Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Civil
Engineering
Universi5
Teknologi
MARA
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WATER
POLLUTION
Introduc:on
Water
Pollutants
&
Their
Sources
High Quality
Pollutants
Water Pollution
Control Measures
Types of Pollutant
Sources
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Domestic Industrial
Wastewater Wastewater
Wastes from home, Treatment plant effluents
schoold, office buildings, from factories.
stores.
Treatment plant effluents.
HEAT
Electric power industry disposing waste heat.
Higher temperatures increase rate of oxygen
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depletion, can effect aquatic
CEW543
life.
EC221
BACHELOR
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ENGINEERING
(HONS.)
CIVIL
(INFRASTRUCTURE)
ENVIRONMENTAL
INFRASTRUCTURE
ENGINEERING
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa.
When discharge into surface waters - unfit for
drinking (nonpotable). High concentration water
maybe unsafe for swimming and fishing.
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Organic and inorganic particles carried by
wastewater into receiving water suspended solids
Turbidity (due to colloidal particles), organic
suspended solids exert oxyegen demand, inorganic
suspended solids soil erosion
PESTICIDES
Herbicides kills weeds. eg. atrazine, metolachlor,
alachlor.
Insecticides kills insect. eg. chloropyrifos, diazinon,
malathion.
Fungicides sulfur, chlorothalonil, mancozeb
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carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
PHARMACEUTICALS & PERSONAL CARE
PRODUCTS (PPCPs)
Disposal/Expired/Unwanted/Excess
medication to the sewage system by
individuals/pharmacies/physicians.
Presence of pharmaceuticals in raw and
treated wastewater less than 10 g/L in
effluent and 100 g/L in raw wastewater
may contain carcinogenic compounds
(hydroquinone, ethylene dioxide,
formaldehyde, nitrosamine, acrylamides and
PAHs).
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ENGINEERING
carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Faculty
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Civil
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Universi5
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SOURCES IMPACTS
Consist of inorganic or organic particles Aesthetically displeasing.
or of immiscible liquids. Provides adsorption sites for chemical
Inorganic solids clay, silt and biological agents.
Organic solids plant fibers, biological Suspended organic solids can be
solids (algal cell, bacteria) degraded biologically results in
Domestic wastewater organics objectionable by-products.
Industrial wastewater - organic/inorganic Biologically active (live) suspended solids
Immiscible liquids oils & greases disease causing organisms.
USE
To measure the quality of wastewater influent, to monitor several treatment
processes, and to measure the quality of the effluent.
EPA 30 mg/L limit for most wastewater discharges.
Example 1
Given following data: The weight of a dish = 48.6212 g. A 100-ml
sample is placed in the dish and the water is evaporated. The weight of
the dish and dry solids = 48.6432 g. The dish is placed in a 600 C
furnace for 24 hours and then cooled in a desiccator. The weight of the
cooled dish and residue, or unburned solids 48.6300 g. Find the total,
volatile and fixed solids.
Answers:
MEASUREMENT USE
Colour-comparison tubes Potable water analysis to measure true
Unit: True Colour Unit (TCU) colour produced by organic acid from
decaying vegetation in water.
Resulting value - as an indirect
measurement of humic substances.
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carolinemarajan@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
4 TASTE & ODOUR
SOURCES IMPACTS
Minerals, metals and salts from soil. Taste and odour associates with
1. Inorganic substances - produce taste contamination.
w/o odour Consumer prefer tasteless and
Alkaline material bitter taste. odourless water.
Metallic salts salty & bitter taste.
2.Organic substances - produce taste &
odour
MEASUREMENT USE
Taste and odour-causing organics Potable water taste and dour
Gas or liquid chromatography EPA no max standard
Quantitative tests Public Health Service max of 3
Human senses of taste and smell
Threshold odour number (TON)
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5 TEMPERATURE
SOURCES IMPACTS
Ambient temperature: Shallow bodies of Cooler waters wider diversity of
water affected by ambient temperature biological species.
than deeper bodies. Warner waters accelerated algae
Use of water for dissipation of waste heat growth cause algae mats 9 dead algae
in industry and subsequent discharge of results in taste and odour problems).
the heated water may result in dramatic High order species fish affected by
temperature changes. temperature & DO.
