550 Public Discussion Draft

1 550
Public Discussion
2 Draft
3 Code Requirements for the Design of Precast Concrete Diaphragms
4 for Earthquake Motions (ACI 550.XX) and Commentary (ACI 550R.XX)
6 An ACI Standard
8 Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 550
9 Larbi M. Sennour* Lance Osborne

10 Chair Secretary
11
12
13 Suzanne Aultman 29 Kenneth A. Luttrell
14 Roger J. Becker* 30 Vilas S. Mujumdar
15 Te-Lin Chung 31 Clay J. Naito*
16 Ned M. Cleland* 32 Clifford R. Ohlwiler
17 Manuel Conde Fuentes 33 Victor F. Pizano-Thomen
18 Thomas J. DArcy* 34 Charles L. Pizzano
19 William K. Doughty 35 Jose I. Restrepo*
20 Semeh Ibrahim El Ashri 36 Sami H. Rizkalla
21 Alvin C. Ericson 37 Mario E. Rodriguez*
22 Mostafa Mohamed Gad Alla 38 Joseph C. Sanders*
23 Harry A. Gleich 39 James Schroder
24 Neil M. Hawkins*^ 40 John F. Stanton
25 Augusto H. Holmberg 41 P. Jeffrey Wang
26 L. S. Paul Johal 42 Cloyd E. Warnes
27 Jason J. Krohn* 43 Michael H. Weber
28 Emily B. Lorenz
44
45
46 *DiaphragmSubcommitteeMemberswhodevelopedthiscode
47 ^
DiaphragmSubcommitteeChair
48
49 SpecialthankstoS.K.GhoshandS.Nakakifortheircontributionstothisstandard.
50
51
52
53
This draft is not final and is subject to revision. This draft is for Public review and comment.
1
1 This standard describes code requirements for the design of precast concrete diaphragms subject
2 to earthquake motions where used under the design provisions of ASCE/SEI 7-16 12.10.3 and ACI
3 318. The response of precast concrete diaphragms under earthquake motions depends primarily
4 on the strength, stiffness, and deformation capacities of the connectors and the reinforcement at
5 joints between the precast concrete members. The seismic forces specified in ASCE/SEI 7 for the
6 design of precast concrete diaphragms, their chords, and collectors in structures assigned to
7 seismic design category (SDC) C, D, E, or F are tied to force reduction factors specified in
8 ASCE/SEI 7-16 Chapter 12, and to the shear overstrength provided by the connections and the
9 reinforcement at joints specified in ASCE/SEI 7-16, Chapter 14. The shear overstrength depends
10 on the design methodology, elastic or ductile, used for the diaphragm and targets elastic response
11 for the maximum considered earthquake for shear connections regardless of the design option
12 selected The design option that can be used depends on the assigned design category and on the
13 span and aspect ratio of the diaphragm. The selection of the design option is associated with
14 minimum requirements for the tensile deformation capacity of the connections and the
15 reinforcement at joints.
16
17 Keywords: connections; diaphragms; earthquake resistant structures; precast concrete; seismic
18 design.
19
2
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
2 CHAPTER1GENERAL
3 1.1Introduction
4 1.2Scope
5 1.3Structuraldrawings
6 1.4Units
7 CHAPTER2NOTATIONANDDEFINITIONS
8 2.1Notation
9
10 2.2Definitions
11
12 CHAPTER3REFERENCEDSTANDARDS
13
14 CHAPTER4GENERALCONSIDERATIONS
15
16 4.1Generaldesignconsiderations
17
18 4.2Materials
19
20 4.3Minimumthickness
21
22 4.4Tolerances
23
24 CHAPTER5DESIGNFORCES,SEISMICDEMANDLEVELS,ANDANALYSIS
25
26 5.1General
27
28 5.2Diaphragmseismicdesignforce
29
30 5.3Diaphragmseismicdemandlevel
31
32 5.4Diaphragmnominalshearstrength
33
34 5.5Diaphragmmodelingandanalysis
35
36 CHAPTER6DIAPHRAGMDESIGNOPTIONS
3
1 6.1General
2
3 6.2Elasticdesignoption
4
5 6.3Basicdesignoption
6
7 6.4Reduceddesignoption
8
9 CHAPTER7DIAPHRAMCONNECTIONSANDREINFORCEMENTATJOINTS
10
11 7.1General
12
13 7.2Connectionclassifications
14
15 7.3Deformedbarreinforcement
16
17 7.4Specialinspection
18
19 CHAPTER8COMMENTARYREFERENCESANDACRONYMS
20
21 8.1References
22
23 8.2Acronyms
24
25
4
1 CHAPTER 1GENERAL
2 1.1Introduction
4 1.1.1 Consistent with ACI 318 requirements for analysis, this standard specifies expected
5 performance and design requirements for precast concrete diaphragms subject to earthquake
6 loading. This standard is meant to replace the design procedure for precast concrete diaphragms
7 for structures assigned to SDC C, D, E, or F that was developed and accepted for use by ASCE/SEI
8 7-16 in Section 14.2.4. The procedure described herein and that of ASCE/SEI 7-16 supplement
9 the provisions of Chapter 18 of ACI 318-14 and do not supplant them.
10 1.1.2 The procedure described herein may also be used for precast concrete diaphragms in
11 structures assigned to SDC B.
12
13 R1.1Introduction
14 Precast concrete diaphragms are extensively used for parking structures and residential
15 and commercial buildings. Those diaphragms frequently consist of large precast, prestressed
16 concrete members, such as double tees (DT) or hollow core (HC) members. DT members are
17 connected to one another through discrete mechanical connections or by reinforcement that
18 crosses the joint between members. Industry practice is to use these DT diaphragms in an untopped
19 condition in buildings assigned to SDC A and B and in a topped condition in buildings assigned
20 to SDC C, D, E or F. HC members are primarily used in an untopped condition in buildings
21 assigned to SDC A and B.
22 Design requirements for precast concrete diaphragms are covered by the general
23 provisions of ACI 318. However, unless a precast concrete diaphragm includes a topping that
5
1 meets all the prescriptive requirements for diaphragms in Chapter 18 of ACI 318-14, the precast
2 concrete diaphragm cannot be designed directly using that chapter. For DT diaphragms made
3 composite with a topping or without a topping, structural integrity and force transfer within the
4 diaphragm are provided by the discrete web and chord connections that join the individual precast
5 concrete members. If a precast concrete diaphragm made composite with a topping or without a
6 topping is to provide a structural system with an earthquake loading performance equal to or
7 exceeding that of a comparable cast-in-place concrete diaphragm, accurate knowledge on the
8 strength, stiffness, and deformability of the individual connections used in the diaphragm is
9 needed. Results from tests on individual connections in accordance with ACI Standard 550.X-XX
10 are needed to obtain the information on stiffness, shear strength, tensile strength, and tensile
11 deformation capacity required for the design of connections and reinforcement at joints for precast
12 concrete diaphragms satisfying the lateral load performance requirements of this standard,
13 Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16, and Chapter 18 of ACI 318-14.
14 Post-earthquake reconnaissance following the 1994 Northridge earthquake (Iverson and
15 Hawkins 1994) revealed that when precast concrete diaphragms with topping of 3 in. or less were
16 subjected to significant earthquake motions, the topping was likely to crack along the edges of the
17 precast concrete members. Consequently, reinforcement crossing the edges was susceptible to
18 damage and the degree of susceptibility increased as the aspect ratio for the diaphragm increased
19 and as the larger dimension of the diaphragm between seismic-force-resisting vertical elements
20 increased.
21 Those observations on the behavior of large precast concrete diaphragms resulted in a
22 comprehensive research study (Fleischman 2014) to develop better design models for precast
23 concrete diaphragms and comprehensive studies of the strength and deformation capacity of
6
1 diaphragm connections. In the improved design methodology resulting from that research, the
2 choice of connection type is tied to the tension deformations and shear overstrength needed in the
3 diaphragm to achieve the required design performance. Where connections with limited
4 deformation capacity are used, the earthquake design forces need to be higher than for ductile
5 connections. The choice of the appropriate overstrength that should be used in diaphragm design
6 requires detailed knowledge of the strength and deformation capacities of the diaphragm
7 connections for the differing combinations of force and deformation experienced by the
8 connections.
10 1.2Scope
11 1.2.1 This standard shall apply to precast concrete diaphragms and collectors that are part
12 of the seismic-force-resisting system in structures assigned to SDC C, D, E, or F. This Standard
13 may also be used for the design of the same elements in structures assigned to SDC B.
14 1.2.2 This standard shall apply to precast concrete diaphragms, including (a) through (c):
