2572.31 140.468 28.43609165 0.037416
From the composition calculated in material balance, values of Ki, i, and other required
products are tabulated as follow:
Comp. xiF xiD xiW Ki i xiFi xiDi theta ixiF/(i-theta) ixiD/(i-theta)
Water 0.0769 0.9676 0.0008 47.1249 119.2100 9.1700 115.3471 5.1000 0.0804 1.010840878
Glycerol 0.2308 0.0293 0.2480 0.3953 1.0000 0.2308 0.0293 5.1000 -0.0563 -0.007151482
Myristic 0.0069 0.0002 0.0075 0.1641 0.4152 0.0029 0.0001 5.1000 -0.0006 -1.39794E-05
Palmitic 0.0415 0.0003 0.0451 0.0910 0.2301 0.0096 0.0001 5.1000 -0.0020 -1.61619E-05
Oleic 0.1419 0.0005 0.1540 0.0623 0.1576 0.0224 0.0001 5.1000 -0.0045 -1.61925E-05
Linoleic 0.4742 0.0020 0.5146 0.0673 0.1701 0.0807 0.0003 5.1000 -0.0164 -7.04249E-05
Stearic 0.0277 0.0000 0.0301 0.0374 0.0946 0.0026 0.0000 5.1000 -0.0005 -6.64573E-07
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0001 1.003571973
Since the inlet liquid is saturated liquid, q = 1,

Using the equation below:

1 =

=0

79
119.21(0.0769) 1(0.2308) 0.4152(0.0069) 0.2301(0.0415) 0.1576(0.1419)
+ + + +
119.21 1 0.4152 0.2301 0.1576
0.1701(0.4742) 0.0946(0.0277)
+ + =0
0.1701 0.0946
The above equation is then solved by trial and error using Microsoft Excel.
The results is shown below:
(xiFi/(i-theta))
5.1 0.0001
The final value of = 5.1 is substituted into equation below:

+ 1 =

+ 1 = 1.0108 + (0.0072) + 0 + 0 + 0 + (0.0001) + 0
+ 1 = 1.0036
Solving, Rm = 0.0036
Setting R = 1.5 Rm,
Rm 0.0036 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.0036
R 0.0054 R/(R+1) 0.0053
From Erbar-Maddox correlation,
80
From the graph, the Nm/N and minimum number of theoretical stages, Nm from material
balance calculation is shown as below:
Nm/N 0.08
Nm 1.8752888
Therefore, the number of theoretical stages, N and the number of theoretical trays are
tabulated as follow:
N,t.stages 24
N,t.tray 23
The number of theoretical trays are obtained by minus one reboiler step from the
number of theoretical stages.
Next, to calculate the overall tray efficiency, Eo, the following equation is used:
0 = 0.492( )0.245
The equation used to calculate viscosity of different substances at the average
temperature and the values are tabulated as follow:
log = A + B/T + CT +DT^2
Comp. A B C D (cP)
Water -10.2158 1792.5 0.01773 -0.000012631 2.6713
Glycerol -18.2152 3230.5 0.028705 -0.000018648 2.5012
ln = A + B/(T+C)
Myristic 0.6159 -1945.71 803990 1.8468
Palmitic -34.3507 7866.79 0.039312 0.0157
Oleic -16.4441 4554.14 0.015075 2.8213
Linoleic 1.5432 2785.34 903467 4.6940
Stearic 1.678 -3437.49 1134400 5.3386
Avg 2.8413
The overall tray efficiency, Eo is then calculated.

HETP, and the height of column, H is calculated using the formulas below:

=
0
= ()
Height to diameter ratio should be in range of 3:1 to 20:1 (ICARUS Reference,1998).
In our case, the ratio of 20:1 is chosen.
After calculating the diameter, the volume is calculated using formula below:
Volume, V = 2
81
To calculate the location of feed tray using Kirkbride method,
2
= 0.206 [( )( )( ) ]

After substituting the values, Ne = 1.6329 Ns
14.2
Number of actual stages = 0
= 0.4102
= 34.6164
= 35 stages
Eo 0.1181
For T,tray spacing 0.6
HETP 5.0815
Height, m 116.8749
For H:D ratio 20
Diameter, m 5.8437
Volume, m3 3135.9440
N,a.stages 198.5273 N,a.stages 199
Ne 64.5788 Ne 65
Ns 134.4212 Ns 135
Steps involved in calculating the first distillation column is repeated for the other five
distillation columns.
The final result is tabulated as follow:
Distillation column 2
Water 0.0008 0.0034 0.0000 120.0648 123.5539 0.1032 0.4186 1.2210 0.0008 0.003422194
Glycerol 0.2480 0.9963 0.0033 2.6603 2.7376 0.6789 2.7274 1.2210 0.4476 1.798401024
Myristic 0.0075 0.0003 0.0099 0.9718 1.0000 0.0075 0.0003 1.2210 -0.0339 -0.001377407
Palmitic 0.0451 0.0000 0.0598 0.5436 0.5594 0.0252 0.0000 1.2210 -0.0381 -8.49814E-06
Oleic 0.1540 0.0000 0.2044 0.4291 0.4416 0.0680 0.0000 1.2210 -0.0873 -2.05098E-06
Linoleic 0.5146 0.0000 0.6828 0.4174 0.4296 0.2210 0.0000 1.2210 -0.2793 -5.30885E-06
Stearic 0.0301 0.0000 0.0399 0.2897 0.2982 0.0090 0.0000 1.2210 -0.0097 -6.03285E-09
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0002 1.800429947
Inlet phase: Saturated liquid q= 1

