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grid, and the intersectional grid between the
shape and the computational domain grids.
This independent description of the shape and
the domain gives a wide flexibility of possible
shapes and motions (e.g. disc, rotating lines,
moving kites, trees). An indirect application
of this method is to define immerse boundary
conditions such a turbulence generator grids [9].
2
ghost cells between each processor is done
33 Solving through the MPI libraries. The turbulence model
Navier-Stokes
used in this paper is Menter’s k -ω SST [11].
Redistributing Extracting
shape forces shape velocities
]]
Actuator Disc Model of EllipSys
Estimating rr
shape forces
The actuator disc model is based on the actua-
tor shape model described in the previous sec-
Figure 2: Active phase scheme. tion. The shape grid is a coplanar polar disc of
11 radial and 62 angular elements. The force
vector associated to each of the disc cells are
2.3 Active Phase found by the two other models describe in the
following sections respectively.
The active phase is executed at every solv-
ing iteration. The iterative scheme, illustrated
in Fig.2, is basically solving the Navier-Stokes Conway’s Actuator Disc
equation, extracting the shape velocities, from
which the shape forces are estimated and finally In a series of articles [4–7, 19], Conway has de-
redistributed in the computational grid. The step scribed an exact actuator disc model for a heav-
of interest, in this paper, is the redistribution of ily loaded propeller or a wind turbine. The model
the shape forces. is based on the idea of axially discretizing the
The redistribution of the forces is done by using slipstream azimuthal vorticity of a wind turbine
the intersectional grid. According to the inter- into vortex disks. As there are ways to express
sectional cell type, its relative size (i.e. length for the flow behaviour induced by vortex disks, if the
1D segments, area for 2D polygons, or volume vortex distribution of the slipstream is known, it
for 3D polyhedrons) compared to the associated is possible to derive an exact formulation of the
shape cell is used as a proportional weight to induced flow features.
scale the shape cell force vector. All the inter- This method is relatively complex to implement
sectional cell force vectors associated to a do- as it requires solving Bessel-Laplace integrals
main cell are then added together to obtain the using recursive rules in order to get an ex-
equivalent domain cell force vector (see Fig.3) . pression in terms of complete elliptic integrals
and other associated functions. This section
presents a concise explanation on how to setup
3 Validation this solution and gives some analytical expres-
sions needed to solve the special case of a
parabolic wake profile.
3.1 Methods
Conway has derived in [6] a solution for the
EllipSys Flow Solver special case of a parabolic wake profile includ-
ing the slipstream expansion, where the vorticity
EllipSys is an in-house incompressible finite distribution is taken as
volume Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes flow
solver developed at Risø-DTU [20] and DTU- ωφ = ar, (1)
MEK [12]. The flow variables are collocated in
the mesh to facilitate complex mesh geometries. where ω is the vorticity, φ is the tangential di-
The SIMPLE algorithm [14] is used to solve the rection, a is a free parameter and r is the radial
Navier-Stokes equations. The convective terms coordinate. In this special case, the velocity pro-
are discretized using the QUICK scheme [10]. file in the ultimate wake is known to be
The pressure equation is solved using a mod-
2
ified Rhie-Chow algorithm to avoid odd/even Uz (r, ∞) = U∞ + a(R∞ − r2 )/2, (2)
pressure decoupling with body forces [15–17],
and is accelerated by a multigrid technique [20]. where R∞ is the ultimate width of the slip-
The system is parallelized in a multiblock struc- stream. In this case, the stream function Ψ and
ture, where the blocks can be solved on a differ- the axial and radial velocities Vz and Vr can be
ent processor. The communication of the block found by solving
3
(a) Shape cells. The colour indicates the force (b) Intersectional polygons between the shape
by area of each shape cell. cells and the domain domain cells. The colour
indicates the magnitude of the polygons area
4
Figure 4: Illustration of the mesh surrounding the full-rotor computation. The colours illustrate the axial velocity
magnitude.
5
Axial velocity at various axial coordinate z (C =−0.4484) Radial velocity at various axial coordinate z (C =−0.4484)
T T
1.1 0.16
Conway: z=−0.5D
Normalized axial velocity V /U [−]
Conway: z=0D
∞
0.12
z
r
0.1 Conway: z=0.5D
0.8 EllipSys: z=0.5D
0.08 Conway: z=2.5D
0.7 EllipSys: z=2.5D
0.06
0.6
0.04
0.5 0.02
0.4 0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Normalized distance from center r/D [−] Normalized distance from center r/D [−]
Figure 5: Actuator disc (parabolic wake case) compared to the analytical axisymmetric solution of Conway.
and 20 c/D) is visible, yet remains relatively blade forces, the uncertainty associated with
small. estimating those velocities is going to be prop-
agated, through the forces estimation, in the
wake of the wind turbine. When considering
multiple wind turbines in cluster, the combined
4 Discussion uncertainty may then become significant.
6
Z=−1D Z=−1D Z=−1D
1.005 0.01 2
Full Rotor Computation
1 1.5 AD 20 cells/D
0.008
0.995 1
Pressure
0.006
0.99 0.5
0.004
0.985 0
0.002
0.98 −0.5
0.975 0 −1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Normalized radial direction r/D [−] Radial direction r/D [−] Radial direction r/D [−]
Z=1D
Z=1D Z=1D 2
1.1 0.14
1 0.12 1
0.9 0.1 0
Pressure
0.8 0.08
−1
0.7 0.06
−2
0.6 0.04
1
0.1 0
0.9
0.08
−0.5
Pressure
0.8
0.06
0.7
−1
0.04
0.6
−1.5 Full Rotor Computation
0.5 0.02
AD 10 cells/D
AD 20 cells/D
0.4 0 −2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Normalized radial direction r/D [−] Radial direction r/D [−] Radial direction r/D [−]
Figure 6: Comparison between the full rotor computation and the actuator disc model (with 10 and 20 c/D) of the
normalized axial velocity in a cross section at hub height and at different positions upstream and downstream of
the wind turbine.