15 a. Diaphragms that consist of a cast-in-place composite topping slab with a thickness of 3
16 in. or less on precast concrete members
17 b. Diaphragms that comprise precast concrete members with end strips formed by either a
18 cast-in-place composite topping or edge beams
19 c. Diaphragms of interconnected precast concrete members without cast-in-place concrete
20 topping.
21
22 1.3Structural drawings
7
1 Structural drawings for precast concrete diaphragms shall show all features of the members
2 into which the connectors or reinforcement at joints are cast that are essential to the intended
3 seismic performance of the diaphragms and all details of the connections or reinforcement at joints
4 essential for attainment of that intended performance.
5 Essential details shall include:
6 a. The anchorage of the connectors and reinforcement at joints into the precast concrete
7 member
8 b. The procedures and materials by which the connection between connectors in adjacent
9 members shall be made and the tolerances that are acceptable
10 c. Supplemental reinforcement that shall be included in the precast concrete members to
11 ensure that the performance of the member under earthquake loading does not materially
12 affect the measured response of the connections between members
13 d. The methods to be used to ensure composite action, as specified in the design, between
14 topping and precast concrete member
15 e. The connection of the collectors and the adjacent precast concrete members to the vertical
16 elements of the seismic-force-resisting system.
17 f. The quality control and special inspection procedures governing placement of connectors
18 and completion of connections.
19
20 R1.3Structural drawings
21 Reinforcement details in the vicinity of the connectors and the means and procedures by which the
22 connections between the precast concrete members are completed affect the performance of the
8
1 connection. Details should be specified completely, including tolerances, and fully documented on
2 the structural drawings for the diaphragm
4 1.4Units
5 The official version of this standard is in the English language, using inch-pound units, published
6 by the American Concrete Institute.
8 CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
9 2.1Notation
10 AR = diaphragm aspect ratio
11 L = diaphragm span
12 MCER = risk-targeted maximum considered earthquake
13 N = number of stories
14 Rs = diaphragm design force reduction factor
15 aHD = allowable deformation of a high deformability element
16 aMD = allowable deformation of a moderate deformability element
17 v = diaphragm shear overstrength factor
18
19 2.2Definitions
20 ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, ACI
21 Concrete Terminology, http://terminology.concrete.org. Terminology provided herein
22 complement the 2014 Edition of that resource.
23 aspect ratiodiaphragm span-to-depth ratio as defined in 5.3.5.
9
1 connectionregion where two adjacent precast concrete members are joined mechanically,
2 including the bar, weld metal, or mechanical device, that joins the connectors or reinforcement
3 embedded in the precast concrete members.
4 connectorfabricated part embedded in concrete for anchorage and intended to provide a load
5 path across a joint between precast concrete members.
6 design earthquakeearthquake ground motion that is two-thirds of the corresponding MCER
7 ground motion.
8 diaphragmroof, floor, or other membrane or bracing system acting to transfer the earthquake
9 loading to the vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system.
10 diaphragm design options (EDO, BDO, RDO)options implemented for precast concrete
11 diaphragm designed in accordance with this standard.
12 (a) Elastic design option (EDO) targets elastic diaphragm response in the maximum
13 considered earthquake
14 (b) Basic design option (BDO) targets elastic diaphragm response in the design earthquake
15 (c) Reduced design option (RDO) permits limited diaphragm yielding in the design earthquake
16 flexure-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm with a flexural yielding mechanism, which limits the
17 maximum forces that develop in the diaphragm, and having a design shear strength greater than
18 the shear corresponding to the nominal flexural strength.
19 maximum considered earthquake (MCER)most severe earthquake motion considered by the
20 ASCE/SEI 7-16; procedures for determining MCER ground motion values are provided in Section
21 11.4.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.
22 non-linear response history analysis (NRHA) analysis performance in accordance with
23 Section 16.2 of ASCE/SEI 7-16
10
1 reinforcement at jointsreinforcement that crosses joints and is designed to resist shear, axial
2 tensile and compressive forces from bending moments and longitudinal forces, or both.
3 shear-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm that does not meet the requirements of a flexure-
4 controlled diaphragm.
5 span lengthdiaphragm span as defined in 5.3.4.
7 R2.2-Definitions
8 connectionin precast concrete members, an assembly of connectors or reinforcement at joints
9 with linking parts, welds, and anchorage to concrete.
10 connectormechanical device, including any attached reinforcement, embedded in the precast
11 concrete member and used to connect adjacent members.
12 flexure-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm in which the flexural yielding mechanism is typically
13 the yielding of the chord tension reinforcement.
14 shear-controlled diaphragm
15 1) diaphragm that cannot develop a flexural mechanism because of aspect ratio, chord
16 member strength or other constraints. Many precast concrete diaphragms with low aspect
17 ratios are shear-controlled diaphragms.
18 2) diaphragm that is designed to yield in shear rather than in flexure. In some countries,
19 untopped hollow core slabs with cast-in-place boundary elements are intended to be in this
20 category (Elliott et al 1992; Menegotto and Monti, 1996).
21
22
23
11
1 CHAPTER 3REFERENCED STANDARDS
2 American Concrete Institute
3 ACI 117-10 Specifications for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials
4 ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
5 ACI 550.X-XX Qualification of Precast Concrete Diaphragm Connections and Reinforcement at
6 Joints for Earthquake Loading
7 ACI ITG 7-09 Specification for Tolerances for Precast Concrete
9 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
10 ASCE/SEI 7-16 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
11
12 ASTM International
13 ASTM A615/A615M-16 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars
14 for Concrete Reinforcement
15 ASTM A706/A706M-16 Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel
16 Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
17 Authored document
18 Fleischman, R.B., 2014, Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete
19 Diaphragms, Project 08-07 Deliverable, Charles Pankow
20 Foundation, Vancouver, WA, Feb., 545p.
21
22 CHAPTER 4GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
23 4.1General design considerations
12
1 4.1.1 Designs shall consider diaphragm in-plane forces, diaphragm transfer forces,
2 connection forces, column bracing forces, and diaphragm out-of-plane forces as described in
3 12.2.1 of ACI 318-14.
4 4.1.2 Earthquake loading forces for precast concrete diaphragms designed in accordance
5 with this standard shall be determined using Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.
6 4.1.3 The seismic load path for diaphragms shall satisfy the requirements of 18.12.3 of
7 ACI 318-14.
8 4.1.4 Diaphragms shall be designed in two orthogonal directions and consistent with the
9 layout of the vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system to which the earthquake
10 forces of the diaphragm are transferred.
11 4.1.5 Designs shall provide for the transfer of forces at diaphragm discontinuities, such as
12 openings and reentrant corners.
13
14 4.2Materials
15 4.2.1 Design properties for concrete and steel reinforcement shall satisfy 12.2.2 of ACI
16 318-14.
17 4.2.1.1 Material strengths specified for connectors shall be within 10 percent of the
18 strengths used for those connectors in the qualification tests conducted in accordance with ACI
19 550.X.
20 4.2.1.2 Concrete strengths specified for the precast concrete elements of the diaphragm
