Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Optics Communications
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optcom

Polarization multiplexed dual-loop optoelectronic oscillator based on

stimulated Brillouin scattering
Xiuyou Han a,n, Liang Ma a, Yuchen Shao a, Qing Ye b, Yiying Gu a, Mingshan Zhao a
a
School of Physics & Optoelectronic Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
b
Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-state Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shanghai 201800, China

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A polarization multiplexed dual-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based on stimulated Brillouin
Received 27 July 2016 scattering (SBS) is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. The narrow bandwidth of
Received in revised form SBS gain spectrum is utilized to implement the phase modulation to intensity modulation conversion
17 August 2016
and select the oscillation mode of the OEO. The polarization multiplexed dual-loop is constructed to
Accepted 31 August 2016
suppress the side modes with Vernier effect. The output frequency of the OEO can be tuned by changing
Available online 8 September 2016
the frequency of the signal or the pump light wave. With the polarization multiplexed dual-loop the side-
Keywords: mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 45 dB is achieved at 10 GHz. The generated oscillation frequency is
Optoelectronic oscillator tuned from 4 GHz to 16 GHz by changing the frequency of the signal light wave. The phase noise de-
Stimulated Brillouin scattering
creases with the power increase of the signal light wave when it is under the threshold of SBS. By
Polarization multiplexed dual-loop
adjusting the polarization state of the light wave, the inuence of the power distribution between the
Phase noise
long loop and the short loop on the phase noise of the OEO is investigated. The results show that more
power in the long loop is helpful to suppress the near end phase noise.
& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction dependence of the SBS effect. In order to overcome the frequency

Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) [1] have attracted great in-
terests for generating microwave signals due to the advantages of
high spectral purity and low phase noise with the numerous po-
tential applications, such as in wireless communications [2], op-
tical signal processing [3], radar [4], and modern instrumentation
[5]. For a conventional OEO, an electrical lter is usually needed to
select the desired oscillation frequency. However, since the elec-
trical lter is hard to be tuned, the tunability of such kind of OEOs
is limited. When the electrical lter is replaced by an optical lter,
the frequency tunability of the OEOs can be realized easily by
changing the wavelength of the laser [6] or the central frequency
of the optical lter [7]. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) can
provide narrow band amplication which has a bandwidth as low
as tens of MHz [8,9]. It can be applied in an OEO to realize both
signal gain and ltering simultaneously [1013].
In [10,11] the light wave from one laser was split to two paths
for the signal and pump light waves, respectively. The output
frequency of the OEO in [11] was tuned within 400 MHz by
changing the wavelength of the laser with the wavelength
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xyhan@dlut.edu.cn (X. Han).
tunable range limitation, two lasers can be utilized as the signal
and pump light waves, respectively, and by changing the wave-
length of the signal laser the output frequency can be tuned in a
large range [12]. Within the narrow bandwidth of the SBS gain,
there are still several oscillation modes of the OEO due to a relative
long ber used to obtain the SBS gain, which degrades the side-
mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the OEO. The dual-loop con-
guration with two optical paths and two photo detectors (PDs)
was constructed to improve the performance of the SBS-based
OEO [13]. However, the dual-loop conguration is relatively
complicated because two PDs are needed. In this paper, a polar-
ization multiplexed dual-loop conguration with a polarization-
beam splitter (PBS) and a polarization-beam combiner (PBC) is
incorporated in the SBS-based OEO. The two loops are directly
combined in the optical domain without adding any active elec-
trical devices. The SMSR of 45 dB is achieved at 10 GHz with the
polarization multiplexed dual-loop. The polarization multiplexed
dual-loop structure was proposed in [14], but the electrical lter
was needed to select the oscillation mode, which cannot be tuned
in a large frequency band. As fa as we know, it is the rst time to
incorporate the polarization multiplexed dual-loop in the SBS-
based OEO. By changing the wavelength of the signal laser, the
generated oscillation frequency is tuned from 4 GHz to 16 GHz.
The power distribution between the long loop and the short loop

