Flow through impulse reaction turbine

blades
velocity diagram
C1 = Jet velocity at outlet from nozzles(fixed)
u = blade velocity
Cr1 = relative velocity at inlet to the blade.
For pure impulse,
DG = K.Cr1 (K = blade vel. coeff.)
final absolute velocity = AG ,

change in velocity impulse force gb

=>
suffered by steam = BG ( (GB) parallel to GB)

expansion of steam in moving baldes results into the

increase in velocity
Increse in outlet Reaction force fg
relative velocity => . (FB) parallel to FG
Resultant (fb) of impulse and reaction force
can be resolved into axial and tangential force.
 Degree of reaction (R)

R=

(hisen )b
R=
(hisen )n +(hisen )b
For impulse , R = 0
For reaction , R = 1
n = efficiency of the fixed blades when
considered as nozzles
(C1)2 _ (C2)2 (C1)2 _ (C2)2
n = 2(hisen )n =
2(hisen )n n
= carry over coefficient.
(Cr2)2 _ (Cr1)2
Assume n is also efficiency of moving blades.

(Cr2)2 _ (Cr1)2 (Cr2)2 _ (Cr1)2

n = 2(hisen )b =
2(hisen )b n
By velocity triangles and some mathematical
manipulations ,

Work done per kg. of steam = u. Cw =
C1
gs = gross stage efficiency

2=
Cr2
gs =

 Parsons Reaction turbine
DOR = 0.5 (parsons RT)
Section of blades is the same in both fixed and
moving rows of blades.
The blades of turbine divided into groups, each
group contains several rows of blades with the
same mean diameter and same blade heights.
Results into:-
a) Increase in specific volume as pre. falls
b) Increase in the heat drop per stage
c) variation in the blade speed ratio from row to
row ( DOR > 0.5)
 In parsons RT, blade section & mean dia of
fixed as well as the moving blades are same
and blade height is prograssively so increased
such that velocity of steam at exit from each
row of blades is uniform throughout the stage,
inlet and outlet vel. Triangles are similar.
 Degree of reaction
For pure impulse, DG = velocity of steam from
moving blades = K.Cr1
Expansion of steam in the moving blades
results into increase in relative vel Cr2 = C1(DF)
Gain in KE in moving blades is,
(Cr2)2 _ K2(Cr1)2 (C1)2 _ (Cr1)2 = K = carryover coefficient
2
=
2 2 ,
n= efficiency of the moving and fixed blades,
(C1)2 _ (Cr1)2
(hisen )b =
2n
Except for the first set of blades, the gain in KE in
each row of fixed blades is,
(C1)2 _(C2)2 (C1)2 _ (Cr1)2
=
2 2 ,
(C1)2 _ (Cr1)2
(hisen )n=
2n
isentropic heat drop in the fixed and moving
blades is same hence R = 0.5
Gross stage efficiency(gs )
 gs is maximum when 2 cos1 2 is
maximum.
d(gs )
for maximum gs , =0
d
= opt = cos1 ,
Putting this in efficiency eqn,
ncos21
(gs)max =
1(121)
Blade efficiency(b)

b =

For , = opt = cos1
2cos21
(b)max =
1+21

Gross stage efficiency vs