21 shall be within 25 percent of those used for those elements in the qualification tests conducted in
22 accordance with ACI 550.X.
13
1 4.2.2 The minimum reinforcement ratio and the spacing of reinforcement in topping slabs
2 shall satisfy 18.12.7.1 of ACI 318-14.
3 4.2.3 The stress in tendons used as reinforcement to resist earthquake loading shall satisfy
4 18.12.7.2 and 18.12.7.3 of ACI 318-14.
6 4.3Minimum thickness
7 4.3.1 Diaphragms and diaphragm toppings shall have thickness as required for stability,
8 strength, and stiffness under factored load combinations and shall satisfy 12.3 and 18.12.6 of ACI
9 318-14.
10
11 4.4Tolerances
12 4.4.1 Tolerances for positioning and completion of connections between the precast
13 concrete elements of the diaphragm shall not exceed 1/2 in.
14
15 R4.4.1The tolerances required by 26.6.2 of ACI 318-14 are considered to be the minimum
16 acceptable standard for reinforcement and connectors in precast concrete. Industry standard
17 product and erection tolerances are provided in ACI ITG7-09. Interfacing tolerances for precast
18 concrete with cast-in-place concrete are provided in ACI 117-10. Tolerances specified in 4.4.1
19 for completion of connections are more stringent than those customarily used for precast concrete
20 diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC A and B. However, precast concrete diaphragms for
21 structures assigned to SDC B, and designed in accordance with this standard, need to satisfy 4.4.1.
22
23
24
14
1 CHAPTER 5DESIGN FORCES, SEISMIC DEMAND LEVELS, AND ANALYSIS
2 5.1General
3 Precast concrete diaphragms, their chords, and collectors shall be designed for strength
4 level seismic forces as specified in 5.2.
6 5.2Diaphragm seismic design force
7 5.2.1 Diaphragm seismic design forces for SDC C, D, E, or F shall satisfy(a) or (b):
8 (a) For diaphragms consisting of cast-in-place noncomposite topping slab on precast
9 concrete members forces shall be determined in accordance with Sections 12.10.1 and 12.10.2 or
10 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16, as appropriate.
11 (b) For all precast concrete diaphragms defined in 1.2.2, forces shall be determined in
12 accordance with Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16
13 5.2.2 Chords and collectors of the precast concrete diaphragms defined in 1.2.2 shall be
14 designed in accordance with Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.
15 5.2.3 Precast concrete diaphragms in SDC B shall be permitted to be designed for the
16 seismic force specified in Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.
17 5.2.4 Diaphragms designed in accordance with Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 shall
18 use diaphragm force reduction factors Rs as specified in Table 12.10.3.5-1 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.
19 5.2.5 Values of Rs shall depend on the seismic demand level as specified in 5.3 and the
20 diaphragm design option selected in accordance with Chapter 6.
21
22 5.3Diaphragm seismic demand level
15
1 5.3.1 A diaphragm seismic demand level of low, moderate, or high shall be determined for
2 each diaphragm, based on (a) through (d):
3 (a) SDC assigned to the structure
4 (b) Number of stories in the structure, N
5 (c) Diaphragm span, L, as defined in 5.3.4
6 (d) Diaphragm aspect ratio, AR, as defined in 5.3.5
7 5.3.2 For structures assigned to SDC B or C, the seismic demand level shall be permitted
8 to be designated as low.
9 5.3.3 For structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, the seismic demand level shall be
10 determined in accordance with Fig. 5.3.3 and the following:
11 a. If AR is greater than or equal to 2.5 and the diaphragm seismic demand level is low
12 according to Fig. 5.3.3, the diaphragm seismic demand level shall be changed to
13 moderate.
14 b. If AR is less than 1.5 and the diaphragm seismic demand level is high according to Fig.
15 5.3.3, the diaphragm seismic demand level shall be permitted to be changed to
16 moderate.
17
8
7
High
6
Number of Stories (n)
5
4
3
Moderate
2 Low
1 75 140 190
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Diaphragm Span L (ft)
18
16
1 Fig. 5.3.3Diaphragm seismic demand level.
3 5.3.4 Diaphragm span of a structure, L, shall be the maximum diaphragm span on any floor
4 in the structure in any direction. The diaphragm span in a particular direction on a particular floor
5 level shall be the larger of the maximum distance between two lateral-force-resisting system
6 (LRFS) vertical elements and twice the exterior distance between the outer LFRS vertical element
7 and the building free edge.
8 5.3.5 Diaphragm aspect ratio, AR, shall be the diaphragm span-to-depth ratio using the
9 diaphragm span, L, defined in 5.3.4. The diaphragm depth shall be the diaphragm dimension
10 perpendicular to the diaphragm span between the chord lines for the diaphragm or portion of
11 diaphragm.
12 5.4 Diaphragm nominal shear strength
13 Diaphragms designed in accordance 5.2.4 shall have nominal shear strengths v/ times the in-
14 plane shear strength determined using the seismic design force. The diaphragm shear overstrength
15 factor shall equal to 1.4Rs and the strength reduction factor shall equal 0.75.
16
17 5.5Diaphragm modeling and analysis
18 5.4.1 Modeling and analysis procedures shall satisfy the requirements of Chapter 6 of ACI
19 318-14.
20 5.4.2 Any set of reasonable and consistent assumptions for diaphragm effective stiffness,
21 compatible with the appropriate design option described in Chapter 6, shall be permitted for
22 calculation of diaphragm in-plane deflection.
17
1 5.4.3 Calculation of diaphragm in-plane design moments, shears, and axial forces shall be
2 consistent with requirements of equilibrium, boundary conditions, and the selected design option.
4 R5.2Diaphragm seismic design force
5 The diaphragm seismic design force specified in Section 12.10.1 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 first appeared
6 in the 1985 Uniform Building Code. The force levels specified by the 12.10.1 formula were
7 established by empirical considerations rather than by rational methods of analysis. System
8 performance should theoretically require that diaphragms have sufficient strength and ductility to
9 mobilize the inelastic behavior of the vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. The
10 forces specified by Section 12.10.1 of ASCE/SEI-7-16 do not ensure that behavior (Iverson and
11 Hawkins, 1994).
12 Analytical as well as experimental results from shaking table tests have shown that diaphragm
13 forces over much of the height of a structure in the design level earthquake may, at times during
14 the earthquake, be significantly greater than the forces specified in Section 12.10.1 of ASCE/SEI-
15 7-16, particularly where diaphragm response is near-elastic. Material-specific factors related to
16 overstrength and deformation capacity, and geometry-specific factors, probably account for that
17 behavior. However, for diaphragms that have high aspect ratios and large spans between the
18 vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system, as is the case for many large precast
19 concrete parking decks, the forces specified in Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 better represent
20 anticipated behavior. The forces in Section 12.10.3 present an elastic diaphragm force as the
21 statistical sum of the first and higher mode effects of the structure (Rodriguez et al. 2002). In
22 recognition of the deformation capacity and overstrength of the diaphragm, the elastic design
23 force is reduced by a diaphragm force reduction factor Rs.. The development of the specified Rs
18
1 values is discussed in Section C12.10.3.5 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 and Ghosh et al. 2017. The resultant
2 design force level is not significantly different from the design force level of Section 12.10.1 of
3 ASCE/SEI-7-16 for many practical situations. However, for higher diaphragm aspect ratios and
4 longer diaphragm spans, as is likely in precast concrete parking decks, the design force levels of
5 Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI-7-1 can be significantly greater than those of Section 12.10.1 of
6 ASCE/SEI-7-16. Therefore, the procedures of Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 are required for
7 the determination of design force levels for precast concrete diaphragms in buildings assigned to
8 SDC C, D, E and F (Ghosh 2016).
10 R5.3Diaphragm seismic demand level
11 The global ductility demanded of a diaphragm in an MCER level event depends on the seismic
12 demand level defined in 5.3 and the design option for the diaphragm selected in accordance with
13 Chapter 6. The jointed nature of precast concrete systems results in the load paths and
14 deformations being largely determined by the connections across the joints between precast
15 concrete members. Those connections may consist of either reinforced concrete topping slabs,
16 discrete mechanical connections, or reinforcement at joints. Because the diaphragm tensile and
17 shear strains are largely concentrated at the joints, the connections or reinforcement crossing the
18 joints or the reinforcing in the topping slab must accommodate those strain demands.
19 Figure 5.3.3 is used to determine diaphragm seismic demand level as a function of the diaphragm
20 span and the number of stories. Determination of the span of the diaphragm, as defined in 5.3.4,
21 and its aspect ratio, as defined in 5.3.5, are illustrated in Fig. R5.3.4 for typical diaphragm
22 geometries in buildings with three different lateral-force-resisting systems.
19
1 Most precast concrete diaphragms consist of precast prestressed concrete floor deck members
2 running in only one direction, and typically the maximum span will be oriented perpendicular to
3 the joints between the primary precast concrete deck units. The deformability classifications of
4 Chapter 7 for connections or reinforcement at joints and the Rs factors defined in Table 12.10.3.5-
5 1 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 are calibrated relative to joint opening between the precast concrete floor
6 units, and are thus based on the diaphragm having its larger span oriented in the directions
7 illustrated in Fig. R5.3.4. The characteristics of diaphragms associated with the three seismic
8 demand levels defined in 5.3.3 are as follows:
9 Low seismic demand level:
10 a. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC C and diaphragms in structures assigned to
11 SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span 75 ft, number of stories 3, and diaphragm aspect
12 ratio < 2.5
13
14 Moderate seismic demand level:
15 a. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span 75 ft and
16 number of stories > 3 but 6
17 b. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span > 75 ft but
18 190 ft and number of stories 2
19 c. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span > 75 ft but
20 140 ft and number of stories > 2 but 4
21 d. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span 75 ft,
22 number of stories 3, and diaphragm aspect ratio 2.5
20
1 e. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F, categorized as high seismic
2 demand level in accordance with Fig. 5.3.3, and with diaphragm aspect ratio 1.5
4 High seismic demand level:
5 1. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span > 190 ft
6 2. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span > 140 ft and
7 number of stories > 2
8 3. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with diaphragm span > 75 ft and
9 number of stories > 4
10 4. Diaphragms in structures assigned to SDC D, E, or F with number of stories > 6.
11
21
1
2 Fig. R5.3.4 Typical precast concrete diaphragm layouts.
4 R5.4 Diaphragm nominal shear strength
5 The diaphragm shear overstrength factor, v, is applied in the design of diaphragm shear
6 reinforcement and connections crossing joints. The purpose of this factor is to keep the diaphragm
7 shear response elastic while the diaphragm develops inelastic flexural action, as is anticipated for
22
1 the basic design option (BDO) in the MCER, and for the reduced design option (RDO) in both the
2 design earthquake and the MCER. No inelastic diaphragm response is anticipated for the elastic
3 design option (EDO).
4 The value of the diaphragm shear overstrength factor is v = 1.4Rs and values for Rs are specified
5 in 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16. The values of the diaphragm design force reduction factor, Rs, are
6 0.7, 1.0, and 1.4 for the EDO, BDO, and RDO, respectively. This translates into diaphragm shear
7 overstrength factors v of 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0 (rounded to one decimal place) for the EDO, BDO,
8 and RDO, respectively.
9 The diaphragm shear overstrength factor, v, is applied to the diaphragm design forces, and
10 therefore requires an increase in the shear strength of the diaphragm relative to its flexural
11 strength. As implied by the foregoing v values, the level of overstrength required relative to the
12 diaphragm flexural strength varies with the design option. The RDO requires a higher
13 overstrength than the BDO due to the larger anticipated inelastic action. For the EDO, no
14 overstrength is required because the diaphragm design force itself targets elastic behavior in the
15 MCER. The nominal shear strength required for the diaphragm in all three design options is
16 constant, regardless of design option, because the parameter Rs in the overstrength factor is
17 cancelled out by the Rs in the denominator of the diaphragm design force expression given in
18 Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.The diaphragm design force at level x, Fpx, equals Cpxwpx/Rs or
19 Fix/Rs, where Fix is the inertial horizontal force at level x defined as the product of the mass wpx
20 tributary to the diaphragm at level x and the peak horizontal floor acceleration at that level, Cpx.
21 The shear strength required in the design procedure would be v Fpx, and considering v = 1.4Rs,
22 leads to vFpx = 1.4 Fix, which shows that the shear strength required in the design procedure is
23 constant, regardless of design option.
23
1 The v values represent upper bound constant values (for each diaphragm design option) of
2 parametric expressions developed for the required shear overstrength on the basis of detailed
3 parametric studies ( Fleischman, 2014) performed using the nonlinear response history analysis
4 (NRHA) of Section 16.2 of ASCE/SEI 7-16 and analytical models of precast concrete structures
5 developed and calibrated on the basis of large-scale physical testing (Fleischman, 2014, Zhang et
6 al, 2011) These precast concrete structures were subjected to spectrum-compatible ground
7 motions scaled to the MCER to determine the required shear overstrength factors.
8 Precast concrete diaphragms can be designed and detailed for a ductile flexural response that
9 enables the redistribution of internal forces. However, to achieve ductile flexural response,
10 potentially nonductile shear limit states have to be precluded. To prevent these shear failures,
11 elastic shear response is targeted in the design procedure for both flexure-controlled and shear-
12 controlled systems.
13 The shear factor values were obtained by bounding the maximum shear force Vmax occurring in
14 NRHA of the diaphragm at the critical shear joint as the diaphragm developed a flexural
15 mechanism (in other regions of the floor) at the MCER level hazard, and scaling it by the design
16 shear or required shear strength, Vu. Accordingly:
17 a. The diaphragm shear factor for the EDO, is unity (v = 1.0 1.4Rs, where Rs = 0.7 for
18 EDO) because elastic diaphragm response is expected in the MCER for EDO.
19 b. The diaphragm shear amplification factor for the BDO, is taken as an upper bound on
20 the Vmax/Vu ratio for the BDO design under the MCER level hazard.
21 c. The diaphragm shear amplification factor for the RDO, is taken as an upper bound on
22 the Vmax/Vu ratio for the RDO design under the MCER level hazard.
24
1 Figure R5.3.5 shows a scatter plot of the Vmax/Vu ratios from NRHA for different numbers of stories
2 n and diaphragm AR at the maximum considered earthquake. Solid symbols are results where the
3 vertical elements of the lateral-force-resisting system are walls and open symbols are results
4 where those elements are frames. The data represent the mean of the maximum responses from
5 five ground motions. The expression provided for v, v = 1.4Rs, is plotted as a horizontal broken
6 line on each plot, indicating that the expression provides a constant upper bound for the
7 anticipated required elastic shear forces for all design cases.
1.8 D BDO
n=2
1.7 n=4
1.6 n=6
1.5 v=1.4Rs
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
AR
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
9
10 (a)
2.6 R RDO n=2

2.4 n=4
2.2 v=1.4Rs n=6
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
AR
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
11
12 (b)
25
1 Fig. R5.3.5 Diaphragm shear amplification factor from NRHA at MCER: (a) BDO; and (b) RDO.
3 The diaphragm design force reduction factors, Rs, for precast concrete diaphragms are
4 specifically tied to design and detailing requirements, so that the ductility and overstrength
5 necessary for expected diaphragm performance are achieved. Chapters 6 and 7 are based on the
6 diaphragm seismic design methodology (DSDM), the product of a multi-university research
7 project Fleischman 2014), and give detailing requirements for diaphragms constructed of precast
8 concrete members in SDC C, D, E, or F, consistent with the Rs factors. These detailing
9 requirements are in addition to those of ACI 318. The derivation of diaphragm design force
10 reduction factors is described in the Commentaries to Chapters 6 and 7.
11
12 CHAPTER 6DIAPHRAGM DESIGN OPTIONS
13 6.1General
14 A diaphragm design option shall be assigned for a given structure. The option shall be
15 based on the lowest classification of the deformability of the connection or reinforcement at joints,
16 as defined in Chapter 7.
17
18 6.2Elastic design option
19 Any deformability classification of connection or reinforcement at joints is permitted to be
20 used with the elastic design option (EDO) and therefore such use is permitted for:
21 a. Low seismic demand level
22 b. Moderate seismic demand level, provided the diaphragm design force is increased 15
23 percent
26
1
2 6.3Basic design option
3 Either moderate deformability elements (MDE) or high deformability elements (HDE) shall
4 be used with the basic design option (BDO) and therefore such use is permitted for:
5 a. Low seismic demand level
6 b. Moderate seismic demand level
7 c. High seismic demand level, provided the diaphragm design force is increased 15 percent
9 6.4Reduced design option
10 High deformability elements (HDE) shall be used with the reduced design option (RDO)
11 and therefore such use is permitted for all seismic demand levels.
12
13 R6.1Diaphragm design options.
14 The intent of the design procedure is to provide the diaphragm with the proper combination of
15 strength and deformation capacity to survive anticipated seismic events. Three different design
16 options are provided to the designer to accomplish this objective, ranging from a fully elastic
17 diaphragm design under the MCER to designs that permit significant inelastic deformations in the
18 diaphragm under the design earthquake. The motivation for this approach is the recognition that,
19 under certain conditions, a precast concrete diaphragm designed to remain fully elastic up to the
20 MCER may not be economical or reliable. Under other conditions, however, a diaphragm designed
21 to remain elastic up to the MCER will perform satisfactorily and may be the most desirable.
22 The methodology allows the three design options related to deformation capacity as follows:
27
1 1. An EDO, where the diaphragm is designed to the highest force levels, calibrated to keep
2 the diaphragm elastic not only for the design earthquake, but also in an MCER. In exchange
3 for the higher design force, this option permits the designer to detail the diaphragm with
4 low-deformability connections or reinforcement at joints (LDE) that need not meet any
5 specific deformation capacity requirements.
6 This option is limited in its use. The three diaphragm seismic demand levels, (low,
7 moderate and high), defined in 5.3 limit the design option that can be used based on
8 building height, diaphragm geometry, and seismic hazard level. The use of the EDO is not
9 permitted where the diaphragm has a high seismic demand level.
10 2. A BDO, in which the diaphragm is designed to a force level calibrated to keep the
11 diaphragm elastic in the design earthquake, but not necessarily in the MCER. The design
12 force level is lower than that required for the EDO, but this option requires moderate-
13 deformability connections or reinforcement at joints (MDE), or better, that have inelastic
14 deformation capacities sufficient for the anticipated deformation demands in an MCER.
15 This option and the RDO require the use of a diaphragm shear overstrength factor, v, to
16 assure that a nonductile shear failure does not occur prior to the connections or
17 reinforcement at joints reaching their intended inelastic deformation. The inelastic
18 deformation is associated with joint opening due to diaphragm flexure and not joint sliding
19 deformation due to shear.
20 3. An RDO, in which the diaphragm is designed for the lowest design force level.
21 Because the design force level is lower in the RDO than in the BDO, yielding in the
22 diaphragm is anticipated in the design earthquake. The Rs values that determine the seismic
23 design force levels have been calibrated so that diaphragm inelastic deformation demands
28
1 in an MCER are about 2/3rds of the deformation capacity of 0.6 in. specified in 7.2.3 for
2 high deformability elements (HDE).
3 Each design option can be used with its associated seismic demand level or a lower seismic
4 demand level. A 15 percent diaphragm seismic design force increase is applied when a diaphragm
5 design option is used for a seismic demand level that is one higher than its associated seismic
6 demand level and use of the EDO is not permitted for a high seismic demand level diaphragm.
7 There may be different types or details of connections used within a precast concrete diaphragm.
8 The diaphragm design option used must be based on the connection with the least deformability
9 classification.
10 The BDO has two performance targets: (1) elastic diaphragm response in the design earthquake;
11 and (2) diaphragm connection and reinforcement at joint deformation demands (that is, joint
12 opening) in the MCER within the allowable deformation capacity aMD of connection or
13 reinforcement at joints in the MDE category. The diaphragm design force levels for the BDO are
14 aligned with the first performance target. Attainment of the second performance target hinges on
15 the selection of the value for aMD relative to the diaphragm inelastic deformation demands
16 anticipated for the MCER. These anticipated deformation demands were established through
17 nonlinear response history analysis (NRHA) of precast concrete structures with diaphragms
18 designed to the BDO force levels, and subjected to spectrum-compatible ground motions scaled to
19 the MCER.
20 Practical considerations affected the selection of aMD. The allowable deformation of HDE, aHD,
21 required for the RDO was established based on the best performing precast concrete diaphragm
22 connections available at the time this standard was developed (Ren and Naito, 2013). The best
23 performing connections in the database achieved a maximum dependable deformation of 0.6 in.
