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La Ciudad de Ayacucho, al igual que otras ciudades del Per presenta un crecimiento
demogrfico alto, no existe una poltica de ordenamiento territorial, y es uno de los
problemas ambientales principales. La capacidad de remocin de bacterias coliformes
fecales (BCF) y disminucin de la demanda bioqumica de oxgeno (DBO5) por la PTAR
La Totora se ve afectada por el crecimiento demogrfico en la ciudad de Ayacucho
haciendo que el volumen de agua a tratar sea cada vez mayor. Contribuye a este
problema el mal uso del sistema de alcantarillado por los ciudadanos como botaderos de
basura, ya sea en los domicilios o los buzones recolectores, esto debido a la falta de una
educacin ambiental y sobre todo la conservacin del recurso agua. Esto trae como
consecuencia que las aguas tratadas de la PTAR La Totora son vertidas a las aguas del
ro Alameda an con carga contaminante, originando un riesgo de salud ya que estas
aguas son utilizadas ro abajo para riego de cultivos como legumbres, hortalizas y maz
entre otros y tambin para uso recreacional. Como se ha sealado. El uso de los
efluentes de las PTAR estn destinados en gran porcentaje para el riego agrcola y para
riego de reas verdes recreativas por lo que se debe considerar el cumplimiento de
ciertos parmetros de calidad de agua. Los Estndares de Calidad Ambiental (ECA)
vigentes para los cuerpos de agua son los comprendidos en los Estndares Nacionales
de Calidad Ambiental para el Agua, (3) segn tipo de uso: Categora 1: Poblacional y
Recreacional. Categora 2: Actividades Marino Costera. Categora 3: Riego de Vegetales
y Bebida de animales. Categora 4: Conservacin del Ambiente Acutico. A continuacin
se muestran los lmites mximos permisibles (LMP) de los principales parmetros sobre
las cuales las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales municipales tienen influencia
Tabla 1.
CATEGORIA 3 Vegetales tallo bajo Vegetales tallo alto Bebida de Animales CF (NMP/100
mL) 200 1000 1000 2000 1000 DBO5 (mg/L) 5 10 15 15 < = 15
Sin embargo, los riesgos potenciales que se deben tomar en cuenta para un tratamiento
de aguas de manera sostenible son (4): - La contaminacin microbiolgica de los
productos - La bioacumulacin de elementos txicos - La salinizacin e
impermeabilizacin del suelo - El desbalance de nutrientes en el suelo. En consecuencia,
se deben dar diversas estrategias de manejo agrcola que pueden contribuir a reducir
significativamente estos riesgos potenciales. El problema aumenta si se usan las aguas
residuales con tratamiento inadecuado en la agricultura, ya que implica riesgo de salud
para los trabajadores agrcolas y sus familiares, lo mismo que para la poblacin en
general que consume los productos as obtenidos. Dentro de este contexto se plante la
aplicacin de la tcnica de electrocoagulacin en muestras de aguas del efluente de la
PTAR La Totora con la finalidad de reducir: - la presencia de partculas en suspensin,
las cuales absorben calor de la luz del sol, haciendo que las aguas turbias se vuelvan ms
calientes, reduciendo as la concentracin de oxgeno en el agua; tambin dispersan la
luz, de esta forma decreciendo la actividad fotosinttica en plantas y algas, que contribuye
a bajar la concentracin de oxgeno ms an. Las partculas suspendidas tambin ayudan
a la adhesin de metales pesados y muchos otros compuestos orgnicos txicos y
microorganismos. - la cantidad de organismos, muchos de ellos agentes patgenos a fin
de evitar el incremento de enfermedades relacionadas con la calidad del agua. - La
cantidad de materia orgnica disminuyendo DBO5.
contaminacin sta que puede afectar la salud de la poblacin mundial ya que puede
ocurrir en cualquier regin o pas. (5)
Rio contaminado Rio sin contaminacion
The City of Ayacucho, other cities in Peru, has a high population growth, there is no land
management policy, and it is one of the main environmental problems. The capacity of
removal of fecal coliform bacteria (BCF) and decrease of biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5) by the PTAR "La Totora" is affected by the population growth in the city of
Ayacucho, making the volume of water to be treated Growing. Contributing to this problem
is the misuse of the sewage system by citizens as dumps
Garbage, either in the homes or the mailboxes collectors, this due to the lack of an
environmental education and especially the conservation of the water resource. This
means that the treated waters of the "La Totora" WWTP are discharged into the waters of
the Alameda River, with a contaminant load, causing a health risk as these waters are
used downstream for irrigation of crops such as legumes, vegetables and Corn among
others and also for recreational use. As noted. The use of effluents from WWTPs is
intended for a large percentage of agricultural irrigation and irrigation of recreational green
areas.
Certain parameters of water quality. The Environmental Quality Standards (ECA) in force
for water bodies are those included in the National Environmental Quality Standards for
Water, (3) according to type of use: Category 1: Population and Recreation. Category 2:
Coastal Marine Activities. Category 3: Irrigation of Vegetables and Drinking of animals.