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.08.081
0030-4018/& 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 X. Han et al. / Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143
is changed by adjusting the polarization state of the optical signal
into the PBS and its effect on the phase noise improvement of the
OEO is investigated.
2. Operation principle
The schematic of the polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO
based on SBS is shown in Fig. 1. The light wave with the frequency
of fS from the signal laser is sent to a phase modulator, which is
modulated by the feedback electrical signal. The modulated light
wave goes through an isolator (ISO), and into a high nonlinear
ber (HNLF). The pump laser with the frequency of fP is injected in
the HNLF in the opposite direction through an optical circulator
(OC) to provide the SBS gain. The polarization controllers (PC1 and
PC2) are used to ensure the polarization alignment between the
phase-modulated (PM) optical signal and the pump light wave to
obtain the high efciency of SBS. As shown in the spectrum at
point in Fig. 2, the upper sideband of the PM optical signal is
amplied by the SBS gain, which interrupts the amplitude balance
of the PM sidebands. The unbalanced PM signal with the spectrum
shown at point is sent to the PBS via a polarization controller
(PC3), by which the power distribution between the two ortho-
gonal polarization paths can be changed. After two different length
single mode bers (SMF1 and SMF2), which compose the short
loop and the long loop, the two orthogonal polarization un-
balanced PM signals are combined via the PBC and fed to a pho-
todetector (PD). PC4 and PC5 are used in the short loop and long
loop to adjust the polarization directions of the two unbalanced
PM signals along the two principle axes of the PBC, respectively.
The optical to electrical conversion of the two unbalanced PM
signals is conducted independently upon the PD due to their or-
thogonal property. The recovered microwave signals are fed back
to the RF port of the phase modulator after amplication by an
electrical amplier (EA). An electrical coupler is inset between the
EA and the PD to split part of the microwave to be measured by an
electrical spectrum analyzer (ESA). The dual loops are combined in
optical domain and only one PD is needed for the OEO, which
simplies the system structure and avoids the additional phase
noise by other active devices.
When the gain of the circulation loops is larger than the loss,
the oscillation modes fallen in the bandwidth of the SBS gain are
built up. Only the oscillation mode with the frequency of being in
phase both in the short loop and in the long loop can be
Pump
laser
PC1
HNLF
Signal PM
laser
ISO PC2
1 3
EA
ESA
Coupler
PD
Fig. 1. Schematic of the polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO based on SBS.
139
constructed steadily due to the Vernier effect and the side-modes
can be greatly suppressed [15,16].
As shown in the spectrum at point in Fig. 2, the output
frequency fosc of the OEO is determined by the frequency de-
ference between the frequency of signal laser and the one of pump
laser with the relationship of [8]
fosc = fP fB fS (1)
where fB is the Brillouin frequency shift of the HNLF. From Eq. (1) it
can be seen that the output frequency of the OEO can be tuned by
changing the frequency of the signal laser or of the pump laser.
The Q value is a gure of merit inuencing the phase noise of
the OEO [1]. For the polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO, the
optical power distribution between the short loop and the long
loop can be changed by adjusting polarization direction of un-
balanced PM signal to the PBS. According to the Q value denition
of the conventional OEO [1], the Q value of the polarization mul-
tiplexed dual-loop OEO can be expressed as
Q=
(
2fosc L2PL + S 2PS )
( ) (2)
where L, S and PL, Ps are the round-trip time and power in the
long loop and short loop, respectively. () is the power density of
the input noise. Eq. (2) can explain the Q value property of the
polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO with the power distribu-
tion between the two loops [16]. If much power is located in the
long loop, the Q value will be large, say it is near to the Q value of
single long loop OEO and the phase noise can be improved. For the
polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO, it is very exible to dis-
tribute the power in the long loop and the short loop by changing
the polarization state of unbalanced PM signal to the PBS, while
the whole power in the two loops maintains a constant value
without attenuation. It is the advantage compared with the cou-
pler-based dual-loop OEO [13,15].