7
metric boundaries. Mon. Not. R. Astrom. Soc., 316: [19] A. P. Schaffarczyk and J. T. Conway. Comparison of a
540–554, 2000. nonlinear actuator disk theory with numerical integra-
tion including viscous effects. CASI J., 46:209–215,
[3] J. T. Conway. Exact solutions for the magnetic fields of 2000.
axisymmetric solenoids and current distributions. IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, 37:2977–2988, 2001. [20] N. N. Sørensen. General Purpose Flow Solver Applied
to Flow over Hills. PhD thesis, Technical University of
[4] J. T. Conway. Application of an exact nonlinear actuator Denmark, 1994.
disk theory to wind turbines. ICNPAA 2002, Melbourne, [21] N. N. Sørensen. HypGrid2D – a 2-D mesh genera-
Florida, USA, 15 -17 May 2002. tor. Technical Report Risø-R-1035(EN), Risø National
Laboratory, 1998. [PDF].
[5] J. T. Conway. Analytical solutions for the actuator disc
with variable radial distribution of load. J. Fluid Mech., [22] N. Troldborg. Actuator Line Modeling of Wind Tur-
297:327–355, 1995. bine Wakes. PhD thesis, DTU-MEK, Denmark, 2008.
[PDF].
[6] J. T. Conway. Exact actuator disk solutions for non-
uniform heavy loading and slipstream contraction. J. [23] L. J. Vermeer, J. N. Sørensen, and A. Crespo. Wind
Fluid Mech., 356:235–267, 1998. turbine wake aerodynamics. Progress in Aerospace
Sciences, 39:467–510, 2003.
[7] J. T. Conway. Prediction of the performance of heavily [24] J. W. Wrench. Review of: Heuman lambda function.
loaded propellers with slipstream contraction. CASI J., Mathematics of Computation, 20:627–628, 1966.
44:169–174, 1998.
[25] F. Zahle and N. N. Sørensen. Characterisation of the
[8] A. Crespo, J. Hernandez, and S. T. Frandsen. Survey unsteady flow in the nacelle region of a modern wind
of modelling methods for wind turbine wakes and wind turbine. EWEC Marseille, 2009. [PDF].
farms. Wind Energy, (2):1–24, 1999.
8
(2ν − 1)|z|k 4
I(1,ν,ν) = 2
8Rr(1 − k 2 ) Λ0 (β, k) = E(k)F (β, k ′ )
I(0,ν−1,ν−1) − ωI(0,ν,ν) , (12)
π
+ K(k) E(β, k ′ ) − F (β, k ′ ) , (20)
r r
I(0,ν+1,ν) = I(0,ν,ν−1) + √
R 2ν where k ′ = 1 − k 2 is the complementary
I(1,ν+1,ν+1) − I(1,ν−1,ν−1) , (13) modulus for an elliptic integral of modulus k .
r 4r 8(2 − k 2 )
r
1 1
(2 − k 2 )K(k) − 2E(k) ΘE
(−1,2,1) = − ,
I(0,1,1) = √ (19) k 2π R R 3k 2
πk rR (23)
2 2
r
p k r (4 − k )(4 − 3k )
where β = arcsin(|z|/ (|z| − R)2 + z 2 ) is the ΘK
(−1,2,1) =
Jacobi amplitude, K(k) is the complete elliptic 2π R 3k 4
r2
integral function of the first kind, E(k) is the com- − 2 . (24)
plete elliptic integral function of the second kind R
and Λ0 (β, k) is Heuman’s Lambda function de-
fined as [2, 24],
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I(0,2,0) is found using the recursive rules, if
(r>R)
E(k)ΘE K
(0,2,0) + K(k)Θ(0,2,0)
I(0,2,0) =
k 3 π(rR)5/2
Λ0 (β, k)|z|
− , (25)
R2
if (r<R)
E(k)ΘE K
(0,2,0) + K(k)Θ(0,2,0)
I(0,2,0) =
k 3 π(rR)5/2
Λ0 (β, k) − 2 |z|
+ , (26)
R2
where the coefficients ΘE K
(0,2,0) and Θ(0,2,0) are
found as Eq.27 and Eq.28.
ΘE R 2 −2 + k 2 r
(0,2,0) = −4rR
+ k 2 R + k 2 |z|2 , (27)
ΘK 2
−16 + 16k 2 − 3k 4 r
(0,2,0) = rR
− 2k 2 −2 + k 2 R
h i
+ r k 4 (r − 2R) + 4k 2 R |z|2 . (28)
I(0,2,1) = E(k)ΘE K
(0,2,1) + K(k)Θ(0,2,1)
Λ0 (β, k)r
+ , (29)
2R2
if (r<R),
I(0,2,1) = E(k)ΘE K
(0,2,1) + K(k)Θ(0,2,1)
h i
2 − Λ0 (β, k) r
+ , (30)
2R2
where the coefficients ΘE K
(0,2,1) and Θ(0,2,1) are
given as,
2|z|
ΘE
(0,2,1) = √ , (31)
kπR rR
|z| k 2 (r − 2R) − 4R
ΘK
(0,2,1) =− √ . (32)
2kπR2 rR
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