ixiF/(i-theta) = 0
Trial and error:
theta (xiFi/(i-theta))
1.221 0.0002
Minimum flux ratio

Setting R = 1.5Rm
Rm 0.8004 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.4446
R 1.2006 R/(R+1) 0.5456
82
Nm/N 0.63 N,t.stages 14.4163
Nm 9.0822762 N,t.stages 15
N,t.tray 14
Feed-plate location
Ne 1.6329329 Ns
Eo 0.3327
HETP 1.8033
Height, m 25.2467
For H:D ratio 20
Diameter, m 1.2623
Volume, m3 31.6094
Ne 27.2886 Ne 28
Ns 16.7114 Ns 17
Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 146.6617 184.2039 0.0000 0.0000 1.7460 0.0000 5.97158E-19
Glycerol 0.0033 0.2385 0.0000 4.0042 5.0292 0.0165 1.1994 1.7460 0.0050 0.365305815
Myristic 0.0099 0.7070 0.0001 1.4074 1.7676 0.0174 1.2498 1.7460 0.8052 57.77305098
Palmitic 0.0598 0.0433 0.0600 0.7962 1.0000 0.0598 0.0433 1.7460 -0.0801 -0.058082931
Oleic 0.2044 0.0044 0.2072 0.6420 0.8063 0.1648 0.0035 1.7460 -0.1754 -0.003745673
Linoleic 0.6828 0.0068 0.6923 0.6117 0.7682 0.5246 0.0052 1.7460 -0.5365 -0.005342846
Stearic 0.0399 0.0000 0.0404 0.4422 0.5555 0.0222 0.0000 1.7460 -0.0186 -9.23585E-07
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 -0.0004 58.07118442

ixiF/(i-theta) = 0
Trial and error:
1.746 -0.0004
Minimum flux ratio

Setting R = 1.5Rm
Rm 57.0712 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.9828
R 85.6068 R/(R+1) 0.9885
Nm/N 0.86 N,t.stages 18.8184
Nm 16.183854 N,t.stages 19
N,t.tray 18
Feed-plate location
83
Ne 0.2862538 Ns
Eo 0.3719
HETP 1.6135
Height, m 29.0430
For H:D ratio 20
Diameter, m 1.4522
Volume, m3 48.1206
Ne 11.3500 Ne 12
Ns 39.6500 Ns 40
Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 175.2189 191.3217 0.0000 0.0000 1.1995 0.0000 2.56035E-54
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 5.7617 6.2912 0.0000 0.0000 1.1995 0.0000 2.9542E-11
Myristic 0.0001 0.0016 0.0000 1.9506 2.1298 0.0002 0.0034 1.1995 0.0002 0.003694393
Palmitic 0.0600 0.9596 0.0006 1.1174 1.2201 0.0732 1.1708 1.1995 3.5517 56.78737822
Oleic 0.2072 0.0335 0.2186 0.9158 1.0000 0.2072 0.0335 1.1995 -1.0384 -0.167702017
Linoleic 0.6923 0.0053 0.7376 0.8570 0.9358 0.6478 0.0050 1.1995 -2.4563 -0.018862207
Stearic 0.0404 0.0000 0.0431 0.6413 0.7003 0.0283 0.0000 1.1995 -0.0567 -6.70267E-10
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0005 56.60450839