3. Experiment and results
An experiment based on the conguration shown in Fig. 1 is
performed. A distributed feedback laser diode (DFB-LD, Emcore-
1772, with a linewidth of 380 kHz) and a tunable laser (NKT, DK-
3460, with a linewidth of 0.9 kHz) are used as the pump and signal
lasers, respectively. The light wave from the DFB-LD is modulated
2 Optical path
Electrical path
1
2 3
PC3
4
PBS
6
SMF1 SMF2
PC4 PC5
7
PBC
140 X. Han et al. / Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143
fS-fosc
fS fS+fosc f fP
1 2
45o
fS-fosc
fS fS+fosc f
5 6
Fig. 2. The spectra at different points of the OEO in Fig. 1.
by the feedback electrical signal via a phase modulator (EO Space).
After an ISO the PM signal goes through a 1.1 km HNLF (YOFC, DSF-
G653), where the upper sideband is amplied by the SBS gain
pumped with the DFB-LD propagating in the opposite direction
and the amplitude balance of the PM sidebands is interrupted. The
unbalanced PM signal from Port 3 of the OC enters to the PBS via
PC3. The short loop (SMF1) is constructed by connecting the ber
pigtails of the PBS and PBC directly. The long loop (SMF2) is con-
structed by inserting a 1 km single mode ber between the other
two ber pigtails of the PBS and PBC. PC4 and PC5 are used in the
short loop and long loop to adjust the polarization directions of
the light waves along the two principle axes of the PBC, respec-
tively. The power distribution between the short loop (SMF1) and
the long loop (SMF2) can be changed by adjusting the polarization
direction of the unbalanced PM signal with PC3. The two ortho-
gonal unbalanced PM signals are combined via the PBS and fed to
the PD (Miteq SCMR-10M18G). After being amplied by an EA
(Seekon microwave XK28265080) the recovered microwave sig-
nals are fed back to the RF port of the phase modulator. The
spectrum and phase noise of the generated microwave signal split
through an electrical coupler are measured with the electrical
spectrum analyzer (Agilent E4440A) and the signal source analy-
zer (Agilent E5052B E5053A).
3.1. Side mode suppression and frequency tuning
Firstly, the side mode suppression with the polarization mul-
tiplexed dual-loop is investigated with the pump laser power of
50 mW and the signal laser power of 15 mW. The SBS-based op-
tical lter with bandwidth of tens of MHz selects the oscillation
-20
5dB
-40
Power (dBm)
-60
-80
-100
-120
9.9935 9.9940 9.9945 9.9950
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 3. The measured spectra of the generated microwave signals. (a) Single-loop and (b) dual-loop.
Brillouin gain
spectrum fB
fS-fosc fS-fosc
f fS fS+fosc fP f fS fS+fosc f
3 4
45o 90o
fS-fosc fS-fosc
fS fS+fosc f fS fS+fosc f
7
modes of the OEO avoiding the electrical lter. Due to the HNLF
(1.1 km) for generating SBS gain used in the OEO, there are still
several oscillation modes in the bandwidth of the SBS-based op-
tical lter. Fig. 2(a) shows the measured spectrum (span 2 MHz)
of the single-loop OEO built by disconnecting the short loop and
connecting the long loop only. It can be seen from Fig. 2(a) that
several side modes oscillate near the central frequency and the
side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is 5 dB. When the short loop
and the long loop are both connected, with the Vernier effect, only
the oscillation mode met to the oscillation conditions of both the
short loop and long loop can be excited. Therefore, the side modes
can be suppressed greatly. Fig. 3(b) shows the measured spectrum
(span 2 MHz) of the dual-loop OEO with equal power distribu-
tion in the two loops. It can be seen from Fig. 3(b) that the SMSR of
45 dB around 10 GHz is realized.
As explained in Section 2, the SBS gain amplies the upper
sideband of the PM signal and interrupts the amplitude balance of
sidebands. The phase modulation to intensity modulation con-
version can be done upon the PD. The main oscillation frequency
of the OEO is selected by the SBS-based optical lter. The mea-
sured spectrum with span of 100 MHz of the dual-loop OEO is
shown in Fig. 4(a). It can be seen that the single frequency mi-
crowave signal is generated successfully. The frequency can be
tuned by changing the frequency of signal laser or the pump laser
as expressed in Eq. (1). In the experiment, the frequency of the
signal laser is changed with a step of 8 p.m. and the output mi-
crowave signal of the polarization-multiplexed dual-loop OEO is
measured. During the measurement the electrical coupler is
placed after the EA to get a high power microwave and the results
are shown in Fig. 4(b). It can be seen that the frequency of the
-20
-40 45dB
Power (dBm)
-60
-80
-100
-120
10.0695 10.0700 10.0705 10.0710 10.0715
Frequency (GHz)
 X. Han et al. / Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143 141

