Disusun oleh :

Adji Bayu Pratomo

Iman Fauzi Sukarya

Uung Nuryana

Mahmud Alamsyah
LOAD, STRESS, AND STRAIN
The Definition of Load

Weight of an object is HD caused by relating with gravitaional mass aof the object. Fixed
objects mass is everywhere, but the weight will object a changing accordance with the magnitude of
the acceleration of gravity at the place.

Weight is calculated multiplying the mass with an object with acceleration of gravity where
the object is located. A heavy object on earth would weight on the moon different . a thing mass 10
kg, will have a mass of 10 kg differences on earth or on the moon, but on earth the item will have a
weight of 98 Newton, where as in the month, the object will have a weights of 16,3 newton.

Function of Load

The load consists of three types, namely :

1. Fixed expenses, said fixed load when the load is at rest in which the object cannot change
direction.
2. Expenses motion, if the load can be moved continue.
3. Expenses shock, when load used and moved suddenly.

Definition Of Stress

The stress applied to a material is the force per unit area applied to the material. The
maximum stress a material can stand before it breaks is called the breaking stress orultimate tensile
stress.

Tensile means the material is under tension. The forces acting on it are trying to stretch the
material. Compression is when the forces acting on an object are trying to squash it.

The equation below is used to calculate the stress.

force (F)
stress=
area( A)

stress = stress measured in Nm-2 or pascals (Pa)

F = force in newtons (N)
A = cross-sectional area in m2

Function Of Stress is Pressure on objects

Definition Of Strain

The ratio of extension to original length is called strain it has no units as it is a ratio of two
lengths measured in metres.

extension( L)
strain=
lenghts (L)

Strain = strain it has no units

DL = extension measured in metres
L = original length measured in metres

Function Of Strain is change the shape of objects

Stress-Strain graph for a ductile material (like copper)

L = the limit of proportionality, Hookes law applies up to this point.

E = elastic limit, beyond this point the material is permanently stretch and it will not go back
to its original length. Elastic behaviour is when a material returns to its original length, plastic
behaviour is when the stretched material does not return to its original length.

Y = yield point, beyond this point small increases in force give much big increases in length.

B = breaking point / breaking stress, the material breaks at this point.

Stress-Strain graph for a brittle material

Elastic strain energy (energy stored in a stretched wire or spring)

The energy stored in the stretch wire or spring is the area under the force-extension graph as we can
see in the equation below.

1
E= F L
2
E = elastic strain energy in joules (J)

F = force in newtons (N)

DL = change in length in metres (m)

Beban,Tekanan dan Tegangan

Beban

Ketika mereka medesain mesain mesin atau struktur mesin,mereka perlu tau beberapa
turunan diatasnya (memberikan tekanan diatasnya). Dalam merekayasa memberi beban biasanya
beban akan bertindak sesuai dengan komponen dalam mesin (bagian struktur sebuah komponen).

Menghitung dan memprediksikan apa yan terjadi ketika komponen dimuat, contohnya
pengukuran vertikal, masing masing beban bekerja ke arah bawah, dengan demikian mendapatkan
vektor kuantitas yaitu pengukuran yang memiliki besaran arah yang baik yang berbeda dengan skalar
kuantitas yang besaranya satuan.

Tekanan dan Tegangan

Dalam melakukan tes ketebalan digunakan pemberat objek. Material dibentangakn sesuai
dengan beratnya, kedua tes ini dilakukan menggunakan Caole One yang tipis hanya dengan luas
penampang dari material tersebut. Kemudian material membentang dan beristirahat

Mengapa materila itu gagal ? bukan karena beban yang tinggi melainkan karena berat beban
yang sama, kegagalan itu terjadi karena tekanan ( Stress). Tekanan adalah gaya persatuan luas dan di
ukur dalam Newton per meter persegi atau paskal ( 1N / m 2 = 1Pa), oleh karena itu material
mengalami tekannan dua kali lipat dari material tersebut, tekanan terkonsentrasi dalam luas
penampang 50% lebih kecil. Mengapa material peregangan tebal namun tibel tetapi tidak pecah?
Ketika material mengalam teknan terjadi perubahan bentuk ukuran. Dalam tes ini material
mengalami pemanjangan yang segnifikan. Perubahan panjang objek dibandingkan dengan panjang
aslinya sebelum tekanan diberikan. Pengukuran ini disebut juga peregangan. Menurut hukum Young
Modulus Elastisitas, tekanan sebanding dengan regangannya, dengan kata lain peningkatan
perentase tekanan akan menyebabkan peningkatan persentase regangan namun ini hanya berlaku
ampai titi atau batas proporsionalitasnya. Jika suatu material tertekan melampaui batas ini akan
mulai menjadi tegangan dengan proporsi yang lebih tinggi Tekanan dan keregagan itu akan menjadi
tidak proposional.