ixiF/(i-theta) = 0
Trial and error:
1.1995 0.0005
Minimum flux ratio

Setting R = 1.5Rm
Rm 55.6045 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.9823
R 83.4068 R/(R+1) 0.9882
Nm/N 0.85 N,t.stages 54.2559
Nm 46.117527 N,t.stages 55
N,t.tray 54
Feed-plate location
Ne 0.44259 Ns
Eo 0.4082
HETP 1.4699
Height, m 79.3771
For H:D ratio 20
Diameter, m 3.9689
84
Volume, m3 982.4043
Ne 40.8047 Ne 41
Ns 92.1953 Ns 93
Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 185.5602 194.3149 0.0000 0.0000 1.0568 0.0000 0
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 6.4791 6.7847 0.0000 0.0000 1.0568 0.0000 1.18993E-46
Myristic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.1657 2.2679 0.0000 0.0000 1.0568 0.0000 6.29249E-17
Palmitic 0.0006 0.0029 0.0000 1.2463 1.3051 0.0008 0.0037 1.0568 0.0034 0.014980991
Oleic 0.2186 0.9643 0.0028 1.0263 1.0748 0.2350 1.0364 1.0568 13.0886 57.72993742
Linoleic 0.7376 0.0329 0.9416 0.9549 1.0000 0.7376 0.0329 1.0568 -12.9827 -0.57841448
Stearic 0.0431 0.0000 0.0556 0.7223 0.7564 0.0326 0.0000 1.0568 -0.1086 -1.71128E-18
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0007 57.16650393

ixiF/(i-theta) = 0
Trial and error:
1.056816 0.0007
Minimum flux ratio

Setting R = 1.5Rm
Rm 56.1665 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.9825
R 84.2498 R/(R+1) 0.9883
Nm/N 0.86 N,t.stages 148.2270
Nm 127.47524 N,t.stages 149
N,t.tray 148
Feed-plate location
Ne 0.602943 Ns
Eo 0.4213
HETP 1.4241
Height, m 210.7702
For H:D ratio 14
Diameter, m 15.0550
Volume, m3 37535.0026
Ne 132.4039 Ne 133
Ns 219.5961 Ns 220
85
Water 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 199.6419 237.6110 0.0000 0.0000 1.0132 0.0000 0
Glycerol 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 7.5256 8.9568 0.0000 0.0000 1.0132 0.0000 3.4655E-151
Myristic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2.4739 2.9444 0.0000 0.0000 1.0132 0.0000 7.28457E-61
Palmitic 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.4325 1.7050 0.0000 0.0000 1.0132 0.0000 3.87314E-16
Oleic 0.0028 0.0030 0.0000 1.1864 1.4120 0.0040 0.0043 1.0132 0.0100 0.010659599
Linoleic 0.9416 0.9964 0.1461 1.0959 1.3043 1.2282 1.2996 1.0132 4.2177 4.463182557
Stearic 0.0556 0.0006 0.8539 0.8402 1.0000 0.0556 0.0006 1.0132 -4.2271 -0.045183128
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.0006 4.428659028

ixiF/(i-theta) = 0
Trial and error:
1.01315 0.0006
Minimum flux ratio

Setting R = 1.5Rm
Rm 3.4287 Rm/(Rm+1) 0.7742
R 5.1430 R/(R+1) 0.8372
Nm/N 0.68 N,t.stages 50.8284
Nm 34.563327 N,t.stages 51
N,t.tray 50
Feed-plate location
Ne 3.1080954 Ns
Eo 0.3048
HETP 1.9687
Height, m 98.4346
For H:D ratio 20
Diameter, m 4.9217
Volume, m3 1873.4730
Ne 126.3486 Ne 127
Ns 40.6514 Ns 41
86
CHAPTER 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
6.1 Economic Analysis
Table 6.1.1 Price of the Each Components
Components Price($/MT) Citation
Sunflower Oil (SFO) 1000 Alibaba.com
Glycerol 1896 Alibaba.com
Fatty acids 2900 Alibaba.com
Table 6.1.1: Total Cost for components based on per Year

Components Classification Price
Molecular Flow
($/kg)
Weight rate Flow Total
(kg/kmol) (mol/s) rate(kg/year) Cost($/year)
Sunflower 1.0
Oil (SFO) Raw material 876.16 5.5301 152901271.90 152901271.90
Glycerol Product 1.896 92.1 4.8962 14230280.84 26980612.48
Fatty acids Product 2.9 184.5 14.9737 87180667.46 252823935.60
=
= (Cost of Glycerol + Cost of Fatty acids) - (Cost of Sunflower oil)
= (26980612.48+ 252823935.60) - (152901271.90)
= $ 126903276.20 /yr
87
6.2 Equipment Costing
Based on capital equipment-costing program CAPCOST and the purchased cost of each
equipment is calculated by using equation 6.2 and table A.1
10 =1 + 2 10 () + 3 [10 ()]2 Equation:
6.2
Where: A = Capacity or size parameter of the equipment
= Cost of the equipment, $
1) Distillation Column, D-101

From sizing of equipment,
Volume = 3135.95 m3
Assume it is a tray and packed tower,
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (3135.95) + 0.1074[10 (3135.95)]2
Purchased cost, Cp= $ 2390249.75

Volume = 31.61 m3
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = 29.6980m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (31.61 ) + 0.1074[10 (31.61 )]2

Volume = 48.12 m3
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = 32.0029 m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (48.12 ) + 0.1074[10 (48.12 )]2
88

