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Grammar
Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
ich (= I) wir (= we)
du (= you) ihr (= you)
er (= he)
sie (= they)
sie (= she)
Sie (= You)
es (= it)

The pronoun 'sie' is found in both the singular and the plural, its meaning is indicated by the
finite verb and the context.

Sie ist Journalistin. = She is a journalist.


Sie ist heute krank. = She is ill today.
Sie waren im Urlaub in Deutschland. = They were on holiday in Germany.

The pronoun 'Sie' always begins with a capital letter and is a polite form for strangers and
adults in formal situations. 'Sie' can refer to one or more people.

Sind Sie Herr Meyer? = Are you Mr Meyer?


Setzen Sie sich bitte! = Please sit down!
Wie heien Sie? = What is your name?

Personal pronouns replace the nouns in a sentence. The sentence is thereby made shorter, and
repetitions of the nouns are avoided. The pronoun must 'agree' with the gender of the noun
which it replaces.

Die Katze ist sehr schn. Sie heit Clara. = The cat is very beautiful. She is called Clara.
Der Schrank ist sehr modern. Er kostet 250 = The cupboard is very modern. It costs 250
EUR. Euros.
Personal pronouns are declined in the dative and accusative.

ich du er sie es wir ihr sie Sie


Nominativ
I you he she it we you they You
mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch ihnen Ihnen
Dativ
to me to you to him to her to him us you to them To them
mich dich ihn sie es uns euch sie Sie
Akkusativ
me you to them she/they it us you she/they You
Schn dich kennen zu lernen. = Nice to meet you.
Wir haben uns nie gesehen. = We have never seen each other.
Wie geht es dir? = How are you doing?
Mir geht es gut. = I'm doing well.
Mein Rcken tut mir weh. = My back hurts.

Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns denote possession. Forms:

ich (= I) mein (= my)


du (= you) dein (= your)
er (= he) sein (= his/its)
sie (= she) ihr (= her)
es (= it) sein (= his/its)
wir (= we) unser (= our)
ihr (= you) euer (= your)
sie (= they) ihr (= her)
Sie (= You) Ihr (= Your)

Possessive pronouns are declined and have the following endings:

maskulin feminina neutral Plural


Nominativ -e - -e
Genitiv es -er -es -er
Dativ em -er -em -en
Akkusativ en -e - -e

e.g.

maskulin feminina neutral Plural


mein Tisch unsere Lampe euer Bett seine Sthle
Nominativ
my table our lamp your bed his chairs
Genitiv meines Tisches unserer Lampe eures Bettes seiner Sthle
Dativ meinem Tisch unserer Lampe eurem Bett seinen Sthlen
Akkusativ meinen Tisch unsere Lampe euer Bett seine Sthle
Jolana, unsere Kinder und ich freuen uns auf = Jolana, our children and I look forward to
das Wiedersehen. meeting you again.
The pronoun 'euer' drops the letter '-e-' from the middle when an ending is added:

Ihr habt Kopfschmerzen. Eure Kpfe tun euch weh. = You have a headache. Your heads hurt.

Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun dieser, diese, dieses this refers to people or things in
close proximity. It is declined in the same way as the definite article.

maskulin feminina neutral Plural


diese
diese
dieser dieses Sthle
Lampe
Tisch Bett these
this lamp
this table this bed chairs
Nominativ
diese
dieser dieses diese
Jacke
Rock Kleid Schuhe
this
this skirt this dress these
jacket
shoes
dieses dieser dieses dieser
Tisches Lampe Bettes Sthle
Genitiv
dieses dieser dieses dieser
Rockes Jacke Kleides Schuhe
diesem dieser diesem diesen
Tisch Lampe Bett Sthlen
Dativ
diesem dieser diesem diesen
Rock Jacke Kleid Schuhen
diesen diese dieses diese
Tisch Lampe Bett Sthle
Akkusativ
diesen diese dieses diese
Rock Jacke Kleid Schuhe

The pronoun 'es'


'Es' stands for neuter nouns.

Das Baby ist krank. Es schreit die ganze Nacht. = The baby is ill. It cries all night.

'Es' is also used in various expressions:

time
Wie spt ist es? = What time is it?
Es ist 10.50 Uhr. = It is 10:50.
times of day, seasons
Es ist Nachmittag. = It is the afternoon.
Es ist Sommer. = It is summer.
weather

Es regnet. = It is raining.
Es ist kalt. = It is cold.
state of health

Wie geht es Ihnen? = How are you doing?


Mir geht es heute nicht so gut. = I am not doing too well today.
other:

Was gibt es zum Abendessen? = What's for dinner?


Es ist wichtig = It is important...
Es ist verboten = It is forbidden...

The pronoun 'man' - 'one'


The pronoun 'man' is used when the subject is an undefined person.
'Man' always has the verb in the 3rd person singular.

Man lebt nur einmal. = One only lives once.


Was macht man jetzt in der Trkei? = What does one do now in Turkey?

'Man' is often used with modal verbs.

Hier kann man gut essen? = Can one eat well here?
Darf man hier rauchen? = Is one allowed to smoke here?
Man soll das noch heute machen. = One should still do that today.
Man muss mehr lernen. = One must learn more.
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