MODAL VERBS

ABILITY (Yetenek)
3. a. Present ile yaplan
CAN------Can you speak English? (ngilizce konuabilir misiniz?)

BE ABLE TO
-I am able to speak English. (ngilizce konuabiliyorum.)
-I have been able to speak English for a long time.

BE CAPABLE TO + noun veya V ing

-She is capable of swimming very well. (O ok iyi yzebiliyor)
-She is capable of speaking 4 languages. (O 4 dil konuabiliyor)
b. Past ile yaplan
COULD
-Mozart could play the violin when he was only a four year child. (sadece 4 yandayken piyano alabiliyordu)
-He could read a newspaper before she went to school. (O okula gitmeden nce gazete okuyabiliyordu)
WAS/WERE ABLE TO + V 1
-When she was a kid, she was able to sing like a pop singer (O ocukken bir pop arkcs gibi ark
syleyebiliyordu)
Gemiteki bir kereye zg yeteneklerden bahsediliyorsa sadece was/were be able to kullanlabilir. was/were
be able to dnda managed to + V1 veya succeeded in + V ing kullanlarak ayn anlam verilir. (Bir ey
yapmak manasnda)
-The fire spread through the building quickly, but fortunately everbody was able to escape. (Yangn hzl bir
ekilde binaya yayld, fakat ans eseri herkes kaabildi)

VEYA .. managed to escape (Herkes kamay baarabildi)

.. succeeded in excaping
-I was able to walk a mile yesterday. (Dn 1 mil yryebildim)
-I managed to walk a mile yesterday.
-I succeeded in walking a mile yesterday.
Edattan sonra bir fiil gelince fiil sonuna ing alr
S + WAS/WERE + CAPABLE OF + noun veya V ing

-When he was a little boy, he was capable of jumping from a high point. (O kk bir ocukken, yksek bir noktadan
atlayabiliyordu)
COULD HAVE + V 3 Gemite yeteneim, frsatm vard ama yapmadm, kullanamadm anlamna gelir.

-I could have married anybody I wanted to. (stediim biri ile evlenebilirdim evlenmedim)
-We could have gone to Spain for our holiday last year, but we didnt want to go. We went to Bodrum in stead. (Geen yl
tatilde spanya ya gidebilirdik ama gitmedik, yerine Bodrum a gittik)
PERMISSION (zin )
Present zamanda yaplan izinler
Can (Informal)
Could (Formal)I + V1 ? Kibarlk artar
May
Might
-Can I have a drop more whiskey? (Informal)
-Could I ask you something if you are not too busy? (Formal Resmi)
-May I stop work a little earlier tonight? (Formal Resmi izin)
-Might I trouble you for a light? (Extremely formal ok resmi)
Sorulara Verilen Cevaplar
Yes, you can Evet yapabilirsin
Yes, you may, indead Elbette
Certainly Kesinlikle
Of course! Kesinlikle
Sure Kesinlikle
I am sorry, you cant
Please, do not
No, you cant

1. b Is it all right if I . ?
-Is it all right if I smoke here. (Burada sigara iebilir miyim?)
Do you mind if I ?
-Do you mind if I use your phone? (Telefonunuzu kullanmamn bir sakncas var m?)
Would you mind if I V2 .. ?
-Would you mind if I opened the window? (Pencereyi aabilir miyim?)
-I wonder if I could borrow 100 $ just offer 3 days? (Sadece 3 gn iin 100 $ bor alabilir miyim?)
REQUEST (Rica bildirme)
OFFERING (Teklif)

Let someone + do /V 1 + something (Yapmama izin ver)

-Let me help you?
-Let me bring you some coffee.

OBLIGATION (Zorunluluk)
Need to + V 1 (Yapmam gerek-ihtiyatan kaynakl)
-She needs to have a visa to go to the USA.
-I need to have a haircut.
Lock of Obligation / Necessary (Zorunluluun yada gerekliliin eksiklii)
a-Dont have to + V 1
-You dont have to go to there if you dont want to.
-She doesnt have to work because she has got a lot of Money.
b-Havent got to + V 1
-You havent got to come early.
c-Dont need to + V 1
-You dont need to try to explain.
She doesnt need to wait for me.
d- Neednt + V 1
-You neednt carry a passport in your own country.
PROHIBITION (Yasaklama)
a- Mustnt (Yapmamalsn)
-You mustnt enter this room. Its forbidden. (Siz bu odaya girmemelisiniz. O yasak.)
-You mustnt smoke here. (Burada sigara imemelisiniz)

b- Cant/ not allowed to V1

-You cant park in a no parking area.
(Park yaplmayan bir alana park yapamazsnz)
Im not allowed to use my fathers computer.
c- May not
-Candidates may not bring textbooks into the exmination room.
(Adaylar snav salonuna ders kitab getiremezler.)

