Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Strength Analysis
of
Reinforced Concrete Sections
By
John W. Wallace
Yasser A. Ibrahim
March 1996
INTRODUCTION
PROGRAM CAPABILITIES
REFERENCES
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT
PROGRAM INSTALLATION
PROGRAM EXECUTION
PROGRAM INPUT
System
Section
Steel
Holes
Confined
Properties
Data
APPEDIX A "SECTION AND MATERIAL MODELING"
APPENDIX B "EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS"
APPENDIX C "CONCRETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS"
Pgina 2 de 51
Introduction.
A general purpose computer program to evaluate uniaxial and biaxial
strength and deformation characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) sections is
described. The program was developed for use on MS-DOS personal
computers and has been used extensively at the University of California for both
research and teaching purposes. Although other programs are available for
this purpose NISEE 1987, many have limitations (such as uniaxial loading), are
not available for personal computers, or are cumbersome to use. The intent of the
current upgrade is to make the program more user-friendly by introducing a graphic
interface that saves both time and effort, improve the program capacity by improving
the memory configuration, update the confined concrete models available with the
program and incorporate circular sections.
Program Capabilities.
The program computes strength and deformation characteristics based on
the assumption that plane sections remain plane after the application of loading.
Based on this assumption, the program can be used to compute strength or
moment-curvature relations for uniaxial or biaxial monotonic loading of reinforced
concrete sections. The strength can be computed for a single loading case, or
interaction diagrams can be generated (e.g. P-Mxx, P-Myy, or Mxx-Myy).
New features includes a windows version of the original FORTRAN code that is
compatible with MS Widows 3.1 and later, new memory configuration that allows the
program to utilize all the available extended memory and a feature to plot all the
output files such as P-M diagrams and moment-curvature diagrams.
Nonlinear material models are used for both the reinforcing steel and the concrete.
The model for the stress-strain behavior of the reinforcing steel is versatile,
allowing relations that closely approximate experimentally observed behavior.
Models for the concrete stress-strain behavior include. Sheikh and Uzumeri
(1982), and Yong et al. (1988) relations. A stress-strain relationship for unconfined
and confined masonry and user defined stress-strain relationships are also
incorporated. The relationship suggested by Vecchio and Collins (1986) is used
to describe the stress-strain relation for concrete in tension. The tensile strength
of the concrete beyond the rupture stress may be included or neglected.
The current upgrade includes Saatcioglu and Razvi Model for both normal and high
strength concrete (1995), Tanaka, Park and Li (1994) and Mander, Priestly and Park
(1988). Presently, the program allows seven stress-strain diagrams for concrete
(unconfined and confined), and four relations for reinforcing steel (for any given
problem). The current upgrade has the capability of analyzing circular cross-sections
and non-linear strain distribution for both steel and concrete in tension. To make the
program even easier to use, new default options for steel were added.
Referances
Hognestad, E. (1951) " A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced
Concrete Members" University of Illinois Engineering Experimental Station, Bulletin
Series No. 399. November 1951, 128 pp.
Saenz, L. P. (1964), "Equations for the Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete," ACI Journal
Proceedings, Vol. 61, No. 22, September 1964, pp.1229-1235.
Yong, Y. K., Nour, M. G., Nawy, E. G. (1988), "Behavior of Laterally Confined High-
Strength Under Axial Loads," ASCE Structural Journal, Vol. 114, No. 2, Feb. 1988,
pp. 332-351.
Mander, J. B., Priestly, J. N., Park, R. (1988), "Theoritical Stress-Strain Model for
Confined Concrete," ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 114, No. 8,
August, 1988, pp. 1804-1826
Tanaka, H., Park, R., Li, B. (1994), "Confining Effects on The Stress-Strain Behavior
of High- Strength Concrete," Second US-Japan-New Zealand-Canada Multilateral
Meeting on Structural Performance of High-Strength Concrete in Seismic Regions,
Honolulu, Hawaii, 29 November-1 December 1994
System Requirement
- IBM or 100% compatible
- Intel 486 CPU or higher
- MS Windows 3.1 or later
- 7 MB of free disk space
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Program Installation
To install the program, the user will need PKZIP 2.04 or later (preferably WINZIP
6.0).
