HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

---------------------------------------

H Th Lan Anh

NHN MNG VIN THNG THEO

QUAN IM A TC T

Chuyn ngnh: K thut Vin thng

M s: 60.52.02.08

TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI NM 2013
 Lun vn c hon thnh ti:
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: GS.TSKH NGUYN NGC SAN

Phn bin 1:

Phn bin 2:
Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun vn thc s ti
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc: ....... gi ....... ngy ....... thng ....... .. nm ...............

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:

- Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
 1

M U

Qu trnh pht trin mng vin thng khng ng u gia cc vng min,
gia cc quc gia, v s m rng lun i lin vi s pht trin v cng ngh, k
thut. Tuy nhin, nhng cng ngh c khng th b i ngay m cn phi c s
thay th dn dn v c s lai ghp gia cc cng ngh. Nh vy mng li trn
thc t s v cng a dng v tnh cht vt l, c tnh ton hc... Vn t ra l
cn phi nghin cu v tnh n nh, tnh ti u ca mng li . cng l mc
ch ca ti nhn mng vin thng theo quan im a tc t. Vi nh hng
, ti nghin cu v l thuyt a tc t v nghin cu tnh ng dng ca l
thuyt ny vo mng vin thng H Ni. Kt qu nghin cu c chng mc
ha thnh 4 chng nh sau:
Chng I: Tng quan
Chng II: L thuyt a tc t
Chng III: Mng vin thng Vit Nam, mng vin thng H Ni v xu th
pht trin
Chng IV: M t, nh gi tnh ti u mng vin thng H Ni bng mng
a tc t.
Cho em c gi li cm n ti cc thy c trong khoa Sau i Hc quan tm
hng dn v to iu kin thun li cho em, sau em xin chn thnh cm n
thy GS.TSKH Nguyn Ngc San hng dn em hon thnh n ny.
 2

NI DUNG
Chng 1 TNG QUAN
Chng ny gii thiu chung cch m t mt h thng, nhng cch thc
nh gi mt h thng t a ra cc phng php iu khin, ci thin h
thng .
Trong th gii hu ht mi vt th u tn ti trong mt hoc rt nhiu h
thng khc nhau Cc h thng ny c lin kt bi cc phn t m trong
lun vn ny ta gi n l tc t. thit k hay nh gi mt h thng nht thit
ta cn phi chia nh h thng ny thnh cc tc t c th d dng phn tch
c tnh. L thuyt a tc t l l thuyt nghin cu v cch biu din ton hc
mt tc t, lin kt ca cc tc t to thnh mt m hnh ton hc cho mt h
thng bt k m y l cc h thng vin thng. Thc cht y chnh l nghin
cu nhn dng h ng hc v tp trung v cc phng php x l bi ton -c
l-ng tham s m hnh
1.1 Tng quan v nhn dng h ng hc
Nhn dng h thng ng hc -c bit n l mt qu trnh thc nghim
xc nh m hnh ton hc, c kh nng m t nhng tnh cht ct yu ca h
thng t nhng thng tin u vo v u ra ca h.
i vi mt h ng hc khng tn ti m hnh ton hc tho mn tt c cc
tp d liu thng tin ti u vo v u ra ca h. S d nh- vy l v nhn dng h
thng v mt ton hc thuc h cc bi ton ti -u, c nghim c tr-ng bi cu
trc m hnh v tiu ch t-ng -ng.
Hu ht cc hm pht s dng trong l thuyt nhn dng h ng hc u
da trn c s ti thiu ho s khc nhau gia cc c tnh ca m hnh so vi
nhng c tnh c bn ca h thng thng qua vic s dng mt trong 05 ph-ng
trnh sai s. l
(i). sai s u ra.
(ii). sai s ph-ng trnh
(iii). sai s d bo.
 3
(iv). sai s u vo v
(v). sai s trng thi.
Qu trnh xc nh tham s m hnh ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hin
thc ho tiu ch t-ng -ng. i vi h ng hc c kh nng nhn dng, m
hnh thu -c theo l thuyt c cu trc phc tp, bc rt cao, v nghin cu,
khm ph v iu khin h trong tr-ng hp th vn gim bc ca m hnh l
rt cn thit. Mc d c rt nhiu ph-ng php tm kim m hnh gim bc i
vi mt m hnh bc cao cho tr-c -c xut, nh-ng thc ra c th phn loi
cc ph-ng php thnh 03 nhm chnh.
Nhm ph-ng php th nht ch nh gi li nhng gi tr ring quan trng
ca m hnh bc cao, v gi tr tham s ca m hnh bc thp -c xc nh sao
cho tr-c tc ng ca mt s dng tn hiu th nht nh u vo, p ng ca
m hnh bc thp gn ng vi p ng ca m hnh bc cao.
Nhm ph-ng php gim bc th hai khng quan tm n gi tr ring quan
trng ca m hnh bc cao, m da trn c s xc nh cc tham s ca m hnh c
bc nh tr-c sao cho p ng xung ca m hnh gn ng (theo mt cch ti
-u) vi p ng xung ca m hnh bc cao.
Nhm ph-ng php th ba -c xut da trn c s thc hin gn ng
nhng c tnh khc ca m hnh bc cao, ngoi nhng c tr-ng -c th hin bi
p ng xung.
V mc ch v vai tr ca nhn dng h ng hc, nhng hn ch sau y cn
quan tm n loi b hoc tm cch v-t qua:
(). Tnh kch thch lin tc p t ln tn hiu ti u vo ca h trong bi
ton nh gi tham s ca m hnh.
(). S tham gia ca tham s hoc hm p ng xung ca m hnh bc cao
trong bi ton gim bc ca m hnh.
(). Mt ngha vt l -c th hin bi trng thi ca m hnh gc trong m
hnh gim bc.
(). Thiu kh nng bo l-u chin l-c iu khin khi s dng m hnh gim
bc trong h kn.
 4
1.2 Tng quan v c lng tham s
Vi bi ton -c l-ng, nh gi tham s ca m hnh m t trong khng gian
trng thi, trong nhng ti liu tham kho ch c s t cng trnh -c cng b,
xut, trn c s m hnh thch nghi s dng l thuyt n nh. Nghim ca cc bi
ton khc nhau v nhn dng h ng hc -c biu din thch hp d-i dng cc
h ph-ng trnh quy chiu ti -u (OPEQ). S dng OPEQ, c kh nng -c l-ng
tham s ca m hnh trong khng gian trng thi vi bt k dng tn hiu no
u vo ca h ng hc, khng cn s dng n thut ton ng hc tuyn tnh
(LD) c hai pha ca h
1.3 Kt lun chng I
Sau khi nhn dng m hnh v c lng tham s, ta s xy dng c m
hnh h thng
 5