20
-20
0

-40 -20
Power (dBm)

Power(dBm)
-60 -40

-80 -60

-80
-100
-100
-120
10.06 10.08 10.10 10.12 10.14 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Frequency (GHz) Frequency(GHz)

Fig. 4. The measured spectra (a) single frequency microwave by SBS based optical lter, (b) frequency tuning of the microwave signal by changing the frequency of the signal
laser.

microwave signal can be tuned from 4 GHz to 16 GHz. The lower
limit of tunable frequency range is conned by the frequency re-
sponse band of the electrical splitter and the upper limit frequency
is conned by the frequency response band of the phase mod-
ulator and PD. The tunable range can be extended further if de-
vices with high frequency response band [13].
3.2. Phase noise
The phase noise is a key performance parameter of the OEO.
We measured and analyzed the phase noise of dual-loop OEO at
different microwave frequencies, different signal laser power and
different power distribution in the two loops.
3.2.1. Phase noise at different microwave frequencies
Firstly, to investigate the effect of the side mode suppression
with the polarization-multiplexed dual-loop, the phase noise of
microwave signal at 10 GHz generated by the dual-loop OEO and
by the single-loop OEO is measured. During the experiment, the
signal laser power is 15 mW and the power distribution in the two
loops for the dual-loop OEO is equal. The single-loop OEO is built
by disconnecting the short loop and connecting the long loop only.
The measured phase noise is shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen from
Fig. 5 that with the frequency offset from 100 Hz to 50 kHz, the
phase noise of single-loop OEO is better than the one of the dual-
loop OEO. This is due to the Q value of dual-loop is between the Q
value of single long loop and the one of single short loop, which
induces that energy storage time of dual-loop is less the one of
single long loop and the phase noise near the zero frequency offset
degrades. With the frequency offset from 50 kHz to 10 MHz, the
phase noise is mainly inuenced by the side modes. With the side
mode suppression by the dual-loop, the phase noise of dual-loop
OEO is much lower than the one of the single-loop OEO. For ex-
ample, at the frequency offset of 80 kHz, the phase noise is
 90.8 dBc/Hz for the dual-loop and  53.9 dBc/Hz for the single-
loop. The improvement of as much as 37 dB is obtained.
Then the phase noise of different frequency microwave signal is
measured. The microwave signals with frequency of 5, 10 and
15 GHz are generated from the dual-loop OEO by changing the
frequency of the signal laser with a wavelength step of 40 p.m. and
the xed power of 15 mW. The measured phase noise of different
frequency microwave signal is shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen from
Fig. 6 that the phase noise is basically equal for the 5, 10 and
15 GHz microwave signal, revealing the independence of the phase
noise on frequency [1].
3.2.2. Phase noise vs. signal laser power
The inuence of signal laser power on the phase noise of the
dual-loop OEO is investigated. The frequency of the microwave
signal is xed at 10 GHz and the pump laser power is 50 mW. The
signal laser power is changed from 10 mW to 35 mW with a step
of 5 mW. The measured phase noise of the microwave signal at
different signal laser power is shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen from
Fig. 7 that the phase noise decreases slightly when the signal laser
power increases, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis

-20 Single-loop -20

5GHz
Phase noise (dBc/Hz)
Phase noise (dBc/Hz)

-40 Dual-loop
-40 10GHz
-60 -60
15GHz
Side modes
-80 -80

-100 -100

-120 -120

-140 -140

100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
Frequency offset (Hz) Frequency offset (Hz)
Fig. 5. The measured phase noise of the dual-loop and single-loop OEOs. Fig. 6. The measured phase noise of different frequency microwave signal.
142 X. Han et al. / Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143

PS 0.551 mW. From Fig. 8 it can be seen that the near end phase
-20 10mW
noise with the frequency offset from 100 Hz to 40 kHz are differ-
Phase noise (dBc/Hz)

15mW
-40 ent for the three cases. When more power is located in the long
20mW
25mW loop, the phase noise (black line) is relatively low; when more
-60
30mW power is located in the short loop, the phase noise (blue line) is
35mW relatively high; when the power located in the two loops is almost
-80 equal (red line), the phase noise is between the above two cases.
As an example, for the frequency offset of 10 kHz, the phase noise
-100
is  94.5 dBc/Hz, 90.5 dBc/Hz and  87.9 dBc/Hz for the three
-120 cases. It can be concluded that if more power is located in the long
loop, it is helpful to depress the near end phase noise at frequency
-140 offset from 100 Hz to 40 kHz, which is consistent with the Q value
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M expressed as Eq. (2).

