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(i)
(ii)
Water is polar
OR
O atom more negative
OR
H atoms more positive
2.
[3marks]
3.
[5marks]
a. condensation is joining together two amino acids to form a dipeptide;
c. water/H2O is eliminated;
4.
[8marks]
pH:
a. enzymes have an optimal pH/work best at a given pH;
b. activity increases as pH gets closer to optimal pH;
c. extreme pH denatures enzymes;
d. by breaking bonds / changing enzyme shape/structure / active site shape/
structure;
substrate:
e. as substrate concentration increases, activity increases;
f. as substrate concentration increases, the collisions between substrate and
enzyme increase;
g. up to a maximal level of action / reaching a plateau;
h. all active sites are saturated/occupied;
temperature:
i. enzymes have an optimal temperature (where they work most eectively);
j. activity increases as it gets closer to optimal temperature;
k. high temperatures stop enzyme activity due to irreversible changes in
structure / denaturation;
l. by breaking bonds / changing enzyme shape/structure / active site shape/
structure;
Award any of the above points in an annotated graph.
Award up to[8]if all three addressed and[6 max]if only two addressed.
5.
[4marks]
6.
[4marks]
monosaccharides are single sugarsanddisaccharides are two
sugarsandpolysaccharides are multiple sugars;
hydrolysis is the addition of water to split a molecule into smaller fragments;
OH and H are added to the fragments;
disaccharides are split/digested into two single sugars;
polysaccharides are broken/digested into smaller fragments
(e.g.diasaccharides);
process depends on enzyme control (in organisms);
7a.
[2marks]
7b.
[3marks]
8.
[4marks]
a. found in eukaryotes;
b. consists of DNA wrapped around proteins/histones;
c. histones are in an octamer/group of eight;
d. are held together by another histone/protein;
e. in linker region;
f. help to supercoil chromosomes / to facilitate DNA packing;
g. (function is to) regulate transcription / gene expression;
9a.
[1mark]
9b.
[2marks]
DNA fragments/sections (formed) on thelaggingstrand;
because replication must be in the 5' 3' direction;
replication starts repeatedly and moves away from replication fork;
9c.
[1mark]
9d.
[1mark]
a clearly drawn arrow pointing at the free 3' end of the mRNA strand or to
the first free nucleotide on the antisense strand to the left of the mRNA or to
a nucleotide added by the candidate to the left hand end of the mRNA