Chng 2 L THUYT A TC T

2.1 nh ngha tc t
Mi tc t c th coi nh mt hp en, c u vo, u ra, v c tnh ng
hc c m t bng mt phng trnh ton hc nh sau:

y(t) = h()u(t-)d (2.1)
-

Trong , u v y l tn hiu u vo, u ra v h l p ng xung ca tc t

Hnh 2.1.1 di y m t 3 kiu kt ni chnh ca tc t

u1 S1 y1
y1 = u2
u u = u1 y2 = y
+ S1 S1
y = y1 + y2

S2
u2 y2
(b)
(a)

u u1 S1 y1 y
+
y2

u2
S2

(c)
Hnh 2.1.1: Cc kiu kt ni tc t

Trong hnh 2.1.1 (a) kt ni song song, p ng xung ca h c biu din

nh sau:
h(t,) = h1(t,) + h2(t,) (2.4)
Trong kt ni ni tip nh hnh 2.1.1(b), p ng xung ca h c biu din
nh sau:
 6

t

h(t,) = h2 (t,)h1(,t)d (2.5)

Cn trong kt ni hi tip nh hnh 2.1.1(c), phng trnh p ng xung c

dng:
t t

h(t,) = h1(t,) - h1(t,) h2(,s)h(s,)dsd (2.6)

Trong , h1 v h2 bit.
Tng t nh vy, vi mt h a tc t ta c th biu din bng phng trnh
trng thi vi p u vo v q u ra nh sau :

i=p

yj (t) = hij() ui(t-)d (2.9)
i=1
0

vi j = 1,2.....q
Trong hij(t) l p ng xung ca h a tc t ng vi u vo ui v u ra yj
.
2.2 M hnh tuyn tnh lin tc v quy trnh nhn dng
2.2.1 M hnh tuyn tnh lin tc theo thi gian
C l m hnh c tham s tp trung quen thuc nht i vi mt h thng
ng hc tuyn tnh, lin tc theo thi gian c p u vo v q u ra l h gm q
ph-ng trnh vi phn c dng sau:
n d i y j (t ) p n
d i uk (t )
ai, j (t )
i 0 dt i
bi ,k j (t )
k 1 i 0 dt i
, vi j = 1, ..., q. (2.11)

trong , n biu th cho bc ca m hnh, uk(t) v yj(t) ng vi kch thch ti

u vo th k v p ng ti u ra th j ca h ng hc, ai,j (t) v bi ,k (t ) , vi n j

1, i = 0, ..., n, k = 1, ..., p, biu th cho cc tham s ca m hnh. Cc tham s ny

th-ng -c ni ti l cc tham s qu trnh (process parameters), chng ng vai
tr thc to dng cch hnh x ca h thng thc.
 7
H ng hc tuyn tnh biu din bi ph-ng trnh trong (2.11) c th -c
biu din t-ng -ng bi mt h cc ph-ng trnh vi phn bc nht trong khng
gian trng thi nh- sau:
.
xn (t) = An(t) xn(t) + Bn(t )un(t) (2.12)