ViscosityTemperature
USE
Max density of water 4C.
Important parameter in natural surface-
water systems. MEASUREMENT
Temperature governs biological species Thermometer
& rates of activity. Unit: Celsius
Effect on chemical reactions and
solubilities of gases in water.
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1 ALKALINITY
SOURCES IMPACTS
CO32-, HCO3-, OH-, HSiO3-, H2BO3-, Bitter taste to water.
HPO42-, H2PO4-, HS- & NH30 dissolution Reactions that can occur between
of mineral substances in the soil & alkalinity and certain cations in water
atmosphere. precipitate can foul pipes and other water
Phosphates detergent appurtenances.
Hydrogen sulfide & ammonia products
of microbial decomposition of organic USE
material. Analysis of natural waters to determine
their buffering capacity.
MEASUREMENT Process control variable in water and
Measurements titrating the water with wastewater.
an acid and determining the hydrogen No max level set by EPA
equivalent.
Unit: milligrams per liter of CaCO3.
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2 HARDNESS
SOURCES IMPACTS
Multivalent metallic ions abundant in Sodium soaps react with multivalent
natural waters: calcium & magnesium. metallic cation to form precipitate.
Precipitate formed by hardness and soap
adheres to surfaces of tubs, sinks,
MEASUREMENT dishwashers.
Spectrophotometric techniques or May stain clothing, dishes.
chemical titration to determine the Boiler scale result of the carbonate
quantity of calcium & magnesium. hardness precipitate fouling water
Unit: mg/L heaters & hot-water pipes.
Magnesium hardness laxative effect
USE
Soft <50 mg/L as CaCO3
For natural waters & potable drinking Moderately hard
Hard
50 - 150 mg/L as CaCO3
150 - 300 mg/L as CaCO3
water. Very hard >300mg/L as CaCO3
TOXIC METALS
Arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury
& silver.
Hazardous to human carcinogenic.
(
BODt = Lo 1 e kt )
Lo Ultimate BOD (mg/L)
BODt Amount of oxygen used in the
consumption of the organics (mg/L)
k Reaction rate constant (d-1)
t Time (days)
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5A BIODEGRADABLE ORGANICS
BOD rate constant
T 20
k t = k20 ( )
Typical values for the BOD rate constant
T = temperature of interest, C Sample k (20C) (day-1)
kT = BOD rate constant at the temperature of interest,
d-1 Raw sewage 0.35 0.70
k20 = BOD rate constant determined at 20C, d-1
Well-treated sewage 0.12 0.23
= temperature coefficient. Value of 1.135 for
temperature between 4 and 20C and 1.056 for Polluted river water 0.12 0.23
temperatures between 20 and 30C.
MEASUREMENT USE
Analysis for ammonia (both ammonia and Ammonium & organic nitrogen
ammonium), nitrate and organic nitrogen. wastewater or polluted waters
Unit: mg/L Nitrate clean water samples & treated
Spectrophotometer wastewaters.
MEASUREMENT
Phosphates: Colorimetrically
Orthophosphates: can be measured directly
Unit: mg/L of phosphates
BACTERIA VIRUSES
Waterborne bacterial diseases Waterborne viral infections
Cholera Vibrio comma Poliomyelitis
Typhoid Salmonella typhosa Hepatitis
PROTOZOA HELMINTHS
Protozoa infections Parasitic worms from human or animal
Drinking water contaminated with wastes.
Entamoeba histolytica.
Giardia lamblia carried by wild animals
living in or near natural water systems.
Analysis of water of all known pathogens very time consuming and expensive.
Test for specific pathogens are usually made when there is a reason to suspect that
organisms are present.