1- Unzip the contents of the disks titled DLL.ZIP and VBX.ZIP to your system
directory. ( that is x: where
x is your hard drive ).
2- Unzip the contents of the disk titled BIAX.ZIP to the directory of your choice.
Program Execution
Double click the program called BIAXW2.EXE, the main window appears with the
main menu. Following is the menu items and the corresponding functions.
Several output files are created by the program. they are explained in the following
table
(2) Filename.dat File for plotting the P-M diagrams (P-M analysis)
Column (1) X-moment, Mxx
Column (2) Axial load, P
Column (3) Y-moment, Myy
Column (4) Curvature, ec/d
By using the plot menu,the input file can be checked for errors by plotting the stress-
strain diagrams for both concrete and steel, the cross section and the generated
mesh.
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The program calculates section properties. Inertias (Ixx, Iyy and Ixy) are calculated
for both the neutral axis location and the global midpoint of all the sections defined.
The moments are given about the midpoint because it is easy for the user to locate.
For circular cross section, the midpoint is alway at the origin (i.e. point (0,0)).
A batch file is provided to delete output files created by the BIAX program. Use the
file EAT.BAT and the input filename to delete the files created by the program
(execute by typing EAT followed by the filename, e.g. EAT EX1)
Program Input
The following several pages describe the input data file requirements for the BIAX
program. The input file is separated into eight blocks.Separators are used within the
input file to specify the location of the eight data blocks. The separators may appear
in any order. The separators and the information obtained within each data block are
described in the following table.
NOTES:
(1) For the analysis of a simple unconfined R.C. section, only data blocks (2), (3),(6)
and (7) are required. All the parameters for the SYSTEM data block
have default values, and therefore, this block is not required in this
case.
(2) The only required data block is SECTION. If only this data block is
specified, the program will compute the section properties (Area, Inertia,
etc).
(3) In the CAL/SAP subroutines a colon is used to denote the end of data input
for each line. Comment statements are allowed following the use of a colon.
(4) The following pages describe the input file requirements for each data
block.
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System Input
Data block used to specify global analysis parameters.
Section Input
Data block used to specify RC section geometry and mesh.
Line 1 to END One line for each subsection defining the complete R.C.
section. NS is the total number of sections
I= The section # in sequential order (e.g. 1,2,3, etc)
S= Section type S=1 for rectangular section
HI = Length of section in the I-direction
HJ = Length of section in the J-direction
N1 = # of elements in the I-direction (Default = 1)
N2 = # of elements in the J-direction (Default = 1)
X= X Starting location for bottom left corner of rectangle
Y= Y Starting location for bottom left corner of rectangle
A= angle, Xr,Yr
Angle = (0-360 degrees) to rotate about point Xr, Yr.
A positve angle represents counterclockwise rotation.
Xr,Yr = Point to rotate section about (default = 0,0).
See note (1).
OR
S= 2 for circular section
R= Radius
NR = Number of rings
NP = Number of poles
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE
NOTE:
(1) By using the 'A=' option it is possible to create all sections in a global X, Y
coordinate system, and rotate them to an arbitrary position. Slight overlapping of
sections will occur at points where sections that are rotated are ``attached'' to
sections that are not rotated. Xr and Yr define global coordinates about which to
rotate the section. The 'A=' option defaults to the previous specified value ('A=0,0,0'
to stop section rotation).
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Steel Input
Data block used to specify reinforcing bar information.
NOTES:
(1) nbar must begin each line
(2) scalar multiples can be used on any term except nbar, e.g. X=10*12 or X=25/12
(3) the default value for 'A' is the previously specified value.
(4) area of bar can be omitted if 'R=' is specified in SYSTEM data block.
(6) values for nbar need not be sequential or continous. This provides an easy means
to add or delete bars without renumbering.
(7) When the 'R=' option is used, all rebar specified on subsequent lines will also be
rotated. To deactivate this option use 'R=0,0,0'.
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Holes Input
Data block used to specify holes or voids in RC section.
NOTES:
(1) A line to specify values for confined concrete is required; however, it may be a left
blank when confined concrete is not required.
(2) The only values required for the reinforcing steel are the yield stress, and the
initial modulus. If only these values are specified, an elasto-plastic steel stress-strain
is assumed.
(3) The relation suggested by Vecchio and Collins [ACI Journal, Vol. 83 No. 2,
March-April 1986.] is used to describe the stress-strain for concrete in tension.
(4) Unconfined and confined concrete masonry based on work done at the University
of Colorado.
(5) A maximum of 150 points can be used to define the user defined stress-strain
relations (fewer than 150 points may be used). Terminate the user defined stress-
strain relations with a blank line, followed by a line (or lines) defining the
reinforcing steel properties.
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Data Input
Line 1 to end EC= Extreme fiber strain for concrete
A= Neutral axis angle desired (defined from global X-axis)
P= Axial load desired
PHI= Phi factor to apply to produce design P-M interacion
curve (default=1.0)
N= Number of points used to compute the P-M interaction
diagram (default = 11)
END SECTION WITH BLANK LINE
NOTES:
(1) This data block is not required when interactive input is specified.
(2) If generating P-M surface only 'EC=' and 'A=' need to be specified once, 'P=' is
not required (and will be ignored if specified).
(3) If P-M surface is not being generated, use as many lines as necessary to define
the desired solutions. For moment-curvature analyses specify as many values of
extreme fiber compressive strain (monotonic) as desired.
(4) 'EC=' (compression reference point) is the point on the section furthest from the
neutral axis (at angle specified). See Fig. A.5.
(5) For P < 0.10, the Phi factor is determined by using linear interpolation between
the specified phi factor and 0.9 (at P=0). [Note: Pb is not considered].
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Properties Input
Data block used to specify material properties.
Appendix A
Material Modeling
The program allows stress-strain curves for unconfined and confined concrete
and concrete masonry. In addition, a user defined stress-strain curve may be
specified.
The concrete stress-strain behavior can be described by either the modified Kent
and Park model (Park et al. (1982)), the Sheikh and Uzumeri model (1982) (Fig.
(A.3)), or the Saatcioglu and Razvi Model (1995). The initial portion of the stress-
relation is described by a second-degree parabolic shape. The relation suggested by
Hognestad (1951) is used in this program.
CONFINED W/PLATEAU
COMPRESSIVE STRESS (KSI)
UNCONFINED
CONFINED W/O
PLATEAU
STRAIN
Fig. A.3 Example Concrete Stress-Strain Relations
Relationships for unconfined and confined concrete masonry have recently been
incorporated. The relationships are based on work done at the University of
Colorado.
Pgina 21 de 51
The stress-strain model for the reinforcing steel allows a bilinear curve, or the
consideration of strain hardening effects (Fig. (A.4)). The strain hardening curve is
defined by the initial slope of the stress-strain curve at the onset of strain
hardening, the ultimate stress and strain, and the fracture stress and strain. The
equations describing the relationship are based on the equation presented by Saenz
(1964). Care must be exercised when using the strain hardening curve because
the relationship used to produce the curve is sensitive. It is suggested to always plot
the material stress-strain curves to ensure they are reasonable.
NO YIELD PLATEAU
ELASTO-PLASTIC
STRESS (KSI)
STRAIN
Fig. A.4 Example Steel Stress-Strain Relations
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Solution Scheme
The strain at the centerline of each element is computed from the reference
point strain assuming plane sections remain plane after loading. The axial load is
computed as the sum for all elements (the elements are defined by the specified
mesh) of the element stress times the element area. The moments (X-direction and
Y-direction) are computed as the product of the element axial force and the
perpendicular distance to a line through the geometric centroid of the concrete
section parallel to the specified orientation of the neutral axis.
Appendix B
Fifteen examples are presented to facilitate program use and detail program
applications. No detailed calculations were made to determine precise values for the
material property variables. The intent of the examples is to detail program options.
Example 1
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. Grade 60
elasto-plastic steel and fc' = 4 ksi are used.
COMPUTED P-M
AXIAL LOAD (KIPS)
DESIGN P-M
MOMENT (IN-KIPS)
Example 2
Is the same as Example 1 except that the the moment-curvature diagram is
computed and confined concrete is specified for the column ore. The stress-strain
relationship for confined concrete is based on Modified Kent-Park (Appendix C).
SYSTEM:
T=0 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T = 1 for P-M Diagram
: P = 1 to check stress-strain
: C = 1 all concrete is unconfined
: E = 1 do not allow any rebar to fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI= 24 HJ= 24 N1= 12 N2= 12 X= 0 Y= 0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
CONFINED:
14 F=14,10,10,1,12: CONFINED CONCRETE CORE: ELEMENTS 14 - 23
: ELEMENTS 26 - 35
:
: ELEMENTS 122 - 131
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A=0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type 1
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G = 1, 3 : 8 - #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G = 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G = 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
PROPERTY:
FC=4*0.85 E1=0.002 E2= 0.004 FR=0.4 :
FC=4*0.85 E1=0.002 H=20 S=4 FY=60 RHO=0.01707 :
FY=68 FU=100 FF=95 E1=0.004 E2=0.08 E3=0.12 E=29000 ET=1500:
:
DATA:
EC=0.0002 : Moment about global X-axis
EC=0.0004
EC=0.0006
EC=0.0008
EC=0.0010
EC=0.0015
EC=0.0020
EC=0.0025
EC=0.0030
EC=0.0035
EC=0.0040
EC=0.0050
EC=0.0060
EC=0.0070
:
END
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Example 3
Compute the Moment-Curvature diagram for the section shown below. The concrete
is 4000 psi, and the reinforcing steel behavior is based on typical observed
experimental relations for grade 60 steel. In addition confined boundary elements
are specified.
Example 4
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. The concrete is
4000 psi, and grade 60 reinforcing is used. Special options include multiple sections,
section rotation, and steel rotation.
PROPERTY:
FC=4 E1= 0.0030 E2= 0.004 FR= .4 :
: Blank Line for Confined Concrete
FY=70 FU=110 FF=105 E1=0.005 E2=0.070 E3=0.10 E=29000 ET=1500:
:
DATA:
EC = 0.003 A = 90 : Moment about y-axis
EC = 0.003 A = -90 : Moment about X-axis
:
END
AXIAL LOAD (KIPS)
Example 5
Compute the P-M interaction diagram for the section shown below. The concrete is
12,000 psi and grade 60 reinforcing is used. Special options used include
``CONFINED elements'', and ``PROPERTIES'' for unconfined and confined high-
strength concrete.
SYSTEM:
D=0,0,0 S=0 T=1 E=1 C=2 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T=1 for P-M Diagram
: P=1 to check stress-strain
: C=2 all concrete is confined at
rebar
: E=1 do not allow any rebar to
fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI=24 HJ=24 N1=12 N2=12 X=0 Y=0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
CONFINED:
14 F=14,10,10,1,12 :
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A= 0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X= 21.5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 : assume #4 hoops
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12.0 :
:
Pgina 33 de 51
PROPERTY:
I=2 FC=10.2 E=5400 FR=1.02 :
I=2 FC=11.2 E=5400 FR=1.1 FY=60 FM=0.3 RL=0.011 RP=0.01
N=8 D=1 DT=0.5 H=19 S=4 :
FY=60 E3=0.120 E=29000 : Fracture of steel at 12% strain
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=11 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=11 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
:
END
Example 6
Compute the M- relation for the concrete masonry section shown below. Special
options used include the relations for unconfined and confined masonry and the
``HOLES'' option for voids in a section.
SYSTEM:
S=0 T=1 E=1 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.0001 : T= 1 for P-M Diagram
: P= 1 to check stress-strain
: C= 1 all concrete is unconfined
: E= 1 do not allow any rebar to fracture
:
SECTION:
1 HI=24 HJ=24 N1=12 N2=12 X=0 Y=0 : 24"x24" Column
: 12x12 mesh
:
STEEL:
1 X= 2.5 Y= 2.5 A= 0.79 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type
3 X= 21. 5 Y= 2.5 G= 1, 3 : 8 #8 Bars
5 X= 21.5 Y= 21.5 G= 3, 5 : 2 in. clear cover to bars
7 X= 2.5 Y= 21.5 G= 5, 7 :
8 X= 2.5 Y= 12 :
:
:
PROPERTY:
I=3 FM=4 E1=0.003 : UNCONFINED MASONRY
I=3 FM=4 E1=0.014 R=0.001 S=12 H=20 : CONFINED MASONRY
FY=60 E3=0.120 E=29000 : Fracture of steel at 12% strain
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 : Moment about global X-axis for Ultimate
EC=0.003 A=0 N=12 PHI=0.70 : compressive strain of 0.003, with and
: without capacity reduction factors
:
END
Pgina 35 de 51
Example 7
Compute the M- relation for a T-beam. Special options used include user specified
stress-strain relations and multiple steel types.
MOMENT (IN-KIPS)
CURVATURE (/IN.)
Example 8
Same as Example 1 except that user specified concrete stress-strain relations are
specified (as an example the file format is given below; however, the user specified
stress-strain relation was truncated so that it would fit on this page
EXAM 13 : ------------------------------------------------------------
:
:Circular column without confinement
:
SYSTEM:
T=1 E=2 C=1 P=1 TOL=0.000001 :
:
SECTION:
1 S=2 D=30 NP=10 NR=10 A=0: D=diameter
: NP= no. of poles
: NR= no. of rings
: S=section type 1 for rectanglar ; 2 for circular
:
STEEL:
1 X= 12.5 Y= 0 A= 1.56 T= 1 : Long. Steel Type 1
2 X= 0 Y= 12.5 :
3 X= -12.5 Y= 0 :
4 X= 0 Y= -12.5 : #4 hoops
:
PROPERTY:
FC=5*0.85 E1=0.003 E2= 0.004 FR=0.4 :
:
SY=1 :
:
DATA:
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 : Moment about global X-axis
EC=0.003 A=0 N=20 PHI=0.7:
:
END
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Pgina 41 de 51
Appendix C
Modified Kent-Park
C.1 Modified Kent-Park [Park et al. (1982)
The following equations are used to describe the stress-strain relations of confined
and unconfined concrete (See Fig. C.1).
h f c'
k=1+ (C.2)
f c'
0.5
Zm = (C.3)
+ k
50u 50h 0
3 + 0 f c'
50u = (C.4)
f c' 1000
Where fc is the longitudinal concrete stress, is the longitudinal concrete strain, fyh is
the yield stress for the hoop reinforcement, h is the width of the concrete core
measured to the outside of the hoops, s is the center-to-center spacing of the hoops, and
is the ratio of the volume of hoop reinforcement to volume of concrete core measured
to the outside of the hoops. Units of psi are used for stress, and 0 is typically assumed
to be 0.002.
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2.73B 2 nC 2 s 2
1 1 p f'
2 B s s
KS = 1.0 + (C.6)
Pocc 55 2
. B
Pgina 44 de 51
The peak stress of the confined concrete is obtained by multiplying the peak
'
compressive stress of the unconfined concrete, f c by the factor K given in Eq.
(C.11),
''
Where s is the center-to-center spacing of the lateral ties in inches; h is the length
of one side of the rectangular ties in inches; n is the number of longitudinal steel
''
bars; d is the nominal diameter of the lateral ties in inches; d is the nominal
diameter of the longitudinal steel bars in inches; is the volumetric ratio of the
''
0.0035 1
h ''
fy( )
0.734 s '' '' 2 / 3
0 = 0.00265 + (C.12)
f c'
Pgina 46 de 51
The remaining values used to produce the stress-strain curve are determined using
the following equations: by
f c'
f i = f 0 0.25 + 0.4 (C.13)
f 0
0
i = K 14
. + 0.0003 (C.14)
k
f
f 2i = f 0 0.025 0 0.065 0.3 f 0 (C.15)
1000
2i = 2 i 0 (C.16)
Two polynomial equations are used to produce a smooth continuous curve for the
stress-strain behavior of rectilinearly confined high-strength concrete given Eq. (C.12)
through (C.16) [Yong et al. (1988)]. The relations are linear (Fig. C.3) until a
'
compressive stress of 0.45 f c . The two polynomial equations intersect at the point
of peak stress at zero slope (Fig. C.3).
Pgina 47 de 51
Masonary Conctere
The following stress-strain relations were developed based on work done at the
University of Colorado for unconfined and confined concrete masonry (See Fig.
C.4).
fm 1
= A 2m + + A m m 0 m u (C.17)
'
fm u
fm B( m u )
= C + (1 C )e u m mc (C.18)
f m'
'
Where, f m is the maximum compressive stress of the concrete masonry, m is the
concrete masonry strain, u is the strain corresponding to maximum compressive
stress, mc is the maximum usable strain. The parameters A, B, and C depend on
the degree of confinement.
Unconfined Concrete Masonry
[
u = 0.01 0.046 f m' + 0.055 ] ( f m' in ksi ) (C.19)
mc = 0.003 (C.20)
[
u = 0.01 0.046 f m' + 0.055 ] '
( f m in ksi ) (C.22)
mc = 0.014 (C.23)
480000
A= (C.24)
f m'
f m'
B= (C.25)
0.8
4.3 s ( hc S h )
C = 0.4( hc Sh ) 01
. (C.26)
' '
f cc = f co + k1 f le (C.27)
f le = k 2 + f l (C.28)
0.17
k1 = 4.84( f le ) (C.30)
bc bc 1
k 2 = 010036
. 10
. (C.31)
S Sl f l
Where:
(
f lx = AS f yt sin bcx ) (C.32)
bcx bcx 1
k 2 x = 010036
. 10
. (C.34)
S S l f lx
bcy bcy 1
k 2 y = 010036 10
. (C.35)
S S l f ly
f lex = k 2 x f lx (C.36)
f ley = k 2 x f ly (C.37)
(
f le = f lex bcx + f ley bcy ) (bcx + bcy ) (C.38)
Where :
f lex and f ley are the effective lateral pressures acting perpendicular to core dimensions
bcx and bcy respectively and f le is the overall equivalent lateral pressure
1 = 01 (1 + 5k ) (C.39)
'
k = k1 f le f co (C.40)
Where:
01 = Strain corresponding to peak stress of unconfined concrete. A value of 0.002 is
appropriate for 01
1 = Strain corresponding to peak stress of confined concrete
'
f co = 0.85 f c' (C.41)
Where:
085 = Strain at 85% strength level of unconfined concrete. A value of 0.0038 is
appropriate for 085 .
AS = The summation of transverse reinforcement area in two directions crossing bcx
and bcy .
If the column is spirally reinforced or has identical reinforcement arrangement in each
direction, c reduces to transverse reinforcement in one direction only
1
2 1+ 2 k
' c c '
f c = f cc 2 f cc (C.44)
1 1
The yield strength of lateral steel is limited to 1000 MPa (149 ksi).
bcy bcy
k 2 y = 015
. 10
. (C.47)
S Sl
5.96
k3 = 10
. (C.48)
'
f co
Pgina 51 de 51
f yt
k4 = 10
. (C.49)
74.5
1 = 01 (1 + 5k 3 k ) (C.51)
E c = 1281537
. f c' + 10281
. ksi (C.54)
f'
E sec. = cc (C.55)
1
Ec
r= (C.56)
E c E sec.
' c
f cc r
1
fc = (C.57)
r
r 1+ c
1
Report Outline
The program manual is presented in the following section. Pertinent notes are
included to facilitate user understanding. Appendices are included to detail the
material and section modeling capabilities of the program, and present applications
and examples.