yn (t ) Cn (t ) xn (t ) Dn (t ) un (t ) (2.13)
Cc ph-ng trnh (2.12) v (2.13) -c ni n l ph-ng trnh ng hc v
ph-ng trnh u ra. Trong , vector u vo un(t), vector trng thi xn(t) v vector
u ra yn(t) c p, n v q chiu, cc ma trn An(t), Bn(t), Cn(t) v Dn(t) c kch th-c
t-ng ng l nxn, nxp, qxn v qxp. M hnh m t trong khng gian ny c s
tham s ti thiu -c gi l chun (canonical), hin thc ho m hnh {An(t),
Bn(t), Cn(t), Dn(t)} c tham s ti thiu -c gi l kh hin ti gin v t-ng ng,
kch th-c ca ma trn An(t) l bc ti thiu ca An(t). Trong cc ph-ng trnh ny
ch "n" vit pha d-i cc tham s m ch m hnh c bc ti thiu hoc c bc
-c xc nh tr-c. Ng-c li, nu khng vit g, m hnh theo ngha ni chung
hoc c bc khng bit tr-c.
 8
2.2.2 Nhng quy trnh nhn dng c bn

Mi tr-ng
ca quy trnh Quy trnh x l thc
x l

M hnh khi nim

Quy lut
M hnh ton hc vt l

n gin ho m hnh v tnh thn

thin vi ng dng (tuyn tnh Sai s m hnh
ho, tham s tp trung, gim bc)

Cu trc
Cc
b-c M hnh
hiu Mi Thc nghim v
chnh Thng tin v tr-ng ph-ng php o
v cu cu trc l-ng
trc
m
B nh gi D liu o
hnh
Tham s tham s l-ng

Xc nhn
tnh thch hp
ca m hnh

Hnh 2.2.2.1 : Quy trnh tng qut ca nhn dng h ng hc

2.3 Tiu ch tng ng v phng php c lng tham s

Ph-ng php r rng nht tip cn gi tr -c l-ng tham s m hnh ton hc
ca h ng hc l ti thiu ho hm pht v h-ng J, i din tiu ch t-ng
-ng.
2.3.1 Chn hm pht
Hm pht chung nht -c bit n, thnh lp trn c s tch phn ca chun
trng L2 p t ln vector e(t) nh sau:
tf tf

[e (t )We(t )]dt
T 2
J = e(t ) W
dt (2.14)
t0 t0
 9
trong , W l mt ma trn trng, thc d-ng c kch th-c ph hp, (tf - t0) l
khong thi gian m trong tn ti d liu.
Trong tr-ng hp n gin nht, tr-ng hp v h-ng, tch phn (2.14) trn
chuyn thnh tch phn ca bnh ph-ng sai s. Ri rc ho biu thc (2.14), hm
pht t-ng ng trong tr-ng hp ny l:
N

2
J= ei (t ) W (2.15)
i 1

trong , ch s "i" biu th gi tr ca vector e(t) ti thi im ly mu th i,

v N l s im ly mu trong khong thi gian tn ti d liu t tf n t0.
V bi ton gim bc i vi m hnh bc cao -c coi l bi ton -c l-ng
tham s m hnh trong tr-ng hp sai lch v bc, nn hm pht xc nh i vi
bi ton gim bc m hnh khng khc vi hm pht -c nh ngha trn, tr
tr-ng hp gim bc i vi h ng hc ang lm vic trong mt h kn, do
nhng l do khc nhau m cn phi p t nhng iu kin rng buc trong qu
trnh ti -u.
2.3.2 Phng php nh gi c lng
Hu nh- cc ph-ng php nh gi, -c l-ng tham s m hnh u -c xy
dng trn c s p dng nguyn l v k thut tham chiu, trong xc nh mt
hm sai s phn nh s khc lch gia m hnh v h ng hc thc. Tn ti
nm hm sai s trong cc ti liu chuyn ngnh v lin quan n mi hm sai s
th c cc tiu ch khc nhau c th s dng xy dng bi ton ti -u phc v
vic nh gi, -c l-ng cc tham s ca m hnh. Cc hm sai s l sai s u
ra, sai s ph-ng trnh, sai s d bo, sai s u vo v sai s trng thi. Hai
ph-ng trnh sai s cui cng -c xc nh trn c s ca quan nim ring, trong
khi , c ba ph-ng trnh sai s u -c xc nh kh t-ng ng. phn bit
gia cc hm sai s nu, cn thit xem xt mt h ng hc m t bi h
ph-ng trnh (2.11) pha trn v -c vit li nh- sau:
n d i y j (t ) p n
d i uk (t )
ai, j (t )
i 0 dt i
bi ,k j (t )
k 1 i 0 dt i
, vi j = 1, ..., q. (2.17)

Nu -a vo s dng cc thut ton sau y:

 10
n
di n
di
f j = ai , j (t ) v g jk = bi ,k (t ) (2.18)
i 0 dt i i 0
j
dt i
th t h ph-ng trnh (2.17) thu -c:
Fy(t) = Gu(t) (2.19)
trong , y(t) = [y1(t) y2(t) ... yq(t)]T,
u(t) = [u1(t) u2(t) ... up(t)]T,
F dng ma trn -ng cho c cc phn t thnh phn fj vi j = 1, 2,
..., q,
G cng dng ma trn, cha cc thnh gjk vi j = 1, 2, ..., q; k = 1, 2,
..., q.
Thc cht l ma trn F v G cha nhng s liu o l-ng cung cp bi cc
thut ton hot ng t-ng ng trn vector tn hiu y(t) v u(t) v hai ma trn cha
nhng s liu o l-ng ny -c s dng phc v mc ch nh gi, -c l-ng
tham s m hnh.
Mt khi h ng hc -c gi thit l tuyn tnh, c tham s bt bin theo thi
gian th c th s dng bin i Laplace nh- mt thut ton hot ng trn vector
tn hiu ti u vo v trn vector tn hiu ti u ra ca h ng hc vi ai,j d/dti =
ai,jsi v bi ,k d/dti= bi ,k s i .
j j

Trong tr-ng hp nh- vy, biu thc (2.19) thnh:

H ( s) y (t ) K ( s)u (t ) (2.20)
n
trong , H (t ) ai s i v
i 0

n
K (t ) bi s i vi ai, bi , i = 0, 1, ..., n, l cc ma trn h s c kch th-c
i 0

ph hp vi cc h s thc. Trn c s ca ph-ng trnh ny c th l gii

ph-ng php -c l-ng tham s vi ba ph-ng trnh sai s u tin.

2.4 Phng php sai s u vo

 11
Trong ph-ng php sai s u vo khng s dng trc tip d liu o l-ng v
o hm cc bc theo thi gian ca tn hiu u vo h ng hc, nn khng cn
quan tm n c tnh kch thch lin tc.
2.4.1 nh ngha v b
nh ngha 1: M hnh ng-c chiu vi h ng hc ly u ra v u vo
ca h lm u vo v u ra ca m hnh th -c gi l m hnh ng-c.
nh ngha 3: i vi mt h ng hc, c th xc nh -c tham s ca m
hnh nu bit tr-c tham s ca m hnh ng-c v ng-c li.
nh ngha 5: Bit p ng y(t) tr-c tn hiu kch thch u(t) ti u vo ca
mt m hnh bc cao. Mt m hnh bc thp -c gi l m hnh gim bc ca m
hnh bc cao cho nu m hnh bc thp c cng p ng y(t) tr-c tn hiu kch
thch xp x vi u(t) hoc c p ng xp x vi y(t) tr-c cng tn hiu kch thch
u(t).
B 1: Mu kh hin vt l m hnh ng-c l ti gin khi v ch khi m hnh
ng-c c tnh iu khin v quan st ng thi.
B 3: Nu m hnh ca mt h ng hc no l kh hin vt l ti gin
th tn ti mt cu trc vt l ti gin i vi m hnh ng-c.
2.4.2 Biu din sai s u vo
2.4.2.1 Vi s tr gip ca m hnh ngc
Gi s mt h ng hc tuyn tnh, lin tc c vector tn hiu ti u vo u(t),
v vector p ng y(t) -c m t bi h ph-ng trnh trong (2.11) hay (2.17).
Theo nh ngha 3.1, i vi m hnh ni s tn ti m hnh ng-c m t bi:
nI
d iuk (t ) q n d i y j (t )
i , j (t )
I

i ,k (t ) , vi k = 1, ..., p. (2.26)
i 0 dt i j 1 i 0
k
dt i
trong , cc ch s Hy lp c m k hiu tham s cn nh gi, -c l-ng.
Nu bit bc v tham s ca m hnh ng-c th theo nh ngha 1 v 3, s thu
-c AM. T , thu -c tn hiu kch thch ti u vo k ca AM nh- sau:
q nI
d i y j (t ) nI
d i uk (t )
uk (t )
j 1 i 0
i , jk (t )
dt i
i ,k (t )
i 0 dt i
(2.27)
 12
vi k = 1, ..., p.
trong , gi tr ca cc tham s bit tr-c, yj(t) vi j = 1, 2, ..., q l p
ng ti u ra th j ca h ng hc.
Trong tr-ng hp nh- vy, vector sai s u vo thu -c bng cch xc nh
sai s u vo th k tr-c, sau ly t-ng t i vi ton b k:
ei(t) = u(t) - u(t ) (2.28)
trong , ei(t) = [ei1(t) ... eip(t)]T,
u(t) = [u1(t) ... up(t)]T
u(t ) = [ u1 (t ) u p (t ) ]T.