Frequency offset (Hz)

Fig. 7. The measured phase noise at different signal laser power. 4. Conclusion

In this paper a polarization multiplexed dual-loop OEO based

-20 on SBS is proposed and experimentally investigated. The SMSR of
More power in long loop
45 dB is obtained with the polarization multiplexed dual-loop. The
Phase noise (dBc/Hz)

Equal power in two loop

-40
More power in shot loop
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140
100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M
Frequency offset (Hz)
Fig. 8. The phase noise at different power distribution in the two loops. (For in-
terpretation of the references to color in this gure legend, the reader is referred to
the web version of this article.)
in [13]. However, when the signal laser power reaches to 35 mW
the phase noise with frequency offset lager than 1 MHz increases
greatly. It can be explained that the signal laser power is high
enough that the SBS is excited. The amplied spontaneous emis-
sion (ASE) noise of the SBS propagates along the direction of the
signal laser transmission and adds to the generated microwave
signal, which results in the increase of the far end phase noise at
frequency offset lager than 1 MHz. Therefore, the power of the
signal laser should be lower than the threshold of the SBS in the
real applications. The results are very useful for optimizing the
OEO property.
3.2.3. Phase noise vs. power distribution in the two loops
The dual-loop of the proposed OEO is composed of the polar-
ization multiplexed ber structure, which avoids the use of the
additional PD in the conventional coupler-based dual-loop OEO
[13]. Furthermore, the distributed power between the two loops
can be controlled by changing the polarization state of the un-
balanced PM signal into the PBS. With the pump laser power of
50 mW and the signal laser power of 15 mW, the phase noise of
generated microwave signal of 10 GHz is measured at different
ratio of the power in the long loop to the power in the short loop.
By adjusting PC3, the output power, PL and PS, of the two output
ports of the PBS to the long ber and short ber are measured. The
measured phase noise at three power ratios is shown in Fig. 8.
Three power ratios are 11.65:1 with more power in the long loop
of PL 1.637 mW and PS 0.141 mW, 1.06:1 with almost equal
power in the two loops of PL 0.982 mW and PS 0.923 mW, and
1:4.46 with more power in the short loop of PL 0.1234 mW and
tunable frequency from 4 to 16 GHz of the generated microwave
signal is achieved by changing the frequency of the signal laser.
The inuence of the signal laser power on the phase noise is
studied. The phase noise decreases slightly when the signal laser
power increase. And the signal laser power should be lower than
the threshold of SBS. The effect of the power distribution between
the two loops on the phase noise is also studied. The results show
that more power in the long loop is helpful to depress the near end
phase noise at the frequency offset from 100 Hz to 40 kHz. The
investigation results provide useful reference to improve the per-
100M
formance of the SBS based OEO. The phase noise of the current
experimental results are not as good as the reported OEOs [13,14].
It is mainly due to the devices used in the experimental OEO not
good enough. For example, the relative intensity noise of the laser,
the thermal noise and the shot noise of the photo detector and the
electrical amplier contribute the main noise of the OEO. If these
devices with good noise property are applied, the phase noise of
the proposed OEO can be enhanced greatly.
It is important that the relative frequency drift of the signal and
the pump lasers will cause the Brillouin gain prole to shift in
frequency. For stable oscillation, the relative frequency of the
pump laser and the signal laser must be locked [10]. For the SBS-
based OEO, the amplied spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in-
duced by SBS is the dominant source for the phase noise of far end
[13]. Therefore, the Brillouin gain prole shift in frequency would
impact the phase noise property of the generated microwave
signal. Furthermore, the effective refractive index of the ber in
the OEO loop would uctuate with the environmental parameters,
such as vibration and temperature. It will also cause the oscillation
frequency drifting and deteriorate the long-term frequency stabi-
lity. This problem can be resolved by injection-locking [17] and
phase-locked loop [18], besides the thermal stabilization [19]. In
the further work, we will carry out the improvement of the phase
noise and the long-term frequency stability for the SBS-based OEO
with the polarization multiplexed dual-loop.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by International Science &
Technology Cooperation Program of China under grant
2014DFG32590, the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Pro-
vince under grant 201402002, the Opening Project of Shanghai
Key Laboratory of All Solid-state Laser and Applied Techniques
under grant 2013ADL04 and the Fundamental Research Funds for
 X. Han et al. / Optics Communications 383 (2017) 138143
the Central Universities under grants DUT15ZD231 and
DUT2015TD47.
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