Cao, Jasmin

BIOL 151

Professor Vetrone

10/29/2017

Extra Credit Assignment- Chapters 7 and 8

1. For a cells genetic material to be used, the information is first copied from the DNA into the nucleotide sequence
of RNA in a process called Transcription. Various kinds of RNA are produced, each with different functions.
mRNA molecules code for proteins, tRNA molecules act as adaptors for protein synthesis, rRNA molecules are
integral components of the ribosome, and snRNA molecules are important in the splicing of RNA transcript.
2. C, The transcription of a eukaryotic gene can be influenced by proteins that bind far from the promoter

3. Prokaryotic transcription is in the cytoplasm while eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus. Also, prokaryotes
only have one RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases. Finally, prokaryotes have sigma
factors that recognize the promoter sequence while eukaryotes have transcription factors that recognize the
promoter sequence.
4. Three covalent modifications made to RNA molecules in eukaryotic cells before mature mRNA include 5 methyl
cap, 3 poly-A tail, and RNA splicing which involves the removal of introns by spliceosomes and the stitchching of
exons together.
5. This answer is incorrect because RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and it is supposed to be synthesized in
the 5 to 3 direction. The correct sequence would be: 5GGCAUGGCAAUAUUGUAGUA-3
6. B, Primase can initiate RNA synthesis without the need for base-paired primer

7. B, The Abd RNA from the mutant strain will be longer than normal

8. In alternative splicing, eukaryotic genes are able to produce different proteins by splicing the mRNA in different
ways.
9. B, Arginine

10. N/A - not enough information given

11. Valine- GUG, Alanine- GCG, Methionine- AUG, Threonine- ACG

12. C, The catalytic site for peptide bond formation is formed primarily from an rRNA

13. The first part of translation is initiation. The initiator tRNA that is carrying methionine is transported to the P site of
the small ribosomal subunit. Then, the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5 end of the mRNA and begins to
search for AUG or the start codon. Once the AUG is recognized, the initiator tRNA will bind to it. Then, during
elongation, the next tRNA moves into the A site while carrying its amino acid. Large subunit catalyzes the
formation of peptide bonds that covalently link the amino acids together. This process continues until stop codons
called UGA, UAG, or UAA appear in which release factors will bind to the stop translation. This part of translation
is called termination. Lastly, the ribosome falls off and separates into two separate subunits.
14. A, The protein binds to the sequences in the 5 region of the mRNA and inhibits the rate of initiation of translation

15. D, Nuclear pore complexes can regulate the speed at which newly synthesized proteins are exported from the
nucleus into the cytoplasm
16. C, Misfolded proteins are delivered to the proteasome, where they are sequestered from the cytoplasm and can
attempt to refold
17. Eukaryotic, mediator, Acetylase, deacetylase, heterochromatin

18. D, The deletion of a sequence that encodes sites at which ubiquitin can be attached to the protein

19. First box (from left to right): Transcriptional control

Second box (from left to right): RNA processing control

Third box (from left to right): mRNA transport and localization control

Fourth box (from left to right): translation control

Fifth box (from left to right): protein activity control

20. a. TreA is a repressor when glucose is present but if Trease is not present, it inhibits its transcription.

b. The activator for Tre-ase gene transcription is created by TreB gene. Thus, if TreB gene is absent, the
activator will not be produced and Trease will not be generated.
21. Epigenetic, histone, methylation, feedback, memory

22. a. MetA and MetC more likely to act as gene activators because they transcription occcurs in the presence of Ca2+
or Mg2+
b. MetB is more likely to act as a gene repressor, because transcription didn't occur in the presence or without
the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+
c. MetA is normally bound to the promoter in the presence of Mg2+only because MetA is transcribes Psf with
when Mg2+ is present
d. MetA and MetC are normally bound to the Psf promoter in the presence of both Mg2+ and Ca2+, because
although they transcribes Psf with when Ca2+ and Mg2+ present they transcribe more with MetA and MetC
when working together
23. Operon, operator, repressed, allosteric, constitutively

24. a. J b. H, J c. 5 d. G, H, J
25. a. Protein A binds to the DNA binding site less tightly than protein B binds to the DNA binding site.
b. Protein A is a weaker activator of transcription than protein B.

c. Protein C is able to prevent activation by both protein A and B

26. A, Transcriptional regulators usually interact with the sugar-phosphate backbone on the outside of the double
helix to determine where to bind on the DNA helix.
27. B, Binds to tryptophan repressor when the repressor is bound to tryptophan.

28. D, Hemoglobin

29. A, The Lac repressor binds when lactose is present in the cell

30. B, The Lac operon will not be transcribed when tryptophan levels are high

31. A, The cortisol-responsive genes share a DNA sequence in their regulatory regions that binds the cortisol-
responsive transcriptional activator.
32. C, The presence of miRNA genes in the genome

33. C, During their developmental history, fibroblasts have accumulated some transcriptional regulators in common
with differentiating muscle cells.
34. B, RNAi is induced when double-stranded, foreign RNA is present in the cell.