2.4.2.2 Dng tch chp

Biu din p ng ca h ng hc v m hnh AM theo php bin i Hankel
vi gi thit c h v AM u c thuc tnh gii hn u vo gii hn u ra (BIBO).
S dng iu kin trng kht u ra vi mt vi bin i ton hc, ta thu -c sai s
gia u(t ) tn hiu u vo ca h ng hc v u(t) tn hiu u vo ca AM:
t t

[u( ) - u( )]d H (t - )[ H (t - ) - H (t - )]u( )d

(2.30)
0 0

trong , H (.) biu din ma trn p ng xung ca h ng hc,

H (.) k hiu ma trn ta nghch o p ng xung ca AM

(xc nh duy nht do c tnh BIBO).
2.4.3 V nhiu x ngu nhin v quy trnh ti u
2.4.3.1 Sai s u vo ngu nhin
Tu thuc vo cu trc ca m hnh ng-c, hm truyn t ca phn nhiu x
Gn(s) c dng khc nhau v ng vi mi dng c mt loi tiu ch -c s dng
phc v cho quy trnh ti -u ho. i vi tr-ng hp mt u vo, mt u ra, ta
thu -c biu thc xc nh sai s nhiu x u vo nh- sau:
w*(t)=LD{L-1[(LD)-1[ Gn-1 (s).(U * (s) - U M* ( s)) ]]} (2.32)
trong , "*" v "-1" k hiu gi tr o l-ng v php ly ng-c ca thut
ton t-ng ng.
L v LD k hiu bin i Laplace v thut ton ng hc tuyn tnh.
 13

Us (s) Ys (s)
H thng thc
R1 (s)
+
LD

LD

U * (s) YS* (s)

U M* (s) A(s )
+ F(s)=
B (s )

E(s) W(s) W(t) W*(t)

(LD) -1 Gn1 (s) L -1 LD

Hnh 2.4.3.1: S khi dng nh ngha sai s u vo ngu nhin.

Hnh 2.4.3.1 v biu thc (2.32) gii thch rng c th coi gi tr [U*(s) -
U M* ( s) ] khc nhau gia tn hiu U*(s) ti u vo ca h ng hc vi gi tr u

vo U M* (s) h c c tnh ng x tin nh l do nhiu trng hot ng, trn mt

h ng hc gm cc b thut ton ng hc tuyn tnh (LD) v Gn-1 ( s) . Nh- vy,
c th coi bt k nhiu no cng u l p ng ca mt h ng hc c cu trc
thch hp tr-c tc ng ca nhiu trng v nhiu trng lm nhim v nhiu x
ngu nhin chuyn c tnh ca h ng hc t tin nh sang ngu nhin.
2.4.3.2 Cc quy trnh ti u
Mt ph-ng php tip cn ti -u sai s u vo ti vn nhn dng h ng
hc m t bi h cc ph-ng trnh vi phn -c pht trin. Qua minh chng
nhng -u im v-t tri ca ph-ng php sai s u vo i vi bi ton -c l-ng
tham s v gim bc m hnh tr-c cc ph-ng php tn ti trong cc ti liu khoa
hc chuyn ngnh.
Vi m hnh biu din bi h ph-ng trnh vi phn th lun c hai yu t
th-ng trc gy nhiu phin ton v lm nh h-ng ti tnh chnh xc ca gi tr
-c l-ng. Yu t c nh h-ng nht l cc d liu o l-ng cung cp bi cc
thut ton ng hc tuyn tnh LD v yu t th hai khi ngun t s nhy cm
cao ca d liu, k c vic lm trn s trong cc thut trnh nh gi -c l-ng
 14
tham s. Vic la chn thut trnh thch hp nh gi -c l-ng tham s m
hnh, trnh s nhy cm cao ca cc d liu khng nm ngoi tm kim st ca
chng ta nh-ng, iu khng ng vi cc thut ton ng hc tuyn tnh LD.
2.5 H cc phng trnh quy chiu ti u
2.5.1 V cc phng trnh quy chiu ti u (OPEQ)
C ph-ng php tip cn trn c s m hnh thch nghi v ph-ng php trn
c s tnh ton mm, u c th pht trin to cc h ph-ng trnh quy chiu ti
-u (OPEQ). Nh pht hin s tn ti php chiu ti -u (OPM) trong cc quy trnh
ti -u ho m cc iu kin cn bc nht tnh ti -u ca bi ton t -c, c
th xc lp d-i dng h OPEQ. Trong OPEQ, tham s ca m hnh ton bc hay
gim bc -c biu din theo cc thnh phn ca OPM, tho mn cc iu kin v
hng ca nhng ma trn cha d liu v h ng hc t-ng ng, cng nh- cc
ph-ng trnh iu kin kiu Lyapunov bin dng; cc iu kin lin quan n vic
xc nh bc ti gin ca h ng hc. Bi ton nhn dng h ng hc chuyn
sang h-ng xy dng cc thut trnh gii h OPEQ.
2.5.2 Quy trnh lp in hnh dng sai s u vo
2.5.3 V cc qu trnh ti u ha theo trng thi
2.5.3.1 C bn v phng php ti u trng thi
C hai m hnh tuyn tnh vi tham s bt bin theo thi gian trong khng
gian trng thi, m hnh (S) bc n, m hnh (AM) bc m v c hai m hnh cng
chu kch thch bi mt vector tn hiu u vo
(S) xn = Anxn + Bnun (2.37)
yn = Cnxn v
(AM) xm = Amxm + Bmun (2.38)
ym = Cmxm
trong , cc vector un, yn v ym c t-ng ng p, q v q chiu, cc ma trn An,
Bn, Cn, Am, Bm v Cm -c kch th-c ho mt cch ph hp.
B 1: Cho vector xn cha n trng thi c lp tuyn tnh ca (S). Gi s
chn -c (AM) c vector xm cha m trng thi c lp tuyn tnh vi m < n. Lun
 15

