10/25/2012

Session 3: Analog Circuits

Ideal Amplifiers
voltage/current/power
amplification
non-ideal amplifiers
biasing
types of amplifiers
1

1. Lab
2. Power
Outline 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

Amplifier

1
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

Audio Amplifier:

Output voltage of a sensor Amplifier Process

2-port Network






1. Lab
2. Power
Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic


Ideal amplifier



 10 20


 100 40


 
 1 0



 3
 


 

 

  3

 


 10 log
  
  





 20 log
  




 20 log
  
Note: There is a difference between 
Amplifier and Transformer
? Where is the source of this extra power? 4

2
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Amplifier - Efficiency 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

"
"#
% "# "
  %


 
%

 
"$ %
" "$

&'( "

 
 
Conservation of energy:
)* +,,-. " # % " $ %
 / )* -0) / )++,01)
" % / " %
-0)
2
)*
Efficiency

-0)
 100%
)*
5

1. Lab
2. Power
Efficiency : Example 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

"
"# % ", 910"
  % 9.5;
% 9.5;

 1< sin @A
 9< sin @A


 
%  0.1BC sin @A  1DE
"$
 "
&'(
 9 19.1)7

 
 9BC sin @A
 90 39.1)7
 
9  9B
-0)
FB+ FB+ 40.5BG
2 2
 810 29.1)7
1  0.1B

FB+ FB+ 0.05BG
2 2
-0)
)* 10  9.5  2 0.05BG 2  100% 21.3%
)*
)++ )* /  -0) 149.6BG
6

3
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Non-ideal Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

 K"L
rail-to-rail OpAmp J9 " 9
1 ~0.5
< < "#
J#

 Output
voltage

 K;"L
swing

J$
"$
distortion

OPQ RCS TU J$ J#
J$ N
 N J# V N
 N W




You have heard distortion in

Audio amplifier!
Input voltage swing for
linear amplification 7

1. Lab
Nonlinear Transfer Function 2. Power
3. Ser/Parl
Biasing 4. Small sig.
5. Applic

 "[[
"#

J#





"

J$


0 A


 


 Y

 
 Z
bias point

"

4
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
Nonlinear Transfer Function 2. Power
3. Ser/Parl
Biasing 4. Small sig.
5. Applic

 "[[
"#
J#

_a "_ /
 VAW
 VAW


`
_a
\]^

\]^ "\ /

 VAW
"_

J$


0
" "
VCC=10V
Coupling Capacitance


"_ 0
 0 " "dd
R1
 / 
"
"_ "


vout
c
"_ "
 0
b VAW ~ R2

 A " /

b VAW
9

1. Lab
2. Power
Voltage Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

e "[[
'fA
+ +

"e " 
"g" "'fA J

_a
\]^
- -

" "
J
<\
" "
Open circuit: open circuit voltage gain

" ." " "+ + if 
 / + +
Ideal case

"
< " "
< "  if  0
 / 
Ideal case

"  

< V WV W
"+  /   / +
Generally:

"

<
"+
Ideal case:
10

5
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Current Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

 'fA
+ +

%e e  'fA J

%e
- -



J 0
_+


Short circuit: short circuit current gain

j
 .%  %+ + if  0
 / + +
Ideal case



_+  
_+   if  Ideal case
 / 

  j

_+ V WV W
%+  /   / +
Generally:



_+
%+
Ideal case:
11

1. Lab
2. Power
Trance-Conductance Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

e 'fA
+
k;" +

"e "  'fA J

- -



J 0 kB $
" "
Short circuit: short circuit Trance-conductance


" ." " "+ + if 
 / + +
Ideal case

 kB "  kB "  if  Ideal case
 / 

  

kB V WV W
"+  /   / +
Generally:


kB
"+
Ideal case:
12

6
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Trance-Resistance Amplifier 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic


'fA
+ +

e  B  "'fA J
%e
- -

" "
J B


Short circuit: open circuit Trans-resistance

j
 .%  %+ + if  0
 / + +
Ideal case


" B  " B   if  0
 / 
Ideal case

"  j
B V WV W
%+  /   / +
Generally:

"
B
%+
Ideal case:
13

1. Lab
2. Power
Amplifiers 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

Voltage
'fA Ideal:
"
Amplifier

< Y 
" 
+ +

" 
"g" "'fA OPQ R  0
- -
open circuit voltage gain
 'fA

Current
Amplifier

%e 'fA
_+ Y  0
 < 
 OPQ R

short circuit current gain

'fA
Trance-Conductance
 
kB Y
Amplifier
k;"
+
" < 
" OPQ R
 'fA
- short circuit Trans-conductance
Trance-Resistance
 'fA "
B Y
Amplifier
 0
 
OPQ R  0
+

 B  "'fA
-
open circuit Trans-resistance
14

7
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Practical Consideration 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

"dd 10"

e 1m 1"
+ +

"  10
- -

100"

15

1. Lab
Practical Consideration: 2. Power
3. Ser/Parl
Input / Output Resistance 4. Small sig.
5. Applic

0.5"
" "
1" e 'fA
"
+ +

"e " 
"g" "'fA J
- -

1
"   1m 
j 1m "
"  / 1m 1
"
Point: You need to make sure circuit is in
How about  ? its linear operation regime
J 
'fA 'fA 0.5"
1"
+ +

"g" "'fA
"g" "'fA J
- -

16

8
 10/25/2012

1. Lab
2. Power
Amplifier Frequency Response 3. Ser/Parl
4. Small sig.
5. Applic

VCC=10V Coupling
Coupling
Capacitance VCC=10V
Capacitance
R1

 VAW

c
vout

b VAW ~ c
 VAW ~
R2

 A " sin @A
 A " sinV@A / nW


Transfer Function: o @


"
oV@W
" 3
Amplitude in dB
Half
power Band Width
oV@W n
@
@ @q
Phase

17