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Natural Laws are principles that govern relationships and interactions. Plato’s famous parody of the shadows on the wall
demonstrates the natural principles. Plato describes how people believe reality to be the shadows of dancing people projected
on the wall of a cave. They do not recognize that the shadows are not the principles or people producing the movement, but the
effects of the dancing people. Natural principles do not only explain the data or the phenomena that is observed which is
analogous to the shadows, but are successful in showing the dancing people who are producing the shadows. The
mathematicians Leibniz, Gauss and Riemann investigated the Realm of the Imaginary. They developed the mathematics to
treat imaginary numbers that they showed to be the dancing people, and showed the natural principles to contain imaginary
numbers. This is like explaining how the people are dancing.
What is Force?
The effects or causality of force result in change, and is the basis for scientific laws. But what is force? How does it originate?
We can look for these answers in the work done by Leibniz, Gauss and Riemann.
Consider a surfer in the curl of a wave. Forces move a balancing surfer on a line
perpendicular to the revolving mass of water. A force propels and thrusts his board.
The force of his motion is a natural principle, deriving from the spiral.
Sequential spirals (Fig. 4) can be drawn as rising lines on a flat piece of paper.
If the paper is rolled then the spiral twists up the page. One period is the
completion of the circle. Successive spirals can be constructed by simply
repeated the line. As can be seen, the repeated spirals generate a cylinder.
Fig. 4 Construction of sequential Spirals
If the circular motion is considered (thought) to be a wave tube, then the sketch shows that this motion creates a force
perpendicular to it. Taking the mass of circulating water to be spiral motion, the gliding
of the surfer through the curl demonstrates the force perpendicular to it, which propels
the surfer on his board. This principle is confirmed in physics through the “S” Vector,
the Poynting vector. It is described mathematically by the vector cross product. Two
perpendicular vectors folded into another create another perpendicular vector. The first
two vectors being folded are equivalent to the circulating water, and the third is the
Fig. 5 Thrusting wave force direction of the propelling force.
Force is a principle of action, or we could almost say that this demonstrates a
mathematical force. A spiral creates a force shown by the horizontal vector along its middle axis.
Spiral Principle
A spiral principle becomes apparent in the behavior of polygons. Gauss as a young man, while gaining reputation as a
mathematician, solved a year-old problem by ingeniously realizing that a spiral generates polygons. In his day, a solution to the
construction of a 17-sided polygon had been tried but not constructed. Gauss had done much work with the spiral principle and
considered this principle to be a natural one that could lead to the construction. Seeing it the way that Gauss saw it, means that
This should be easy to do. Table 1 suggests that this solution is correct because it shows that the generated data provides “nice,
easy” relationships. Numbers generated by the difference of 2 sequential circle segments
n(n + 1) is the area of a rectangle containing the sides of the difference of two successive squares See Fig. 9.
However after much geometrical searching and thought, the length of 1/n (n+1) cannot be constructed because n*(n+1) is a
rectangle and an area. This relationship of constructing the odd by subtracting from the even is not successful. This is not
apparently a natural principle in the sense of Gauss.
Many attempts to construct the 17-sided polygon ended in failure. Gauss used the concepts in imaginary numbers and the
spiral to arrive at a successful solution, but he did not regard these methods as rational. He regarded it as the need to go beyond
rationality because finding the necessary length was not rationally connected with the area of the rectangle. It required a
principle that applied the area to result in the length. This contradicts Kant’s conclusion that the unknown will never become
known. Kant arrived at this conclusion, because he sets experience as the basis for all reasoning. But the principles generated
by the imaginary numbers, and the solutions of Leibniz, Gauss and Riemann are beyond experience or the rational. Thus we
will search farther, because the table data suggests that we are on the right track.
Relating to Plato’s cave, natural principles are like the dancers whose shadows’ are reflected on the wall, where the shadows
are thought to be real beings. The data in the tables is similar to the shadows, hinting at what the dancers are. Trying to
understand the generating principle, we will make another try at generating the relationships.
The principle of the construction takes only a straight edge and a compass. Gauss understood the spiral, as one of the principles
of imaginary numbers and that many-sided polygon is a spiral principle. A polygon can be thought of as repeated arcs or
segments. Thus we can calculate the number of degrees in a sector of a 17-sided polygon, then we only have to construct this
arc and repeat it. The problem becomes the construction of an arc with 21.17647degrees (17 * 21.17647 degrees = 360
degrees). If we use the simple paper construction of a spiral, it looks like Fig. 8. The period of the spiral can be divided into 16
arcs easily and an example is shown for five.