tn ti php bin i khng ng dng T R mxn hng m ln vector xn thu -c

vector xm sao cho nu s u ra q ca (S) nh hn hoc bng bc m ca (AM) (q
m), th T+xm -a n chun ti thiu trong s nhng bnh ph-ng ti thiu sai s
u ra.
B 2: Gi s vector xn ca (S) thu -c qua php bin i khng ng dng
ln vector xm ca (AM) th c th tha s ho php bin i nh- sau:
T = EG = HE (2.39)
trong , E = E[xm (xn)T] R mxn l mt ng c thnh phn, G = E[xn (xn)T]
R nxn
v H = E[xm (xm)T] R mxm
l cc ma trn xc nh khng m.
2.5.3.2 Cc bi ton in hnh theo t duy h h
Bi ton nh gi tham s m hnh: Cho mt h ng hc (S) bc n v mt
m hnh gi nh (AM), c hai u -c m t trong khng gian bin trng thi.
Hy dng ph-ng php ti -u trng thi nh gi tham s ca S.
nh l 1: Gi s c sn cc d liu nh gi tham s ca h ng hc S
bc n v m hnh iu khin, quan st -c AM bc m, m > n, c cc tham s bit
tr-c. Th tn ti mt ma trn chiu trc giao ti -u = EET R mxm
hng n v
hai ma trn xc nh khng m Q = HEWcET R mxm , P = H+EWoET R mxm
u
hng n sao cho tham s phn iu khin, quan st ng thi ca S -c cho bi:
An = ETH+AmHE, Bn = ETH+Bm, Cn = KCmHE (2.40)
tho mn cc iu kin sau y:
[H+AmQ + Q(Am)TH+ + H+BmV(Bm)TH+]T = 0 (2.41)
T[H(Am)TP + PAmH + H(Cm)TKTRKCmH] = 0
trong ,
E = E[xm (xn)T] R mxn l mt ng c thnh phn,
H = E[xm (xm)T] R mxm l ma trn xc nh d-ng,
Wc v Wo l cc gramian iu khin v quan st ca S,
K l ma trn bin i ng dng dng trng khp tn hiu u ra ca AM
vi tn hiu u ra ca S.
 16
nh l o: Gi s m hnh iu khin, quan st ng thi AM bc m
-c chn v cc tham s ca S -c xc nh theo cc biu thc (2.39) tho mn
cc iu kin (2.40). Th , Q v P l ti -u.
nh l trn thc cht gii quyt vn lin quan n cc d liu ca Wc
v Wo ca h ng hc S m khng cn s dng cc d liu o l-ng v Wc v Wo
ca h S
M t m hnh gim bc: T ph-ng din cc bi ton thuc l thuyt h
thng, gim bc m hnh l mt trong nhng bi ton in hnh x l theo t- duy
h h. Bi ton gim bc m hnh -c pht biu nh- sau:
Cho mt h ng hc (S) bc n m t trong khng gian bin trng thi nh- cc
biu thc (3.3.1) vi cc tham s bit tr-c. Hy dng ph-ng php ti -u trng
thi xc nh tham s ca m hnh c bc r, r n (gim bc).
nh l: i vi mt h tuyn tnh, bt bin theo thi gian, bc n c tham
s bit tr c, lun tn ti ma trn ng c thnh phn E kch th-c (r x n) v ma
trn xc nh khng m H kch th-c (n x n) sao cho tham s ti -u ca m hnh
gim bc c th biu din theo tham s ca m hnh gc nh- sau
Ar = EHAnH+ET ; Br = EHBn ; Cr = CH+ET (2.46)
v lun tm -c php chiu ti -u kch th-c (n x n), hai ma trn xc nh
~ ~
khng m P v Qcng kch th-c (n x n) sao cho cc iu kin sau y phi tho

mn nu m hnh gim bc ti -u c tnh iu khin v quan st ng thi:

~ ~
[HAnQ + QAnTH + HBn VlBnTH ] = 0 (2.47)

~ ~
[ H+AnTP + PAnH+ + H+CnT R2 Cn H+ ] = 0 (2.48)

trong , V1 = lim[u(t)u T(t)]dt R pxp

; R2 R qxq l ma trn trng s ti
u ra.
 17
Ph-ng trnh (2.47) v (2.48) l cc ph-ng trnh Lyapunov bin dng, ma
~ ~
trn H khng lm thay i c tnh ca ma trn An, cc ma trn Q v P l cc ta

gramian ca m hnh gc vi ngha ta, y chng t rng m hnh gc c th

cha c cc phn khng c kh nng iu khin v kim tra ng thi.
2.5.3.3 Cc bi ton in hnh theo t duy h kn
2.6 Kt lun chng 2
L thuyt m t ton hc cc h ng hc ngy cng pht trin c th
nh gi c tnh ti u ca h thng cng nh tnh ton c kh nng p
ng ca h thng khi vng phc v khng ngng m rng v pht trin.
ng ch l nhng ng gp ca vic pht trin cc ph-ng php xy
dng cc h ph-ng trnh quy chiu ti -u OPEQ v ca ph-ng php ti -u
theo trng thi vo vic tm kim nghim duy nht i vi bi ton ti -u.
 18

Chng 3 MNG VIN THNG VIT NAM, MNG VIN THNG

H NI V XU TH PHT TRIN
Chng ny s trnh by tng quan mng vin thng ang trin khai ti Vit
Nam cng nh xu th pht trin. Sau s tm hiu su v mng vin thng H
Ni, m ch yu tp trung nghin cu v s mng li.
3.1 Tng quan mng vin thng Vit Nam
3.2 Xu th pht trin mng vin thng Vit Nam
Cng ngh NGN (Next Generation Network - NGN) vi kh nng tch hp
nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng ang l mt xu hng pht trin mi ca ngnh vin
thng th gii.
Cc dch v ng dng
Lp
dch
API m v

Lp

QoS Bng rng IPv6 Bo mt truyn

ti

Hu tuyn-V tuyn Thoi-D liu Vin thng-Qung b Lp

mng
truy
FTTH hu
tuyn in thoi CATV DMB nhp
V tuyn Internet

Cc
thit
b
Mng trong nh Mng u-Sensor Mng thng tin a mc ch u/cui

Hnh 3.2.1: M t hi t dch v BcN

cung cp c cc dch v bng rng trong NGN n khch hng th yu

t cn thit l pht trin mng truy nhp bng rng. Cc cng ngh truy nhp trong
mng BcN bao gm:
- Truy nhp hu tuyn bng rng: gm cc cng ngh xDSL, cp, FTTH/PON
(FTTx/PON). Khi mng BcN hon chnh, FTTH s l cng ngh truy nhp hu
tuyn ch yu.
 19
- Truy nhp di ng tc cao: GSM/GPRS & EDGE, CDMA 1x EVDO &
1x EVDV, UMTS/W-CDMA (h cc WAN v tuyn).
- Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng khc: Wi-Fi (h LAN v tuyn
802.11), WiMax (h MAN v tuyn 802.16) v 802.20, UWB WiMedia (h
PAN v tuyn 802.15).
3.3 Mng vin thng H Ni
3.3.1 Mng chuyn mch truyn dn
3.3.2 Mng bng rng MAN-E

Mng MAN-E ca VTHN c t chc theo nguyn tc sau:

- Cu trc Ring lp core: gm 4 switch ln. Cc core switch ny c kt
ni theo cu trc RING bng mt i si cp quang trc tip, bng thng ln n
50Gbps
- Cu trc cy c bo v 2 hng lp aggregation: gm 20 switch thc
hin chc nng thu gom lu lng v p ng nhu cu truyn ti lu lng t cc
thit b mng truy nhp , trung chuyn ni mng hoc chuyn ln BRAS
- Cu trc cy lp access: gm 67 switch 7606 kt ni bng 2 lung cp
quang vi bng thng 2x10G ln node chuyn mch
3.4 Kt lun chng 3
Mng vin thng VNPT c th ni p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao
ca khch hng v s a dng ca cc dch v vin thng, nh cht lng, bng
thng ...Trong u im nht phi ni l mng MAN-E vi ng truyn tc
cao, kh nng s dng linh hot, hiu qu cao, dch v cung cp a dng v nhiu
tnh nng.
 20
Chng 4 M T NH GI TNH TI U MNG VIN THNG H
NI BNG MNG A TC T.

