CHEM o Gallons

o Fluid Ounces
Measurement Metric System
o Liters
Fundamental Properties
Mass (kilogram) Length
Length (meter) US System
Time (seconds) o Inches
Temperature (Kelvin) o Feet
o Yards
Derived Quantities o Miles
Density Metric System
Velocity o Meters
Force
Weight/Mass
2 systems of measurement US System
US/Customary System o Ounce
o Has many different unit of measurements o Pounds
o Different names o Tons
o Different conversion factors Metric System
Metric System o Grams
o Has base unit
o Many different prefixes US Conversions
o The Great Medieval Killer Hates Dragons,
Dragons Cry More Musically, Now Peep. Length
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 5,280 feet

Volume
1 cup = 8 floz
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 2 pints
1 gallon = 4 quarts

Weight
1 lb= 16 oz
1 ton = 2000 lbs

SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
Indicate the precision of the measuring instrument

Rules
1. All nonzero are significant.
Meters (length) Ex. 1,234 = 4 sig.
Liters (volume/capacity) 2. All zeros between nonzero are significant.
Grams (mass) Ex. 200,010,003,004 = 12 sig.
3. For figures with decimal, zeroes are considered to
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT be significant if there is a presence of nonzero prior
Volume to it.
US System Ex. 1,000,000.000 = 10 sig.
o Cups 000.0001 = 1 sig.
o Pints 0.006000 = 4 sig.
o Quarts
4. If there is no decimal, zeroes on the end are not
significant.
Ex. 345,000,000 = 3 sig.
ADDING OR SUBTRACTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Consider the least number of numbers after the
decimal point.
Ex. 12.34 + 56.7 = 69.04; 69.0
MULTIPLYING OR DIVIDING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Consider the least number of significant figures.
Ex. 987.6 x 54 = 53,330.4; 53,000
Compounds
Two or more elements combined together
Elements in a compound has fixed ratio
Describes the substance in general
Examples:
o NaCl
o H2O
Molecules
Forms when two or more atoms combine
Describes the smallest particle of the substance
Has the same property of the substance

CHEMISTRY Mixture
Study of matter Combination of two or more substance
o Its properties; Can be a mixture of elements and compounds
o Its composition; Can be separated
o Changes it undergoes in everyday life Two kinds of mixture
o Heterogeneous parts of mixture are
Applied chemistry noticeably different from the other
Applying chemistry concepts in fields of: o Homogeneous parts of the mixture are evenly
o Medicine distributed
o Agriculture
o Manufacturing Solution
Mixture that looks like a single substance
5 Major Areas of Chemistry Has same properties throughout
1. Analytical Chem.
Parts of a solution:
o Compositions of substances
o Solute substance that dissolves
2. Inorganic Chem.
o Solvent substance into which the solute
o Deals w/ substances w/o carbon
dissolves
3. Organic Chem.
o Deals w/ substances w/ carbon
Colloids
4. Biochemistry
Mixture that contains both small particles in a
o Chemistry of living things
solution and larger particles in a suspension
5. Physical Chem.
Do not separate into layers
o Describe the behavior of chemicals
Scatter light
MATTER Suspension components are dispersed, large
enough to see and settle out
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass the amount of matter in a substance
Elements
Weight a measure of pull of gravity on an object
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Density measurement on how much mass of a
Each element is made of atoms of the same type. substance is contained in a given volume
Each has a unique set of physical and chemical Volume amount of space an object takes up
properties.
118 known elements in the universe. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES
Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth. Properties that do not change as mass, volume
Six elements that makes up 99% of all living matter and/or shape change
o Sulfur Properties of a substance, not a specific object
o Potassium Examples:
o Oxygen o Hardness
o Nitrogen o pH
o Carbon o Flammability
o Hydrogen o Density
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Can be observed without changing the identity of
the substance
Examples:
o Viscosity resistance to flow
o Conductivity ability to allow the flow of heat
o Malleability ability to be hammered into thin
sheets
o Hardness
o Magnetism
o Melting point the range at which the solid
turns into liquid
o Boiling point the temperature at which the
liquid form of an element or compound is at
equilibrium with the gaseous form
o Density the ratio of the mass to the volume
o Color
o Freezing point the temperature in which the
liquid turns into a solid
o Formation of Precipitate two liquids are
combined and a solid is produced
o Odor production far different from how it
originally smells
o Change in Temperature
Exothermic when energy is released
during chemical change
Endothermic energy is absorbed causing a
decrease of temperature from the reactant.
o Formation of Bubbles indicates presence of
gas
STATES OF MATTER
Solids have definite shape and volume; particles
are tightly packed
Liquids do not have definite shape but have
definite volume; particles are loosely packed
Gases do not have definite shape or definite
volume; particles are very far apart

SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
Filtration Solid-Liquid
Distillation Liquid-Liquid with different boiling
points
Evaporation Solid-Liquid (Liquid turns to Gas)
Decantation Solid-Liquid (Solid turns to Gas)
Magnetism Solid-Solid or Solid-Liquid (One solid is
a metal)
Scooping/Floating
Chromatography Paper chrom. (HPLC or High
Performance Liquid Chromatography)
CHEMICAL BONDS
Physical Change Ionic bond
change in appearance without change in the o Metal to nonmetal
composition Covalent bond
can be reversible or irreversible o Nonmetal to nonmetal

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES NAMING COMPOUNDS

Characteristics involved when a substance interacts
Prefixes only applies to covalent compounds
with another substance to change its chemical
make-up Copper (I): Cu+ Cuprous
Any ability to produce a change in the composition Copper (II): Cu2+ Cupric
of matter Iron (II): Fe2+ Ferrous
Examples: Iron (III): Fe3+ Ferric
o Reactivity how readily a substance combines Lead (II): Pb2+ Plumbous
chemically with another substance
Lead (IV): Pb4+ Plumbic
o Flammability materials ability to burn in the
presence of oxygen Mercury (I): Hg22+ Mercurous
Mercury (II): Hg2+ Mercuric
Chemical Change Tin (II): Sn2+ Stannous
Occurs when a substance reacts to form one or Tin (IV): Sn4+ Stannic
more new substances
Polyatomic ions
o Change in color
o Production of gas o Ammonium ion - NH4+
 o Hydronium ion - H3O+
o Acetate ion - C2H3O2- Example:
o Arsenate ion - AsO43-
o Carbonate ion - CO32-
o Hypochlorite ion - ClO- o ATOMS TO #MOLES
o Chlorite ion - ClO2-
o Chlorate ion - ClO3-
o Perchlorate ion - ClO4- Example:
o Chromate ion - CrO42-
o Dichromate ion - Cr2O72- Molar Mass
o Cyanide ion - CN- o Carbon-12 nuclide
o Hydroxide ion - OH- Standard used by the scientists for units of
o Nitrite ion - NO2- mass
o Nitrate ion - NO3- Arbitrarily assigned a mass of 12 amu
o Oxalate ion - C2O42- (atomic mass unit)
o Permanganate ion - MnO4- 1 amu = 1/12 carbon-12 atom
o Phosphate ion - PO43- o 1.660540 x 10-27 kg
o Sulfite ion - SO32- o Relative atomic mass
o Sulfate ion - SO42- Comparison of any atomic mass to atomic
o Thiocyanate ion - SCN- mass of carbon-12
o Thiosulfate ion - S2O32- o Getting the molar mass of a compound
If the ion ends in -ate and is added with an acid, the
acid name will have an -ic ending
o Examples: nitrate ion (NO3-) + H+ (denoting Mole to Mass
formation of acid) = nitric acid (HNO3) o
If the ion ends in -ite and is added with an acid, then
the acid name will have an -ous ending o
o Example: nitite ion (NO2-) + H+ (denoting
formation of acid) = nitrous acid (HNO2) Mass to Mole
o
STOICHIOMETRY
Mole o
o SI unit for amount of substance
o symbol: mol
o mole of a substance: 6.022 1023
o Amadeo Avogadro di Quaregna (1776-1856)
Avogadros number
Italian lawyer and physicist
Helped clarify the difference between atoms
and molecules
o Representative term for: atoms, molecules, ions,
or formula units
o Diatomic molecules: 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2
o #MOLECULES TO MOLE