EXPERIMENT NO.

:1

PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY & REGULATION OF SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER BY CONDUCTING O.C & S.C TEST.

AIM: To conduct no load OR open circuit test and short circuit test on a given single phase
transformer and to predetermine its voltage regulation and efficiency at different load power
factor.

APPARATUS :
1. 1¢ Transformer ( 1KVA, 230V) 1NO
2. 1¢ Single Phase Auto Transformer (0-270V) 1NO
3. L.P.F Wattmeter (0-300V/ 0-1A) 1NO
4. Ammeter (0-1A) A.C 1NO
5. Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C 2NOS
6. Watt meter U.P.F (0-125V/ 0-5A) 1NO
7. Volt meter (0-75V) A.C 1NO
8. Ammeter (0-5A) A.C 2NOS

PROCEDURE:
O.C Test:
1) Keeping the dimmerstat at zero position the circuit is rigged up as per circuit
diagram.
2) The supply switch is closed and the dimmerstat output is adjusted to the rated
Primary voltage of the transformer under test.
3) All the meter readings are noted.
4) The dimmerstat is brought to its original position and the supply is cut off.

S.C Test:
1) Keeping the dimmerstat at zero position the circuit is rigged up as per circuit
diagram.
2) The supply switch is closed and the dimmerstat output is varied very slowly until
the full load current flows in both primary and secondary windings as recorded by
the respective ammeter.
3) All the meter readings are noted.
4) The dimmerstat is brought to its original position and the supply is cut off.
 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
0 - 3 0 0 V
0 - 1 A0 - 1 A L P F
M L
A
230V, C V P 1 S 1
50Hz 1¢ V V
AC Supply 0 - 3 0 0 V 0 - 3 0 0 V
P 2 S 2

A u t o T r a n s f o r m e r

VI cos φ
Wattmeter constant =
F .S .D

Applied No load Core Secondar Pf= I0= Im= I0 R0= X0= K=

voltage current losses y voltage W I0cos¢ Sin¢ V1 V1 V2
In
in volts in amps W0 V2 in volts VI in in Iw Im V1
I0 amps amps In Ω Ω

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

0 - 1 2 5 V
0 - 5 A0 - 5 A , U P F
M L
A
230V, C V
50Hz 1¢ P 1 S 1
V
AC Supply 0 - 7 5 V A
P 2 S 2
0 - 5 A

A u t o T r a n s f o r m e r
VI cos φ
Wattmeter constant =
F .S .D
Short Short Full load Secondar SC Equivalent Equivalent
circuit circuit copper y current Impendence Resistance R01 Resistance X01OR
voltage current Isc loss in I2 in amps Z01 OR ZSC= Wsc Xsc=
Vsc in in amps watts Vsc/Isc OR Rsc =
Isc 2 2
Z 01 − Rsc 2
Volts
 REGULATION AT DIFFERENT POWER FACTOR:

Percentage regulatuion
Load P.F. cosΦ
Lagging P.F Leading P.F

EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT FRACTION OF FULL LOAD

Fraction of full Percentage regulatuion

load (X) At U.P.F At 0.8 P.F

CALCULATION :
1) Percentage regulation = [Isc (Rsc cos¢ ± Xsc Sin¢)/V1] x100+sine for
Lagging-Sine for leading.
2) Efficiency at different fraction of full load (X)
%η=[X *(F.I.KVA)103 *cosΦ] *100/[X*(F.I.KVA)103 *cosΦ +X2Wsc + Wo]
3) Condition for maximum efficiency : Efficiency is maximum when the copper loss
at that fraction of full load becomes equal to constant loss or iron loss.
Wo
‘X’ at maximum efficiency =
Wsc =
4) The load KVA corresponding to maximum efficiency = X* Rated KVA
5) Value of max. efficiency (at cosΦ = 1)
= [X*(Rated o/p in watts)]*100/[X*(Rated o/p in watts)+2Wo]
6) Value of phase angle Φ corresponding to zero regulation = tan-1(Xsc/Rsc)
7) Value of phase angle Φ corresponding to max. regulation = tan-1 Xsc/Rsc)
Ideal Graph:

UPf
%η
0.8Pf

X2 Wsc

Wo

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 X

Regulation curve
% Regulation

Max. Regulation

Leading P.F Lagging P.F

EXPERIMENT NO:2

Verification by direct loading for U.P.F :-

APPARATUS :

1. 1¢ Transformer ( 1KVA, 230V) 1NO

2. 1¢ Single Phase Auto Transformer (0-270V) 1NO
3. U.P.F Wattmeter (0-300V/ 0-5/10A) 2NO
4. Ammeter (0-5/10A) A.C 2NO
5. Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C 1NOS

0 - 3 0 0 V 0 - 3 0 0 V
0 - 5 A 0 - 5 / 1 0 A . U P F 0 -M 5 / 1 0 A 0. -U 5 P/ F1 0 A
M L L
A A
230V, C V C 3 0 0 V
P 1 S 1
50Hz 1¢

LOAD
V
AC Supply 0 - 3 0 0 V
P 2 S 2

A u t o T r a n s f o r m e r

Procedure :
1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2) Dimmerstat out put voltage is varied uo to 230V, increase the load for various loading
conditions ie. ¼ , ½ , ¾ & full load.
3) Note down meter readings
4) The efficiency calculated by
W2
η= X 100 .
W1
EXPERIMENT NO :3
SUMPNERS TEST

AIM:-
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of the transformer by conducting back to
back test.