29
1 Therefore, the maximum deformation demand, based on subsequent studies, (Zhang et al., 2011
2 and Fleischman, 2014), was set at 0.4 in. and therefore two-thirds of the 0.6 in. value. Because
3 LDEs did not have a deformation requirement, the MDE allowable deformation demand value
4 should reside somewhere near half the HDE value, or aMD = 0.2 in.
5 The NRHA results for the MCER are shown in Fig. R6.3. These results show that aMD = 0.2 in.
6 was an appropriate and viable choice for the MDEs used in the BDO, provided the diaphragms
7 were in the moderate seismic demand level (solid triangular markers in Fig. R6.3), or in the low
8 seismic demand level (solid circular markers in Fig. R6.3). However, this value did not produce
9 compliant designs for diaphragms in the high seismic demand level (solid square markers in Fig.
10 R6.3), and thus some measure was required to bring the design procedure into conformance.
11 A choice existed in how to modify the design procedure to resolve this nonconformance to the
12 design target:
13 a.The allowable deformation ranges for the diaphragm connections and reinforcement at
14 joints could be modified, that is, a more stringent qualification deformation requirement for
15 MDE, leading to an increase in aMD.
16 b.The diaphragm seismic design forces for all three design options could be increased and
17 therefore the design earthquake performance target for elastic diaphragm response changed
18 from the diaphragm yield point itself to a lower value within the diaphragm elastic range.
19 c. Create a special requirement for the nonconforming diaphragm case, that is, increase the
20 diaphragm forces only for nonconforming cases.
21 Choice a did not align well with the typical deformation capacities of the then existing
22 connections, and would not produce evenly-sized deformation ranges for the LDE, MDE, and HDE
23 classifications. Choice b not only produced overly conservative designs for many cases, but
30
1 also blurred the clean BDO performance target of elastic diaphragm response in the design
2 earthquake. For these reasons, Choice c was considered the most desirable.
3 Thus, rather than increase the value of aMD to accommodate the diaphragms in the high seismic
4 demand level, it was decided to keep aMD = 0.2 in. and create a special requirement for
5 conformance in the case of diaphragms in the high seismic demand level. Each design option was
6 developed with an associated diaphragm seismic demand level and performance in mind. Where
7 nonconformance did not occur at the associated seismic design level, that is, the moderate seismic
8 demand level, but instead at the high seismic demand level, a special requirement was considered
9 of using the seismic diaphragm design force associated with the more demanding seismic demand
10 level.
11 The special requirement was an increase in the design force for the nonconforming case. The
12 magnitude of the design force increase is 15 percent. The manner in which this value was
13 established is also shown in Fig. R6.3. As mentioned previously, the solid square markers indicate
14 the maximum diaphragm connection and reinforcement at joints deformation demand (joint
15 opening demand) for the BDO for high diaphragm seismic demand levels and indicate demands
16 greater than aMD = 0.2 in. The hollow square markers indicate the maximum diaphragm
17 connection and reinforcement at joints deformation for these same cases with the 15 percent
18 increase in diaphragm force. This design force increase is seen to bring the deformation demand
19 within the allowable limit. The same design force increase is enforced in 6.2 for use of the EDO
20 with the moderate seismic demand level, though this provision was not based on any quantitative
21 analytical results.
22
31
0.3 increase design
strength by 15%
0.2
High
(in)
Moderate
Low
0.1
n=6
n=4
n=2 Length (ft)
0
0 100 200 300
1
2 Fig. R6.3Diaphragm maximum joint opening in NRHA for BDO designs under the MCER.
4
5 CHAPTER 7DIAPHRAGM CONNECTIONS AND REINFORCEMENT AT JOINTS
6 7.1General
7 7.1.1 Precast concrete diaphragm connections and reinforcement at joints shall be assigned
8 to a deformability classification based on reverse cyclic tension tests conducted in accordance with
9 ACI 550.X.
10 7.1.2 Precast concrete diaphragm connections or reinforcement at joints shall be classified
11 as low, moderate, or high deformability elements in accordance with Table 7.1.2.
12
13 Table 7.1.2 Connection Deformability Classification
Element Deformability Deformability Based on ACI 550.X Testing
Low Less than 0.3 in
Moderate Between 0.3 in and less than 0.6 in.
High 0.6 in. and greater
14
15
16 7.2Connection classifications
32
1 7.2.1 Low deformability element (LDE) Connections or reinforcement at joints used in
2 precast concrete diaphragms with tension deformation capacity, as determined by the testing
3 required by 7.1.1, less than 0.3 in.
4 7.2.2 Moderate deformability element (MDE) Connections or reinforcement at joints
5 used in precast concrete diaphragms with tension deformation capacity, as determined by the
6 testing required by 7.1.1, greater than or equal to 0.3 in. but less than 0.6 in.
7 7.2.3 High deformability element (HDE)Connections or reinforcement at joints used in
8 precast concrete diaphragms with tension deformation capacity, as determined by the testing
9 required by 7.1.1, greater than or equal to 0.6 in.
10
11 7.3Deformed bar reinforcement
12 Deformed bar reinforcement (ASTM A615/A615M or ASTM A706/A706M) positioned
13 as chord reinforcement within cast-in-place concrete topping or cast-in-place concrete pour strips
14 and satisfying the cover, lap, and development requirements of ACI 318-14 shall be deemed to
15 qualify as high deformability elements (HDEs). Reduction of development length for excess
16 reinforcement in accordance with 25.4.10 of ACI 318-14 is not permitted.
17
18 7.4Special inspection
19 For precast concrete diaphragm connections or reinforcement at joints classified as high
20 deformability elements (HDE), installation of the embedded parts and completion of the continuity
21 of reinforcement across joints, and completion of connections in the field, shall be subject to
22 continuous special inspection as defined in the general building code. Specialinspectionshallapply
33
1 forallconnectionsthatuseHDEelementswhicharerelieduponfordiaphragmseismicperformancein
2 structuresassignedtoSDCC,D,EandF.
4 R7Diaphragm connections and reinforcement at joints
5 R7.1General
6 The precast concrete diaphragm seismic design methodology (DSDM) uses an approach
7 that requires knowledge of the diaphragm connection or reinforcement stiffness, deformation
8 capacity, and strength to effectively and efficiently design the diaphragm system for seismic forces.
9 To meet this need, it is critical that the connection or reinforcement properties be determined in a
