SDS 302 Formula Sheet

Mean
x n = sample size
x
n

Standard Deviation
A quicker computational formula:

s
(x x) 2
( x ) 2 SS
n 1 Solve for SS x 2 , then find s
n n 1

z-score
x x = score you are trying to locate in the distribution
z

Pearson Correlation
A quicker computational formula:
zx z y
r
n 1 ( x)( y ) SP
Solve for SP xy , then find r
n ( n 1) s x s y
df = n 2

Basic Probability
P (A) = probability of event A occurring
P (A|B) = probability of A occurring, given that B has also occurred.
P (A B) = probability of both A and B occurring together

Linear Regression
sy
y bx a br and a y bx
sx

To find the residual for a point: e y y

Exponential Model
b = growth factor
y ab t b=1+r

Logs
log b n a where b is the base

Logistic Model
C where C = carrying capacity
y
1 ab t

Sampling Distribution According to the Central Limit Theorem:

 s
= population mean SE = estimated standard error =
n

where s = standard deviation of the sample, and n = sample size

One-sample t-test
Confidence interval for a single mean: x t SE
x 0 s
t where SE
SE n
t = critical t value for the desired level of confidence
df = n 1
Independent t-test
Confidence interval for a mean difference: ( x1 x 2 ) t SE
( x x2 ) 0
t 1 s12 s22
SE where SE
n1 n2
df = nlowest 1
t = critical t value for the desired level of confidence

Dependent t-test
Confidence interval for a paired mean difference: d t SE
d 0 sd
t where SE
SE n
df = n 1
t = critical t value for the desired level of confidence

Chi Square
(obs - exp) 2 dfindependence = (rows-1)(columns-1)
2
exp
dfgoodness of fit = cells 1
ANOVA ( y ) 2
SS Total ( y y)
all data
2
y2
N
df total = N 1
SS between
df MS between
SS between n k ( y k y) 2 df between = k 1
F between treatments

SS within MS within SS within SS Total SS between dfwithin = N k

df within
Where y = data point, y grand mean, and y k mean of group k
Bonferroni correction for 95% confidence overall:
SSbetween 0.05
h2 where k = number of groups
SSTotal k (k 1) 2