Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cretaceous Period
14566million years ago
Pre O S D C P T J K PN
g
c. 30 vol%[1][2]
Mean atmospheric O2 content over period duration
(150% of modern level
c. 1700 ppm [3]
Mean atmospheric CO2 content over period duration
(6 times pre-industrial level)
c. 18C [4]
Mean surface temperature over period duration
(4C above modern level)
Paleogene
-70 Maastrichtia
n
Campanian
-80 L
a
t
C e Santonian
r Coniacian
-90
Me Turonian
e t Cenomania
-100
sa n
o c
Albian
-110 z
e
oo
i u
E
-120 a Aptian
c s rl
y
Barremian
-130
Hauterivian
Valanginian
-140
Berriasian
Jurassic
An approximate timescale
of key Cretaceous events.
Axis scale: millions of
years ago.
Geology
Research history
Stratigraphic subdivisions
Late Cretaceous
Maastrichtian (66-72.1 MYA)
Early Cretaceous
Rock formations
Climate
The cooling trend of last epoch of the
Jurassic continued into the rst age of the
Cretaceous. There is evidence that
snowfalls were common in the higher
latitudes and the tropics became wetter
than during the Triassic and Jurassic.[16]
Glaciation was however restricted to high-
latitude mountains, though seasonal snow
may have existed farther from the poles.
Rafting by ice of stones into marine
environments occurred during much of the
Cretaceous but evidence of deposition
directly from glaciers is limited to the Early
Cretaceous of the Eromanga Basin in
southern Australia.[17][18]
Life
Terrestrial fauna
Marine fauna
End-Cretaceous extinction
event
References
1. Image:Sauerstoffgehalt-1000mj.svg
2. File:OxygenLevel-1000ma.svg
3. Image:Phanerozoic Carbon Dioxide.png
4. Image:All palaeotemps.png
5. dHalloy, dO., J.-J. (1822). "Observations
sur un essai de carte gologique de la
France, des Pays-Bas, et des contres
voisines" [Observations on a trial
geological map of France, the Low
Countries, and neighboring countries].
Annales des Mines. 7: 353376. From page
373: "La troisime, qui correspond ce
qu'on a dja appel formation de la craie,
sera dsign par le nom de terrain crtac."
(The third, which corresponds to what was
already called the "chalk formation", will be
designated by the name "chalky terrain".)
6. Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
(3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya
Enciklopediya. 1974. vol. 16, p. 50.
7. The term "Cretaceous" rst appeared in
English in: Henry Thomas De La Beche, A
Geological Manual (Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: Carey & Lea, 1832). From
page 35: "Group 4. (Cretaceous) contains
the rocks which in England and the North of
France are characterized by chalk in the
upper part, and sands and sandstones in
the lower."
8. Glossary of Geology (3rd ed.).
Washington, D.C.: American Geological
Institute. 1972. p.165.
9. Renne, Paul R.; et al. (2013). "Time scales
of critical events around the Cretaceous-
Paleogene boundary". Science. 339 (6120):
684688. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..684R .
doi:10.1126/science.1230492 .
PMID23393261 .
10. Vennari, Vernica V.; Lescano, Marina;
Naipauer, Maximiliano; Aguirre-Urreta,
Beatriz; Concheyro, Andrea; Schaltegger,
Urs; Armstrong, Richard; Pimentel, Marcio;
Ramos, Victor A. (2014). "New constraints
on the JurassicCretaceous boundary in
the High Andes using high-precision UPb
data" . Gondwana Research. 26: 374385.
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.005 . Retrieved
16 January 2016.
11. Jaramillo, Jessica. "Entrevista al Dr.
Vctor Alberto Ramos, Premio Mxico
Ciencia y Tecnologa 2013" (in Spanish).
Si logramos publicar esos nuevos
resultados, sera el primer paso para
cambiar formalmente la edad del Jursico-
Cretcico. A partir de ah, la Unin
Internacional de la Ciencias Geolgicas y la
Comisin Internacional de Estratigrafa
certicara o no, depende de los resultados,
ese cambio.