APPARATUS :
1. 1¢ Transformer ( 1KVA, 230V) 1NO
9. 1¢ Single Phase Auto Transformer (0-270V) 1NO
10. L.P.F Wattmeter (0-300V/ 0-1A) 1NO
11. Ammeter (0-1A) A.C 1NO
12. Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C 2NOS
13. Watt meter U.P.F (0-125V/ 0-5A) 1NO
14. Volt meter (0-75V) A.C 1NO
15. Ammeter (0-5A) A.C 2NOS

0 - 3 0 0 V
0 - 1 A0 - 1 / 2 A . L P F
M L
A
230V, C V
50Hz 1¢ P 1 S 1 P 1 S 1
V
AC 0 - 3 0 0 V
Supply P 2 S 2 P 2 S 2

A u t o T r a n s f o r m e r

0 - 6 0 0 V
0 - 1 0 0A - 1 0 A , U P F S
M L
A V P
C V S
V T
0 - 7 5 V

A u t o T r a n s f o r m e r

TABULAR COLUMN
Supply voltage I1 in amps W1 in watts W2 in watts I2 in amps V2 in volts
V1 in volts
 REGULATION EFFICIENCY

Fraction of full Efficiency UPF

Load Power Regulation load value
factor cos¢
Lead power Lag power
factor factor

Calculations:
Total core loss = W1=
Core loss for one transformer = W1 =
2
Total copper loss = W2=
Copper loss for one transformer = W2 =
2
2
W
RSC (equ) = 2 =
I2
R equ for each transformer = RSC(equ) /2=
V2
ZSC(equ) = I2 =
Z equ for each transformer = ZSC(equ)/2=
XSC(equ) = Z SC (equ ) −RSC 2 (equ )
X equ for each transformer = XSC(equ)/2
Percentage regulation = I2 ISC (R equ cos¢ ± XequSinΦ)* 100/V1
Percentage efficiency =
X* (F.I.KVA)* 103 *cos¢ * 100/X* (F.I.KVA)* 103 cos¢ + X2WSC + W0
 EXPERIMENT NO : 4
AIM : - Short circuit test of two dissimilar transformers

1 1¢ Transformer ( 1KVA, 230V) 1NO

2 1¢ Transformer ( 2KVA, 230V) 1NO
3 1¢ Single Phase Auto Transformer (0-270V) 1NO
4 U.P.F Wattmeter (0-300V/ 0-5/10A) 1NO
5 Ammeter (0-5/10A) A.C 1NO
6. Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C 1NOS

0 - 5 / 1 0 A
0 - 5 / 1 0 A0 - 7 5 UV P F
A
230V, C V
50Hz 1¢ P 1 S 1
AC V
0 - 7 5 V
Supply P 2 S 2

PROCEDURE :- 1) Keeping the dimmerstat at zero position the circuit is rigged up

as per circuit diagram.
2) The supply switch is closed and the dimmerstat output is varied
very slowly until the full load current flows in both primary and
secondary windings as recorded by the respective ammeter.
3) All the meter readings are noted.
4) The dimmerstat is brought to its original position and the supply
is cut off.
TABULAR COLUMN
Z1
Vsc Isc Wsc R Z X R1 X1
Transformer =R1+jx1
Volts Amps Watts Ohms Ohms Ohms Ohms Ohms
=Z1/Ǿ
A RA= XA= ZA=

B RB= XB= ZB =

Specimen calculations:

R=Wsc / Isc=---------------ohms
Z= Vsc / Isc=---------------ohms
X=
 AIM : - Parallel Operation of two dissimilar transformers

APPARATUS :
1. 1¢ Transformer ( 1KVA, 230V) 1NO
2. 1¢ Transformer ( 2KVA, 230V) 1NO
3. 1¢ Single Phase Auto Transformer (0-270V) 1NO
4. Ammeter (0-5/10A) A.C 3NO
5 Voltmeter (0-300V) A.C 2NOS
6 SPST Switch 1NO
7 DPST Switch 1NO

0 - 3 0 0 V
V
0 - 1 0 A
A 0 - 1 0 A
A
P 1 S 1
2 K V A
P 2 S 2
230V, L
50Hz 1¢ V O
0 - 3 0 0 V
AC A
Supply 0 - 1 0 A D
A
P 1 S 1
1 K V A
P 2 S 2

a. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

b. Close the supply switch

c. Observe the readings of voltmeter across the SPST switch if it shows zero,
close SPST. Otherwise , Interchange S1 and S2 any one of the transformer
and then close SPST.

d. Close the load switch (DPST). Switch on the load in steps and for each
step, note down the meter readings.

e. Reduce the load to zero. Open DPST. Switch off the supply.
 TABULAR COLUMN

SL VL IL IA Amps IA Amps QL QA QB PL PA PB
NO Volts Amps VA VA VA Watts Watts Watts
Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical