Martha Roger's Science of Unitary • Nursing is both a science and • Rogers model provides the • The human field
the • The human field and the
Human Beings
This page was last updated on 27-06-
2010
Introduction
• Born :May 12, 1914, Dallas,
Texas
• Diploma :Knoxville General
Hospital School of
Nursing(1936)
• Graduation in Public Health
Nursing, George Peabody
College, TN, 1937
• MA :Teachers college,
Columbia university, New
York, 1945
• MPH :Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore, MD,
1952
• Doctorate in nursing :Johns
Hopkins University,
Baltimore, 1954
• Fellowship: American
academy of nursing
• Position: Professor Emerita,
Division of Nursing, New York
University, Consultant,
Speaker
• Died : March 13 , 1994
Publications of Martha Rogers
• Theoretical basis of nursing
(Rogers 1970)
• Nursing science and art :a
prospective (Rogers 1988)
• Nursing :science of unitary,
irreducible, human beings
update (Rogers 1990)
• Vision of space based nursing
(Rogers 1990)
Rogers nursing theory
art. the uniqueness of
nursing, like that of any other
science, lies in the
phenomenon central to its
focus.
• Nurses long established
concern with the people and
the world they live is in a
natural forerunner of an
organized abstract system
encompassing people and
the environments.
• The irreducible nature of
individuals is different from
the sum of the parts.
• The integral ness of people
and the environment that
coordinate with a
multidimensional universe of
open systems points to a
new paradigm :the identity of
nursing as a science.
• The purpose of nurses is to
promote health and well-
being for all persons
wherever they are.
Evolution of abstract system
• The development of the
abstract system was strongly
influenced by an early
grounding in arts and
background of science and
her keen interest in space
• The science of unitary human
beings originated as a
synthesis of facts and ideas
from multiple sources of
knowledge
• The uniqueness is in the
central phenomena : people
and environment
• The Rogerian view of a
causality emerges from an
infinite universe of open
system.
Overview of Rogerian model
way of viewing the unitary
human being
• Humans are viewed as
integral with the universe
• The unitary human being and
the environment are one ,not
dichotomous
• Nursing focus on people and
the manifestations that
emerge from the mutual
human /environmental field
process
• Change of pattern and
organization of the human
field and the environmental
field is propagated by waves
• The manifestations of the
field patterning that emerge
are observable events
• The identification of the
pattern provide knowledge
and understanding of human
experience
• Basic characteristics which
describes the life process of
human: energy field,
openness, pattern, and pan
dimensionality
• Basic concepts include
unitary human being,
environment, and
homeodynamic principles
Concepts of Rogers model
Energy field
• The energy field is the
fundamental unit of both the
living and nonliving
• This energy field "provide a
way to perceive people and
environment as irreducible
wholes"
• The energy fields
continuously varies in
intensity, density, and extent
Openness
environmental field are
constantly exchanging their
energy
• There are no boundaries or
barrier that inhibit energy
flow between fields
Pattern
• Pattern is defined as the
distinguishing characteristic
of an energy field perceived
as a single waves
• "pattern is an abstraction
and it gives identity to the
field"
Pan dimensionality
• Pan dimensionality is defined
as "non linear domain
without spatial or temporal
attributes"
• The parameters that human
use in language to describe
events are arbitrary.
• The present is relative ;there
is no temporal ordering of
lives.
Unitary Human Being (person)
• A unitary human being is an
"irreducible, indivisible, pan
dimensional (four-
dimensional) energy field
identified by pattern and
manifesting characteristics
that are specific to the whole
and which cannot be
predicted from knowledge of
the parts" and "a unified
whole having its own
distinctive characteristics
which cannot be perceived
by looking at, describing, or
summarizing the parts"
• The people has the capacity
to participate knowingly and
probabilistically in the
process of change
Environment
• The environment is an
"irreducible ,pan dimensional
energy field identified by
pattern and integral with the
human field"
• Assumptions about people and
The field coexist and are
integral. Manifestation
emerge from this field and
are perceived.
Health
• Rogers defined health as an
expression of the life
process; they are the
"characteristics and behavior
emerging out of the mutual,
simultaneous interaction of
the human and
environmental fields"
• Health and illness are the
part of the sane continuum.
• The multiple events taking
place along life's axis denote
the extent to which man is
achieving his maximum
health potential and very in
their expressions from
greatest health to those
conditions which are
incompatible with the
maintaining life process
Nursing
• The concept Nursing
encompasses two dimensions
• Independent science of
nursing
• An organized body of
knowledge which is specific
to nursing is arrived at by
scientific research and logical
analysis
• Art of nursing practice
• The creative use of science
for the betterment of the
human
The creative use of its
knowledge is the art of its
practice
nursing
• Nursing exists to serve
people………..it is the direct
and overriding responsibility
to the society
• The safe practice of nursing
depends on the nature and
amount of scientific nursing
knowledge the individual
brings to practice…….the
imaginative, intellectual
judgment with which such
knowledge is made in service
to the man kind
• People needs knowledgeable
nursing
Homeodynamic principles
• The principles of
homeodynamic postulates
the way of perceiving unitary
human beings
• The fundamental unit of the
living system is an energy
field
• Three principle of
homeodynamics
o Resonancy
o Helicy
o integrality
Resonance
• Resonance is an ordered
arrangement of rhythm
characterizing both human
field and environmental field
that undergoes continuous
dynamic metamorphosis in
the human environmental
process
Helicy
• Helicy describes the
unpredictable, but
continuous, nonlinear
evolution of energy fields as
evidenced by non repeating
rhythmicties
• The principle of Helicy
postulates an ordering of the
humans evolutionary
emergence
Integrality
• Integrality cover the mutual,
continuous relationship of the
human energy field and the
environmental field .
• Changes occur by by the
continuous repatterning of
the human and
environmental fields by
resonance waves
• The fields are one and
integrated but unique to
each other
Rogerian theories
Rogerian theories-Grand theories
• The theory of accelerating
evolution
• The theory of paranormal
phenomena
• The theory of rhythmicities
Theory of paranormal phenomena
• This theory focus on the
explanations for
precognition, déjàvu,
clairvoyance, telepathy, and
therapeutic touch
• Clairvoyance is rational in a
four dimensional human field
in continuous mutual,
simultaneous interaction with
a four dimensional world;
there is no linear time nor
any separation of human and
the environmental fields
The theory of accelerating
evolution
• Theory postulates that
evolutionary change is
speeding up and that the
range of diversity of life
process is widening. Rogers
explained that higher wave
frequencies are associated
with accelerating human
development
Theory of Rhythmicity
• Focus on the human field
rhythms (these rhythms are
different from the biological,
psychological rhythm)
• Theory deals with the
manifestations of the whole
unitary man as changes in
human sleep wake patterns,
indices of human field
motion, perception of time
passing, and other rhythmic
development
Theories derived from the science
of unitary human beings
• The perspective rhythm
model (Patrick 1983)
• Theory of health as
expanding consciousness
(Neuman, 1986)
• Theory of creativity,
actualization and empathy
(Alligood 1991)
• Theory of self transcendence
(Reed1997)
• Power as knowing
participation in change
(Barrett 1998)
Rogers concepts of nursing
• Nursing is a learned
profession-it is a science and
art
• Nursing is the study of
unitary. Irreducible,
indivisible human and
environmental energy fields
• The art of nursing involves
the imaginative and creative
use of nursing knowledge
• The purpose of nurses is to
promote health and well-
being for all person and
groups wherever they are
using the art and science of
nursing
• The health services should be
community based
• Rogers challenges nurses to
consider nursing needs of all
people, including future
generation of space kind ;as
life continuous to evolve from
earth to space and beyond.
• Her view provides a different
world view that encompasses
a practice of nursing for the
present time and for the
imagined and for the yet to
be imagined future
• Rogers envisions a nursing
practice of noninvasive
modalities, such as
therapeutic touch, humor,
guided imagery, use of color,
light, music, meditation
focusing on health potential
of the person.
• Professional practice in
nursing seeks to promote
symphonic interaction
between man and
environment, to strengthen
the coherence and integrity
of the human field, and to
direct and redirect patterning
of the human and
environmental fields for
realization of maximum
health potential
• Nursing intervention seeks to
coordinate environmental
field and human field
rhythmicities, participates in
the process of change , to
help people move toward
better health
• Nursing aims to assist people
in achieving their maximum
potential.
• Nursing practice should be
emphasized on pain
management, supportive
psychotherapy motivation for
rehabilitation.
• Maintenance and promotion
of health, prevention of
disease, nursing diagnosis,
intervention, and
rehabilitation encompasses
the scope of nursing
Roger’s contribution to nursing
knowledge
• Rogers was one of the first
nurse scholars to explicitly
identify the person (unitary
man) as the central
phenomena of nursing
concern
• Nursing abstract system is a
matrix of concepts relevant
to the life process in man
• Rogers conceptual system
provides a body of
knowledge in nursing that
will have relevance for all
workers concerned with
people, but with special
relevance for nurses;
because it matters to human
beings; consequently to
nurses
• In the evolution it is properly
subjected to reformulation
and change as the
knowledge grows, the the
conceptual data will be more
clearer and it will take new
dimensions
• The utilization of Rogerian
model is used as a guide for
theory development,
research, nursing education,
and in the direct patient care
practice
Rules for nursing research guided
by the Rogerian theory
Rules for research
• The Rogerian research
require both basic and
applied research
• The phenomena to be
studied are unitary human
beings and their
environmental interaction
• Study participants may be
any person or group, with the
provision that both person
and environment are taken
into account
Research methodology
• Qualitative and quantitative
methods can be applied
• Experimental researches are
questionable because she
rejects the notion of causality
• Case study and longitudinal
research are better than
cross sectional study
• Research instruments that
are directly derived from
science of unitary human
beings should be used
•
Data analysis – multivariate
analysis (canonical
correlation studies)
Research tools derived from
science of unitary human beings
• Perceived field motion scale
• Human field rhythm scale
• Temporal experience scale
• Assessment of dream
experience scale
• Person environment
participation scale
• Leddy healthiness scale
• Mutual exploration of the
healing human-environment
field scale
• Garon assessment of pain
scale
• Family assessment tool
• Community health
assessment tool
Rules for nursing education
guided by Rogerian theory
Focus of the curriculum
•
Nursing education can be for
professional nursing ,
technical nursing
• The focus is the transmission
of the body of knowledge
• Teaching and practicing
therapeutic touch
• Conducting regular in-service
education
Nursing programs
• Baccalaureate degree
program
• Masters program
• Doctoral program
• The major concepts are –
principal of Resonancy,
Helicy, Integrality
• The faculty in the nursing
education must be prepared
at doctoral level
Teaching- learning strategies
• Emphasis should be on
developing self awareness as
an aspect of the clients
environmental energy field
and the dynamic role of
nurse pattern manifestation
on the client
• Emphasis on laboratory
study- the lab setting include
homes, schools, industry,
 clinics, hospitals, other
places where people lives
• Importance of use of media
in education
Rules for nursing administration
guided by Rogerian theory
Purpose of nursing services
• Nursing services is the center
of any health care system
• The purpose of nursing
services is health promotion
Characteristics of nursing
personnel
• The administrators should
hold higher degrees in
nursing and licensed
• Leaders must be visionary
and willing to embrace
innovative and creative
change
• Leaders should be able to
identify the patterning to
ensure the integrated
behaviors for client and
employees
Management strategies and
administrative policies
• Administrative policies foster
an open and supportive
administrative climate that
enhances staff members self
esteem , actualization, and
freedom of choice and
provide opportunity for staff
development and continuing
education
• The ultimate goal is the
clients well-being
Rules for independent practitioner
guided by Rogerian model
• Nursing is an independent • Neonatal ICU • Pattern appraisal
science • Pediatric ICU • Mutual patterning of human
• Nurse assumes the role of and environmental fields
• Post operative unit
potentiater of care • Evaluation
• Pre operative unit
• She proposes the
independent role in various • Palliative care unit
For the patient
setting like school, industry, • Rehabilitation center
community, space (by
2050AD) • Burns unit
• Adult ICU’s • Self reflection
• Independent practitioner is
an advanced practice • Old age homes • Patterning activities
registered registered nurse • Neuropsychiatric units • Personal appraisal
who focus on well-being or
mutual patterning of
individual, family, community AREA WHERE ROGERIAN MODEL IS Nursing process
Assessment
across the life span ,at risk NOT APPLICABLE
for developing
dissonance/illness
o Operation theaters • Areas of assessment
• Simultaneous states of the
Rules for nursing practice guided individual and the
by Rogerian theory Purpose of nursing practice
environment
• Total pattern of events at any
Areas of Rogerian model • To promote well-being for all given point in space –time
application persons, wherever they are • Rhythms of life process
• To assist both the client and • Supplementary data
SETTINGS nurse to increase their
awareness of their own • Categorical disease entities
rhythm • Subsystem pathology
• All spheres of life
• Pattern appraisal
• School Setting for practice
• Industry
It is a comprehensive assessment of:
• Family
• From community to hospital
• Community to outer space
• Human field patterns of
• Space communication, exchange,
Legitimate participants rhythms, dissonance
SPECIALITIES • Environmental fields pattern
of communication, rhythms,
• People of all ages both as dissonance, harmony
• Pediatrics individual human energy
fields and group energy fields
• Psychiatry Intuitive reflection of self
• Oncology
Nursing process- Health
• Burns patterning practice method • Validation of the appraisal
• Geriatrics
• Neurology •
Assessment • Validate with self
• Cardiology • Voluntary mutual patterning • Validate with the client
• Rehabilitative medicine • Evaluation
Mutual patterning of human and
SPECIALIZED AREAS OF PRACTICE For the nurse environmental field
 • Sharing knowledge
• Offering choices
• Empowering the client
• Fostering patterning
• Evaluation
• Repeat pattern appraisal
• Identify dissonance and
harmony
• Validate appraisal with the
client
• Self reflection for the client
• Pattern appraisal include
appraisal of multiple lifestyle
rhythms such as:
• Nutrition
• Work/leisure activities
• Exercise
• Sleep / wake cycles
• Relationships
• Discomfort or pain
• Fear /hopes
Patterning activities for the client
Meditation•
Imagery•
Journaling•
Modifying• the surroundings
Clinical case study of Radha using
Rogerian conceptual Model
Radha is a 22years old female
admitted in a psychiatry unit with
severe depression secondary to
diagnosis of ovarian malignancy. She
becomes tearful during history taking.
Radha is accompanied with her
husband and 1year old child. Her
husband appeared anxious but
supportive and attentive …………he is
working as an accountant in their
native place. Radha was diagnosed
with ovarian cancer 2 months back
and underwent bilateral salphingio
oopherectomy and hysterectomy………
30days ago. She is undergoing
chemotherapy due to its Metastatic
pattern…….. From past 3 weeks Radha
started sitting lonely, decreased ADL,
repeated crying spells, decreased
talks, neglects hygiene, muttering to
self, decreased sleep , appetite,
neglecting her child care, complaints
of severe pain in the body,………….3
days back attempted suicide by
consuming rat poison.
Current assessment findings …….her
general appearance is a teary eyed
young woman ,ill-kempt, clinging to
her husband ,looking perplexed, not
talking…..poor nutritional intake, when
asked about her illness….cries
inconsolably …on repeated asking
expressed sadness of mood.
Nursing care of Radha with Rogers
model
• With rogerian model, the
process of caring Radha
begins with pattern appraisal
• Nursing care involve pattern
appraisal, mutual patterning,
and evaluation
Mutual patterning
Pattern appraisal
• This visible rhythmical
pattern is a manifestation of
evolution towards dissonance
• Radha has pattern
manifestation of
dissonance……..depression
with suicidal ideation,
ovarian malignancy, pain
• Radha has a low educational
background
• A pattern activity of healing
is noted through reports of a
positive operative course
• •
Patterning has to be directed
towards reduction in
perceived dissonance with
her personal and
environmental field
• Pain is a manifestation of
perceived dissonance
• Decreased environmental
energy transfer is visible by
decreased talking and crying
• Radha has manifestation of
fear…….her self knowledge
links her illness to her
personal belief of being
punished for her past sins
• Appraisal is needed in her
sleep patterns, nutrition and
her perception of self
• Appraisal can be grouped
into exchanging patterns,
communication patterns, and
relating patterns
• Time between nurse and
Radha is needed to foster her
healing
• During the process nurse
must rely on personal
intuition and insight
regarding the emerging
pattern
• All this pattern forms the
unitary pattern of Radha
• The process is mutual
between the nurse and
Radha
• The surgery performed,
medication she is receiving
are patterning modalities
• Patterning activities planned
by the nurse for Radha
……..therapeutic touch,
humor , meditation, imagery
• Radha needs to be assessed
fully regarding her ability to
understand and agree with
different patterning
modalities
• Therapeutic touch can be
introduced to Radha
• Touch is introduced and
incorporated into the
management of pain, helps
in energy transmission for
healing and …….helps in
developing trust in the nurse
• Teach her how to center the
energy and channel her
energy to the area of pain
• Use humor for increasing
socialization and developing
self confidence and
developing worthiness
• Human environmental
patterning needs to involve
the other individual who
share her environment
including husband and son
• Options are introduced
relating to increase
communication and hygiene
patterns
• The entire family is involved
in power as knowing
participation in change
Evaluation
• The evaluation process
centers on the perceptions of
dissonance that exist after
the mutual pattern activities
• The appraisal process is
repeated
• Manifestation of worry, pain,
fear, sadness of moos has to
be appraised with family
members
• A summary of the dissonance
and/or harmony that is
perceived is then shared with
Radha, and mutual
patterning is modified or
instituted ad indicated based
on the evaluation
Summary
Biographical sketch of Martha
Rogers
• Overview of Rogerian
concepts
• Rogerian terminologies
• Rogerian theories
• Nursing concepts, nursing
process
• Perspectives of nursing
education, administration,
nursing practice
• Contribution to nursing
knowledge
• Clinical example