Category 4: Conservation of the Aquatic Environment. The maximum permissible limits
(LMP) of the main parameters on which the municipal wastewater treatment plants
influence
Table 1.
Permissible maximum limits of fecal coliform (CF) and biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5) in water bodies by type of use
CATEGORY 1 Surface water intended for recreation Irrigation of plants Parameters
Primary Contact Secondary Contact
CATEGORY 3 Vegetables low stalk Vegetables high stalk Animal Drink CF (MPN / 100
mL) 200 1000 1000 2000 1000 BOD5 (mg / L) 5 10 15 15 <= 15
As noted above, the capacity of removal of fecal coliform bacteria (BCF) and decrease of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) by the PTAR "La Totora" is affected by many factors,
such that the concentration of BOD5 for the Effluent from the WWTP had an average
value of 39.7 mg / L (2009) and fecal coliforms an average value of 2.90 x 105 NMP / 100
mL (2009), being still deficient to reach the values indicated for the waters Of Category III.
Irrigation with sewage has been increasing significantly in recent years, because it gives
agriculture the following advantages (4): - Permanent availability of water - High nutrient
supply - Increased yields of crops - Improvement of The quality of the soils (texture) -
Extension of the agricultural frontier
However, the potential risks to be taken into account for sustainable water treatment are
(4): - Microbiological contamination of products - Bioaccumulation of toxic elements -
Salinization and waterproofing of soil - Nutrient imbalance on the floor. Consequently,
various agricultural management strategies should be given that can significantly reduce
these potential risks. The problem increases if wastewater is treated with inadequate
treatment in agriculture, since it implies a health risk for agricultural workers and their
families, as well as for the general population that consumes the products thus obtained.
Within this context, the electrocoagulation technique was applied in samples of the effluent
from the "La Totora" WWTP in order to reduce: - the presence of particles in suspension,
which absorb heat from sunlight, Causing turbid waters to become warmer, thus reducing
the concentration of oxygen in the water; Also disperse the
Light, thus decreasing the photosynthetic activity in plants and algae, which contributes to
lower oxygen concentration even more. Suspended particles also help the adhesion of
heavy metals and many other toxic organic compounds and microorganisms. - the number
of organisms, many of them pathogens in order to avoid the increase of diseases related
to water quality. - The amount of organic matter decreasing BOD5.
ELECTROCOAGULATION There are currently a number of emerging technologies for
water treatment that are based on electrochemistry and are currently presented as
alternatives that offer competitive advantages over traditional technologies.
Electrocoagulation, electroflotation and electroflocculation may be mentioned in this group.
(5) Electrocoagulation, although not a new technology, has been little studied and
developed, despite the fact that good results have been achieved in the treatment of some
contaminants, being located as a technique with comparative advantages with respect to
traditional treatment technologies Such as lower operating costs, requires simple and
easy-to-operate equipment, eliminates chemical storage and use requirements, has high
effectiveness in removing a wide range of contaminants, the process can
Classical, but also, by flotation. 3. Due to the bubbles that are produced ascending and
descending movements that facilitate the destabilization of the colloids. Electrocoagulation
can be applied almost to all types of wastewater, although its effect resembles that of the
physical-chemical process, there are very considerable differences with it, one of the
advantages of electrocoagulation treatments is because it is an instant treatment Which
does not require the addition of chemicals, is an automatic system that requires little space
and allows the treatment of multiple contaminants inside the factory itself, making even
possible in some cases the reuse of treated water. During the application of the
electrocoagulation technique in a residual water, it undergoes a series of multiple
phenomena, more or less complex among which we can mention: The decomposition of
the water and the salts present 14 The dissolution of the metallic anode Destabilization
Of the colloidal state Oxidation of organic matter (chemical and
Electrochemistry) Absorption of molecules by the flocs of metal hydroxides. Reduction
of water alkalinity Elimination and disinfection of pathogens There are many applications
of electrocoagulation for the removal of various wastewater, one of the most popular and
most popular applications being waste water treatment in the electroplating and
electroplating industry Metallic, electrocoagulation combined with electroflotation has been
proven as an alternative of chrome removal for the metallurgical industry of chromium
production, tanneries and fertilizer industry, it has also shown high effectiveness in the
removal of fats and oils from waste water Produced by the mechanical industry, refineries
and automotive repair shops, electrocoagulation has also been used in the treatment of
wastewater from the food industry showing high fat and COD removals. (5) One of the
areas of application in which some important advances of this technology have been
developed is the treatment of wastewater from laundries, dry cleaners and textile industry,
obtaining important efficiencies in the removal of organic matter, turbidity
And color. (5) Finally, electrocoagulation has also been tested in water purification. It is
important to emphasize that the passage of the current through the water to be treated has
a disinfectant effect as it destroys in a good percentage the microorganisms present in the
water. In this same application has been studied electrocoagulation with good results in
the treatment of water for human consumption contaminated with arsenic,
Contamination that can affect the health of the world population since it can occur in any
region or country. (5)