12. See Stanley (1999), pp. 481482
13. Dougal Dixon et al., Atlas of Life on
Earth, (New York: Barnes & Noble Books,
2001), p. 215.
14. Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History.
New York: W.H. Freeman and Company,
1999. ISBN0-7167-2882-6 p. 280
15. Stanley, pp. 27981
16. Kazlev, M.Alan. "Palaeos Mesozoic:
Cretaceous: The Berriasian Age" .
Palaeos.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
17. Alley, N. F.; Frakes, L. A. (2003). "First
known Cretaceous glaciation: Livingston
Tillite Member of the Cadnaowie
Formation, South Australia". Australian
Journal of Earth Sciences. 50 (2): 139.
Bibcode:2003AuJES..50..139A .
doi:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2003.00984.x .
18. Frakes, L. A.; Francis, J. E. (1988). "A
guide to Phanerozoic cold polar climates
from high-latitude ice-rafting in the
Cretaceous". Nature. 333 (6173): 547.
Bibcode:1988Natur.333..547F .
doi:10.1038/333547a0 .
19. Nordt, Lee, Stacy Atchley, and Steve
Dworkin. "Terrestrial Evidence for Two
Greenhouse Events in the Latest
Cretaceous." Baylor University, 6 Oct. 2003.
Web. 10 Nov. 2012.
20. Foulger, G.R. (2010). Plates vs. Plumes:
A Geological Controversy . Wiley-Blackwell.
ISBN978-1-4051-6148-0.
21. Stanley, pp. 4802
22. Bornemann, Norris RD; Friedrich, O;
Beckmann, B; Schouten, S; Damst, JS;
Vogel, J; Hofmann, P; Wagner, T (Jan 2008).
"Isotopic evidence for glaciation during the
Cretaceous supergreenhouse". Science.
319 (5860): 18992.
doi:10.1126/science.1148777 .
23. Stanley, pp. 4812
24. "Warmer than a Hot Tub: Atlantic Ocean
Temperatures Much Higher in the Past"
PhysOrg.com. Retrieved 12/3/06.
25. Skinner, Brian J., and Stephen C. Porter.
The Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to
Physical Geology. 3rd ed. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. ISBN0-471-59549-
7. p. 557
26. C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Fern.
Encyclopedia of Earth. National council for
Science and the Environment Archived
November 9, 2011, at the Wayback
Machine.. Washington, DC
27. "Introduction to the Bennettitales" .
University of California Museum of
Paleontology. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
28. Kielan-Jaworowska, Zoa, Richard L.
Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo (2005). Mammals
from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins,
Evolution, and Structure, p. 299
29. Halliday, Thomas John Dixon; Upchurch,
Paul; Goswami, Anjali (29 June 2016).
"Eutherians experienced elevated
evolutionary rates in the immediate
aftermath of the CretaceousPalaeogene
mass extinction" . Proc. R. Soc. B. 283
(1833): 20153026.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026 .
PMID27358361 . Retrieved 18 October
2017 via rspb.RoyalSocietyPublishing.org.
30. Wilton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs:
Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy.
Princeton University Press.
ISBN0691150613.
31. "Life of the Cretaceous" .
www.ucmp.Berkeley.edu. Retrieved
18 October 2017.
32. "EVOLUTIONARY/GEOLOGICAL
TIMELINE v1.0" . www.TalkOrigins.org.
Retrieved 18 October 2017.
33. MacLeod, N, Rawson, PF, Forey, PL,
Banner, FT, Boudagher-Fadel, MK, Bown, PR,
Burnett, JA, Chambers, P, Culver, S, Evans,
SE, Jeffery, C, Kaminski, MA, Lord, AR,
Milner, AC, Milner, AR, Morris, N, Owen, E,
Rosen, BR, Smith, AB, Taylor, PD, Urquhart, E
& Young, JR (1997). "The Cretaceous
Tertiary biotic transition" . Journal of the
Geological Society. 154 (2): 265292.
doi:10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265 .