10 repeatable, reproducible, and consistent manner so that existing and new connections can be used
11 effectively in the diaphragm system. The qualification protocol in ACI 550.X provides an
12 experimental approach for the determination of connection or reinforcement properties. The
13 testing establishes the strength, stiffness, and deformation capacity of the connections and
14 reinforcement at joints under in-plane shear and in-plane tension. As a minimum, in-plane
15 monotonic and cyclic tension tests are conducted. If shear performance characteristics are
16 desired, monotonic and reverse cyclic shear tests need to also be performed for determination of
17 the effective yield displacement in shear. However, shear performance characteristics do not
18 affect the connection classifications of 7.2.
19
20 Precast concrete diaphragms deform mostly by the strains that occur at the joints between the
21 precast concrete members. The requirements for reinforcement or connection deformability come
22 from the need for the connections to accommodate these strains at the joints. A connection is an
23 assembly of connectors including the linking parts, welds, and anchorage to concrete. Mechanical
34
1 connectors are identified as the primary parts that make the connection, but the deformation
2 capacity identified with the connection represents the performance of the entire link across the
3 joint. Qualification of the deformation capacity of the connection, then, is dependent on the details
4 of the entire load path across the joint. The use in design of a connector qualified by testing is only
5 valid when the design incorporates the complete connection detailing, as tested.
7 R7.2Connection classifications
8 The diaphragm reinforcement classifications are high deformability elements (HDE), moderate
9 deformability elements (MDE), and low deformability elements (LDE). The threshold values of
10 tension deformation capacity for each connection or reinforcement class were selected by
11 considering the range of the ultimate (cyclic tension opening) deformations exhibited by the
12 various precast concrete diaphragm connections examined in the diaphragm seismic design
13 methodology (DSDM) experimental program (Ren and Naito 2013). Based on these results, a
14 threshold deformation of 0.6 in. was selected for HDE connections or reinforcement at joints and
15 0.3 in. for MDE connections or reinforcement at joints. There is no deformation requirement for
16 LDE connections or reinforcement at joints.
17 A factor of safety of 1.5 was introduced into the design procedure by establishing for each of the
18 three design options of Chapter 6 maximum joint opening demands at two-thirds of the
19 connections limiting deformation capacity as determined by testing in accordance with ACI
20 550.X. The two-thirds factor leads to maximum allowable deformations of 0.4 in. and 0.2 in. for
21 the HDE and the MDE, respectively. No deformation capacity requirement is needed for the LDE
22 because this classification of connection or reinforcement at joints is used with designs that result
35
1 in fully elastic diaphragm response up to the MCER. The allowable joint openings were used as
2 targets in the analytical parametric studies to calibrate the design factors.
3 The diaphragm connection or reinforcement at joints classification is based on inelastic
4 deformation associated with joint opening due to diaphragm flexure and not joint sliding
5 deformation due to shear. Other reinforcement associated with collectors and anchorages,
6 secondary connections to spandrels, and similar connections, may have different requirements
7 imposed on them by the deformations of the diaphragm. Those differences should be considered
8 in determining the required deformability for those connections.
9 In meeting the required deformation capacity using the testing protocols in the qualification
10 procedure given in ACI 550.X, the required cumulative inelastic deformation capacity is also met.
11
12 R7.4Special inspection
13 The purpose of this requirement is to verify that the detailing required for high deformability
14 elements (HDEs) is properly executed through inspection by personnel who are qualified to inspect
15 these elements. Qualifications of inspectors should be acceptable to the licensed design
16 professional and to the jurisdiction enforcing the general building code
17
18 CHAPTER 8COMMENTARY REFERENCES AND ACRONYMS
19 8.1 - References
20 Elliott, K. S., Davies, G. and Omar, W., 1992, Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of
21 Precast Concrete Hollow-Cored Slabs Used as Horizontal Floor Diaphragms The Structural
22 Engineer, V. 70, No. 10, May pp. 175-187.
36
1 Fleischman, R.B., 2014 Seismic Design Methodology Document for Precast Concrete
2 Diaphragms, Project 08-07 Deliverable, Charles Pankow Foundation, Vancouver, WA, Feb., 545
3 p.
4 Ghosh, S. K., 2016, Alternative Diaphragm Seismic Design Force Level of ASCE 7-16,
5 Structure Magazine, Mar., pp. 18-22.
6 Ghosh, S.K., Cleland, N.M., and Naito, C.J., 2017, Seismic Design of Precast Concrete
7 Diaphragms, NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No.13, NIST GCR 17-917-47, National
8 Institute of Standards and Technology.
9 Iverson, J. K., and Hawkins, N. M., 1994, Performance of Precast Prestressed Concrete Building
10 Structures During Northridge Earthquake, PCI Journal, V. 39. No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 38-55.
11 Menegotto, M. and Marti, G,, 1996 Diaphragm Action of Precast Floors: Behavior and
12 Modeling, Eleventh World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No.768, Elsevier
13 Science Ltd.
14 Ren, R., and Naito, C. J., 2013. Precast Concrete Diaphragm Connector Performance Database,
15 Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 139, No. 1, Jan., pp. 15-27.
16 Rodriguez, M.; Restrepo, J. I.; and Carr, A. J., 2002 Earthquake Induced Floor Horizontal
17 Accelerations in Buildings, Earthquake EngineeringStructural Dynamics, V. 31, pp. 693-718.
18 Schoettler, M.J., Belleri, A., Zhang, D., Restrepo, J., and Fleischman, R.B., 2009 Preliminary
19 Results of the Shake-Table Testing for Development of a Diaphragm Seismic Design
20 Methodology, PCI Journal, V.54, No.1, pp.100-124.
21 Zhang, D., Fleischman, R.B., Naito, C.J., and Ren, R., 2011 Experimental Evaluation of
22 Pretopped Precast Diaphragm Critical Flexure Joint under Seismic Demands, Journal of the
23 Structural Division, ASCE, Vol. 137, No.10, October, pp.1063-1074.
37
1
2 8.2 - Acronyms
3 AR Aspect Ratio
4 BDO Basic Design Option
5 DSDM Diaphragm Seismic Design Methodology
6 DT Double-Tee
7 EDO Elastic Design Option
8 HC Hollow Core
9 HDE High Deformability Element
10 LDE Low Deformability Element
11 MCER Risk-Targeted Maximum Considered Earthquake
12 MDE Moderate Deformability Element
13 NRHA Nonlinear Response History Analysis
14 RDO Reduced Design Option
15 SDC Seismic Design Category
16
38