Volume = 982.40 m3
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = 32.0029 m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (982.40 ) + 0.1074[10 (982.40 )]2

Volume = 37535.0 m3
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = 32.0029 m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (37535) + 0.1074[10 (37535)]2

Volume = 1873.47 m3
From table A.1
K1= 3.4974, K2= 0.4485, K3= 0.1074, A= Volume = 32.0029 m3
10 = 3.4974 + 0.448510 (1873.47 ) + 0.1074[10 (1873.47 )]2
89
Table 6.2.1: Summary of Equipment Costing
EQUIPMENT COST ($)
Distillation Column, D-101 2390249.75
Total 66968297.25
Net Profit = Economic Potential Total equipment cost

= ($126903276.20 / yr) ($66968297.25 / yr)
= $ 59934978.95/ yr
90
Appendix A
Table A.1: Equipment Cost data (R-Books Software by Richardson Engineering

Services, 2003)
91
REFERENCES
Chemical Properties of Acids. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.chemeo.com/cid/49-300-
4/Hexadecanoic%20acid
Lawrence, E. A. (1954). Hydrolysis Methods . The JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL

CHEMISTS' SOCIETY , 542-544.
Perry, L. S. (2017). The Exploration of Water Condensation.
Phase Change Data. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C544638&Units=SI&Mask=4#Thermo-
Phase
Saturated Vapor Pressure. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://ddbonline.ddbst.com/AntoineCalculation/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe?compo
nent=Water
92
APPENDICES
93

Production of 120000 MTA Oleochemical Fatty Acids From Sunflower Oils

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Production of 120000 MTA Oleochemical Fatty Acids From Sunflower Oils

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PRODUCTION OF 120,00 MTA

OLEOCHEMICAL FATTY ACID, LINOLEIC

LECTURERS NAME: DR NOOR SABRINA BINTI AHMAD MUTAMIM

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8TH DECEMBER 2017

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES

NO. TITLE PAGE

1.3.2 Source of Raw Material

1.4 Summary of synthesis routes

1.4.1 Production of the oleochemical fatty acids from Twitchell hydrolysis

1.4.2 Production of oleochemical fatty acids from Batch autoclave hydrolysis

1.4.3 Production of the oleochemical fatty acids from the Colgate-Emery

Twitchell Batch Autoclave Colgate-Emery

Temperature (C) 150 180 180 250 and above

Pressure (psig) - 150 500 500 725

Operation Batch Batch Continuous

Successful 85% - 98% 95% - 96% 98 99%

Sun Flower Oil :

MTA kg/s mol/s

From the reactor: To Distillation Column 1:

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

1st Trial: T = 200C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1

= yi/i P = 0.0320 750.0617 mmHg = 23.9810 mmHg

1st Trial: T = 321C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1 bar

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

= yi/i P = 0.3932 750.0617 mmHg = 294.9407mmHg

Comp. xiW Ki i ixi yi

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux, Nm

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

= yi/i P = 0.4925 750.0617 mmHg = 369.4081mmHg

1st Trial: T = 361C P=750.0617 mmHg or 1 bar

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

= yi/i P = 0.8194 750.0617 mmHg = 614.6082 mmHg

Comp. xiW Ki i ixi yi

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux, Nm

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

= yi/i P = 0.9343 750.0617 mmHg = 700.7748 mmHg

1st trial: T=363C P=750.061mmHg or 1 bar

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux, Nm

Feed Distillate Bottoms

Finding dew point of the distillate

= yi/i P = 0.7580 750.0617 mmHg = 568.5527 mmHg

Calculation of minimum stages for total reflux, Nm

dH = 25991.9986 - 38330.2335 = -12338.2349 1 x 1.64243 =

= 692.9744 (at 313.14 K, Tr=0.4019) = 684.9998 (at 473.14 K, Tr=0.6073)

dH =-110237.9317 1 x 0.00027 = -29.5129 W

Stearic : dH = 1/2 x(926.744+939.6878)x(40 200) = -149314.5421 1x 0.00006

C-103 (360 C - 341 C)

C-107 (363 C - 361 C)

Water : Cp = A + BT + CT^2 + DT^3

= 24861.00 (at T=298.14 K) = 34720.71 (at

dH = 34720.71 - 24861.00 = 9859.71 1 x 1.65902 = 16357.4431 W

= 98928.1612 (at T=428.14 K) = 63749.2881 (at

dH = 98928.1612- 63749.2881 = 35178.8731 1 x 4.97706 =

= 694.7280 (at 298.14 K, Tr=0.3827) = 685.5732 (at 428.14 K,

dH =89719.5756 1 x 0.14931 = 13396.1791 W

Palmitic : dH = 1/2 x(816.2246+804.7793)x(155-25) = 105365.2526 1x 0.89587 =