34. Wilf, P; Johnson KR (2004). "Land plant
extinction at the end of the Cretaceous: a
quantitative analysis of the North Dakota
megaoral record". Paleobiology. 30 (3):
347368. doi:10.1666/0094-
8373(2004)030<0347:LPEATE>2.0.CO;2 .
35. Kauffman, E (2004). "Mosasaur
Predation on Upper Cretaceous Nautiloids
and Ammonites from the United States
Pacic Coast" . PALAIOS. Society for
Sedimentary Geology. 19 (1): 96100.
doi:10.1669/0883-
1351(2004)019<0096:MPOUCN>2.0.CO;2 .
Retrieved 17 June 2007.
36. Shehan, P; Hansen, TA (1986). "Detritus
feeding as a buffer to extinction at the end
of the Cretaceous" . Geology. 14 (10): 868
870. Bibcode:1986Geo....14..868S .
doi:10.1130/0091-
7613(1986)14<868:DFAABT>2.0.CO;2 .
Retrieved 4 July 2007.
37. Aberhan, M; Weidemeyer, S; Kieesling,
W; Scasso, RA & Medina, FA (2007). "Faunal
evidence for reduced productivity and
uncoordinated recovery in Southern
Hemisphere CretaceousPaleogene
boundary sections". Geology. 35 (3): 227
230. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..227A .
doi:10.1130/G23197A.1 .
38. Sheehan, PM; Fastovsky, DE (1992).
"Major extinctions of land-dwelling
vertebrates at the CretaceousPaleogene
boundary, eastern Montana" . Geology. 20
(6): 556560.
Bibcode:1992Geo....20..556S .
doi:10.1130/0091-
7613(1992)020<0556:MEOLDV>2.3.CO;2 .
Retrieved 22 June 2007.
Bibliography
Yuichiro Kashiyama; Nanako O. Ogawa;
Junichiro Kuroda; Motoo Shiro; Shinya
Nomoto; Ryuji Tada; Hiroshi Kitazato;
Naohiko Ohkouchi (May 2008).
"Diazotrophic cyanobacteria as the
major photoautotrophs during mid-
Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events:
Nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence
from sedimentary porphyrin" . Organic
Geochemistry. 39 (5): 532549.
doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.11.010 .
Retrieved 2008-05-10.
Neal L Larson, Steven D Jorgensen,
Robert A Farrar and Peter L Larson.
Ammonites and the other Cephalopods
of the Pierre Seaway. Geoscience Press,
1997.
Ogg, Jim; June, 2004, Overview of Global
Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
(GSSP's)
https://web.archive.org/web/20060716
071827/http://www.stratigraphy.org/gss
p.htm Accessed April 30, 2006.
Ovechkina, M.N.; Alekseev, A.S. (2005).
"Quantitative changes of calcareous
nannoora in the Saratov region
(Russian Platform) during the late
Maastrichtian warming event" (PDF).
Journal of Iberian Geology. 31 (1): 149
165. Archived from the original (PDF) on
August 24, 2006.
Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (2002).
History of Insects. Kluwer Academic
Publishers. ISBN1-4020-0026-X.
detailed coverage of various aspects of
the evolutionary history of the insects.
Skinner, Brian J., and Stephen C. Porter.
The Dynamic Earth: An Introduction to
Physical Geology. 3rd ed. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1995. ISBN0-
471-60618-9
Stanley, Steven M. Earth System History.
New York: W.H. Freeman and Company,
1999. ISBN0-7167-2882-6
Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003).
"Palaeoecology and evolution of marine
hard substrate communities". Earth-
Science Reviews. 62: 1103.
Bibcode:2003ESRv...62....1T .
doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9 .
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Cretaceous.
Look up cretaceous in Wiktionary, the
free dictionary.
Preceded
by
Paleozoic Era
Proterozoic
Eon CambrianOrdovicianSilurianDevonianCarbonifero
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Cretaceous&oldid=810360708"