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1 550

4 for Earthquake Motions (ACI 550.XX) and Commentary (ACI 550R.XX)

8 Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 550

9 Larbi M. Sennour* Lance Osborne

17 Keywords: connections; diaphragms; earthquake resistant structures; precast concrete; seismic

9 the provisions of Chapter 18 of ACI 318-14 and do not supplant them.

11 structures assigned to SDC B.

17 connected to one another through discrete mechanical connections or by reinforcement that

20 to SDC C, D, E or F. HC members are primarily used in an untopped condition in buildings

21 assigned to SDC A and B.

6 topping is to provide a structural system with an earthquake loading performance equal to or

7 exceeding that of a comparable cast-in-place concrete diaphragm, accurate knowledge on the

13 Section 12.10.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16, and Chapter 18 of ACI 318-14.

14 Post-earthquake reconnaissance following the 1994 Northridge earthquake (Iverson and

21 Those observations on the behavior of large precast concrete diaphragms resulted in a

12 of the seismic-force-resisting system in structures assigned to SDC C, D, E, or F. This Standard

15 a. Diaphragms that consist of a cast-in-place composite topping slab with a thickness of 3

16 in. or less on precast concrete members

18 cast-in-place composite topping or edge beams

19 c. Diaphragms of interconnected precast concrete members without cast-in-place concrete

4 essential for attainment of that intended performance.

5 Essential details shall include:

9 members shall be made and the tolerances that are acceptable

10 c. Supplemental reinforcement that shall be included in the precast concrete members to

12 affect the measured response of the connections between members

14 topping and precast concrete member

16 elements of the seismic-force-resisting system.

18 and completion of connections.

2 the structural drawings for the diaphragm

6 by the American Concrete Institute.

8 CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS

10 AR = diaphragm aspect ratio

12 MCER = risk-targeted maximum considered earthquake

14 Rs = diaphragm design force reduction factor

15 aHD = allowable deformation of a high deformability element

16 aMD = allowable deformation of a moderate deformability element

17 v = diaphragm shear overstrength factor

20 ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, ACI

21 Concrete Terminology, http://terminology.concrete.org. Terminology provided herein

22 complement the 2014 Edition of that resource.

23 aspect ratiodiaphragm span-to-depth ratio as defined in 5.3.5.

3 embedded in the precast concrete members.

5 path across a joint between precast concrete members.

6 design earthquakeearthquake ground motion that is two-thirds of the corresponding MCER

9 loading to the vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting system.

11 diaphragm designed in accordance with this standard.

16 flexure-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm with a flexural yielding mechanism, which limits the

18 the shear corresponding to the nominal flexural strength.

19 maximum considered earthquake (MCER)most severe earthquake motion considered by the

21 11.4.3 of ASCE/SEI 7-16.

22 non-linear response history analysis (NRHA) analysis performance in accordance with

23 Section 16.2 of ASCE/SEI 7-16

3 shear-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm that does not meet the requirements of a flexure-

5 span lengthdiaphragm span as defined in 5.3.4.

8 connectionin precast concrete members, an assembly of connectors or reinforcement at joints

9 with linking parts, welds, and anchorage to concrete.

10 connectormechanical device, including any attached reinforcement, embedded in the precast

11 concrete member and used to connect adjacent members.

12 flexure-controlled diaphragmdiaphragm in which the flexural yielding mechanism is typically

13 the yielding of the chord tension reinforcement.

17 ratios are shear-controlled diaphragms.

20 category (Elliott et al 1992; Menegotto and Monti, 1996).

2 American Concrete Institute

5 ACI 550.X-XX Qualification of Precast Concrete Diaphragm Connections and Reinforcement at