ADVICE(TAVSYE)
Present
Mild Obligation (Tavsiye)
a-Should / Ought to (Gereklilik)
Bu iki modals birbirine benzer anlam tar, grev ve zorunluluk ifade etmek, t vermek ve genel anlamda
karmzdaki kii iin neyin iyi ya da doru olduunu sylemek iin kullanlr.
-You look tried you should/ought to go to bed. (Yorgun grnyorsun, yatmalsn)
 -You should not/ought not to believe everything your hear. (Duyduunuz her eye inanmamalsnz)

b_-S+Had better + V 1
. should ve ought to dan daha gl bir ifadedir ve Yapsan iyi olur yoksa kt eyler olabilir anlamn tasr.
Had better yapsndan sonra yoksa- aksi takdirde anlamn tayan else-otherwiseszckleri ile doabilecek
kt sonular anlatr.
-It is cold today. You had better wear a coat when you go out.Otherwise, you will get sick.(Bugn hava souk.
Dar ktnzda paltonuzu giyseniz daha iyi olur. Yoksa hasta olacaksnz.)
-olumsuz hali---had better not you had better not be late;or else you will get into trouble.
c- S + Had better + V 1 rather than V1
nstead of V ing
-You had better stay in bed rather than go to work. (e gitmektense yatakta kalsan daha iyi olur)
-You had better stay in bed instead of going to work. (e gitmek yerine yatakta kalsan daha iyi olur)
S + Had better + have + V 3
Gelecekte .. olmadan nce yada .. olduunda . Yapm olsan iyi edersin anlamnda kullanlr.
-You had beter have done your homework before you begin to watch tv.

Past

SUGGESTION (neri)
. Present
a- Shall we .? (Yapalm m edelim mi?)
-Shall we go to the cinema after the course?
b- Why dont we . ?
- Why dont we go to out for diner after the course?
c- How / What about + V ing .. ?
-How / What about having a walk by the sea?
d- Let s + V 1 ..
-Lets study together.
-Lets go out and have a walk.
e- could-
A: A friend of mine is coming to stanbul for a day. Where should I take him?
B:Well You could take him to Topkap palace.

Past
5.2.1. Could + have + V 3
-He could have consulted a lawyer.(bir avukata danabilirdi ama yapmad anlamnda)
-He could have come a bit earlier.
. CERTAINTY (Kesinlik, eminlik)

7.1. Present
a- Must (karm)
-He knows a lot about towns. He must be live in a town.
(O kasaba hakknda pek ok ey bilir. O bir kasabada yayor olmal)
-There is a lorry in front of Johns house. He must be moving house at the moment. (Johnun evinin nnde bir
kamyon var. O u anda evini tayor olmal.)
b-Should / Ought to gereklemesi beklenen bi olay
-There are plenty of hotels in the town. It shouldnt be difficult to find somewhere to stay. (Kasabada ok otel var.
Yer bulmak zor olmasa gerek)
I answered all the questions so I should get a good grade.
c- May/Might/Could (ok emin olunmayan durumlarda kullanlr)
-I am not sure, but Peter may/might/could know Marry. (Emin deilim, fakat Peter Marry i tanyor olabilir)
May resmi ngilizce de dilek ve temenni ifade etmek iin kullanlr.
May + S + V + Complement
-May God save the Queen.
-May all your dreams come true.
-May they be happy.
-May God be with you.
-May she rest in Peace.
d-Cant (mkanszlk)
Genel anlamda bir tahmin yrtlyorsa ve sz konusu olayn olmayacandan emin isek cant kullanlr.
-They havent lived her efor a very long time. They cant know many people in this country. (Onlar uzun sredir
burada yaamadlar. Bu ehirde birok insan biliyor olamazlar.)
7.2. Past
a- Must + have + V 3
-I have runy the doorbell three times, but nobody has answered. They must have gone out. (Kapy 3 kez aldm
fakat kimse cevap vermedi. Onlar dar km olmallar.)
-When I arrived home last night my parents werent in the living room. My parents must have been sleeping,
when I arrived home last night. (Dn gece eve geldiimde ailem oturma odasnda deildi. Dn gece eve
vardmda ailem uyuyor olmal)
b- May/Might/Could + have + V 3
-I wonder why Sarah didnt answer the phone last night. She may/might/could have left the receiver open.
Might
Could have + V 3 (Yapabilirdim ama yapmadm)
-You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.
-Last year, I could have gone abroad, but didnt.
c- Cant/Couldnt + have + V 3
Gemite bir eyin olmu olmasnn imkanszln yada gemite bir eyin olaslk d olduunu belirtmek iin
kullanlr.
-This morning the ground wasnt wet. It cant/couldnt have rained last night.
-My parents wanted to be a doctor, but I couldnt have put up with all those years of study.
PREFERENCE (Tercih)