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Grammar
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
ich (= I) wir (= we)
du (= you) ihr (= you)
er (= he)
sie (= they)
sie (= she)
Sie (= You)
es (= it)
The pronoun 'sie' is found in both the singular and the plural, its meaning is indicated by the
finite verb and the context.
The pronoun 'Sie' always begins with a capital letter and is a polite form for strangers and
adults in formal situations. 'Sie' can refer to one or more people.
Personal pronouns replace the nouns in a sentence. The sentence is thereby made shorter, and
repetitions of the nouns are avoided. The pronoun must 'agree' with the gender of the noun
which it replaces.
Die Katze ist sehr schn. Sie heit Clara. = The cat is very beautiful. She is called Clara.
Der Schrank ist sehr modern. Er kostet 250 = The cupboard is very modern. It costs 250
EUR. Euros.
Personal pronouns are declined in the dative and accusative.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns denote possession. Forms:
e.g.
Ihr habt Kopfschmerzen. Eure Kpfe tun euch weh. = You have a headache. Your heads hurt.
Demonstrative pronouns
The demonstrative pronoun dieser, diese, dieses this refers to people or things in
close proximity. It is declined in the same way as the definite article.
Das Baby ist krank. Es schreit die ganze Nacht. = The baby is ill. It cries all night.
time
Wie spt ist es? = What time is it?
Es ist 10.50 Uhr. = It is 10:50.
times of day, seasons
Es ist Nachmittag. = It is the afternoon.
Es ist Sommer. = It is summer.
weather
Es regnet. = It is raining.
Es ist kalt. = It is cold.
state of health
Hier kann man gut essen? = Can one eat well here?
Darf man hier rauchen? = Is one allowed to smoke here?
Man soll das noch heute machen. = One should still do that today.
Man muss mehr lernen. = One must learn more.
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