The sequential angles of the following arcs are the angles of the corresponding polygon segments. n = 4 is the magnitude of the
angles of a square, n = 5 is the magnitude of the pentagon. The spiral generation of the arcs of a pentagon is shown. In Fig. 8.
The numbers generated by the periodic spiral give insights into higher principles perhaps from other realms as the world in
which the odd sided polygon is constructed.
- 2n + 1 generates the prime numbers. plus factors of primes including the prime squares, cubes …
- n(n +1) is the area of a rectangle with sides the length of the difference of the arcs.
- (2n + 1)/n(n + 1): repeat the primes as a relationship with the area of a rectangle containing the difference of the
periods n, (n +1).
- Column 6 shows that the results are ordered in the order of simple decreasing fractions
The relationships shown in this table are fascinating considering that there appears to be a principle in the factors of n(n+1).
Column 6 adds 4 + 5 and generates even decreasing fractions. Notice the precision in the generation and repetition of the
factors of n(n+1) Are all these relationships random? Gauss didn’t think so, it shows how the proportions are related to each
other, and the unity and perfection of nature. It appears as through there could be an algorithm for the generation of the factors.
However to get back to our task, we have to find the constructible length to subtract from even arc.
First let’s try a construction principle. Let’s construct odd and even
polygons with this method.
Fig. 9 Difference of Two sequential Squares
This table shows very consistent data. Polygons with sides of 5,7,9,11,13,15,17 …. appear to be constructible, and the factors
generated are consistent, and the sequential prime numbers are repeated and generate composites, which appears to be a result
of this method, and hints at the consistency. The value of (2n +1) produces a series of factors of prime numbers.
Difference of two Squares. Construction Principle for Sequential Arcs for (2n +1)
Factors contained in the results
n (π/2) 2n (2n +1) n 2n (2n +1)
2 4 5 2 4 5
3 6 7 3 2*3 2*3
4 8 9 22 2*2*2 32
5 10 11 5 2*5 11
6 12 13 2*3 2*2*3 13
7 14 15 7 2*7 3*5
8 16 17 23 24 17
2
9 18 19 3 2 * 32 19
10 20 21 2*5 22 * 5 3*7
11 22 23 11 2 * 11 23
12 24 25 22 * 3 23 * 3 52
13 26 27 13 2 * 13 33
14 28 29 2*7 22 * 7 29
15 30 31 3*5 2*3*5 31
16 32 33 24 25 3 * 11
17 34 35 17 2 * 17 5*7
18 36 37 2 * 32 22 * 32 37
19 38 39 19 2 * 19 3 * 13
20 40 41 22 * 5 23 * 5 41
3
24 48 49 2 *3 24 * 3 72
3
40 80 81 2 *5 24 * 5 92
2
60 120 121 2 *3*5 23 * 3 * 5 112
2
84 168 169 2 *3*7 23 * 3 * 7 132
4
112 224 225 2 *7 25 * 7 32 * 52
4 2
144 288 289 2 *3 25 * 32 172
Odd polygons construct from odd angles and the value (2n +1) generates these odd angle values. π /(2n +1) is a length that can
be readily constructed as a standard construction exercise as shown below.
These results are seen in Table 3, which sets the value of a square (x2) = (2n+1) that is the difference between 2 sequential
squares. If we examine these results more closely, they will demonstrate principles of order.
The principle is of order, the real and imaginary numbers can be generated from the factors in the difference of two squares.
Prime factors seem to suggest not only are the primes factors of composite numbers, but it appears that there is regularity in the
order that they appear in the generation of the composites.
Subtracting the angle of (2n+1) from the angle of n produces an angle with odd measure (n+1).
Dividing 360 degrees evenly by n generates an angle increment of n (1/n). Dividing n by (2n+1) produces the increment of
(2n+1). As seen in Fig. 10 the vertical side of the upper rectangle has a length equal to the arc of (n+1) and constructs this
length completing the assignment. It only remains to summarize the construction of the arc of (2n +1).
Construction.
Take the constructed angle of n and draw a segment connecting one vertex and the axis. On this segment take a straightedge
and tick of (2n+1) equal increments on the segment. This divides the segment equally by (2n+1) resulting in:
n/(2n+1)
Using the Pythagorean theorem: the areas generated by the squares of the two triangles containing the sequential arcs are put
into the equation:
Then:
sin2[(2 π)/ (n+1)] + cos2[(2 π)/ (n+1)] = sin2[(2 π)/ (n)] + cos2[(2 π)/ (n)]
the areas of the successive triangles that correspond to the spiral period π/n, π/n+1, π/n+2 are equal.