4.1 M t mng bng rng cng ty in thoi H Ni 2

Trc tin ta xt m hnh kt ni thc t mng MAN_E ca vin thng H
Ni nh sau:
Th. Xun Bc 2
Nhn Chnh
IP/MPLS
Hng Hnh RNC M Dnh Thng nh Ring 10Gb nh Cng
Qun Thnh BackBone (3G VNP)
Cu Bu
Phc Tn Ring 10Gb inh Tin Hong VNP-3G Th. Xun Nam

6509 Switch /
RLU Yn Ph Vn Chng
Ng Hu Hun 7609 PE
3 x 10
GE PE 3 x 10
GE
6509
Switch Ch Da Ring 10Gb Hong Cu B
VTN
Ng Cng Tr
Lc Trung g. Tin ng

E
G
2x
GE

10
10

GE
10
G
0

E
x1

Mai ng Trn Kht Chn Thi Thnh

10 E
Ring 10Gb
N x1

GE

10
N

x G
E
BRAS- TH BRAS - CGY
x 0G

G
2

N Nx
G E

1&2&3 1&2&3 Khng nh

E

GE
N

E
H thng qun l

G
Minh Khai 10
x

GE
10
Phng Mai
10

Cung Vn Ha Ring 10Gb

G

10
E

N
10

10 GE
10 G
Nx
GE

Bch Mai

Nx
GE
E
GE

E
10 G Trung T
INH

GE
Tn Mai CU
TIN

10
Trn Ph
GIY
10 GE HONG
10

10 GE
G

Mai Hng

E
Ring 10Gb Gip Bt
E

G
Thanh Tr Ring 10Gb

10
GE 10
Bch Khoa 10 GE
10
GE Ngc Hi
E GE
10
G RING 50 Gbps 10
Cu Din
C THNG

10
Gia Lm Ph 2x 10GE c Giang
E

10 GE

G
G

GIANG NH
1x

E
10 GE
10

0G

Cu Giy Ring 10Gb Nhn

10

x1

E
GE

10 G

10 G
1
N x GE

N x GE

10
GE
GE

E
Si ng 2x 10GE Tru Qu 10
GE
Yn Ha
10

E
1 0G
i Cn B

10
BRAS - DGG 10 GE 10
Hg Hoa Thm

GE
Hoi Ngi BRAS - TDH G
1&2&3 E
c Cu 1&2&3
GE

Lng Trung Ring 10Gb Hong Cu A

Thng
10

an Tn
10Gb
Lc H 2x 10GE ng Anh Phng H Ngc Khnh
10
Lng Thng
ng
Ta GE
Sn H 10Gb Bi (Bi n)
Thch Sn Ty ng
Tht Ty Bnh Ngha Tn
Sc Sn 10Gb
Ba V Ha
10Gb VMS-3G Nam Thng Long Ring 10Gb
Ph
10Gb Lc Ring 20Gb ng
Xuyn Ng Phong Sc
Ni Bi Ring 10Gb Ph L Ha RNC Yn Ha
10Gb 10Gb ng (3G VMS)
RSU
Tn Chng Nam Th. Long
Lnh M Ha
Ha
KCN Ni Bi Sn Ng Thi Hc
Quc Lc Lc Xun
Oai 1Gb
Mai
M ng ch Khim Ring 10Gb
Xun c
Mai
i Cn A

TL. TG Tp on VNPT
: MEN Switch Cisco 7609 VNPT H Ni M s:
Trng Ban Vin thng
Ngi thc hin Ngy/thng/nm
: MEN Switch Cisco 7606
Ban Vin thng VNPT H Ni

Cu trc mng MAN-E VNPT H Ni

giai on 2011 2012

Hnh 4.1.1: S mng MAN-E vin thng H Ni

Tuy nhin, y ta xt nt mng l cc b nh tuyn l cc core-switch, khi

m hnh c rt gn thnh nh sau:
 21

VTN

y1 50 y1
u9 u13
u1 . . u10
u1 . . u7
TH CGY
u11
u10 u8 u12

50
10 10 50
y1
y2
CG TH
u1 . . u7 y2 y1
50
u1 . . u10

HG

Hnh 4.1.2: m hnh ton hc mng bng rng Cng ty THN 2

Da trn l thuyt nghin cu trn, ta c m t ton hc mi nt mng

bng cc phng trnh vi phn
i vi nt inh Tin Hong TH ta c 9 u vo ng vi u1 n u9 v p=9,
c 1 u ra ng vi q=1, khi phng trnh c dng:
vi i = 1...9 (4.1)
tng t nh vy ta c cc phng trnh m t cho tng nt mng CGY c
p=13, q=1; nt TH c p=10, q=2; nt CG c p=7, q=2.
vi i=1..13 (4.2)
vi i=1..10, j=1,2 (4.3)
vi i=1..7, j=1,2 (4.4)
4.2 M t mng bng rng Cng ty in thoi H Ni 3
 22
S mng bng rng MAN-E ca cng ty in thoi H Ni 3 nh sau:

Hnh 4.2.1: S mng MAN-E Cng ty in thoi Ha Ni 3

Tuy nhin, y ta xt nt mng l cc b nh tuyn l cc Agg-switch, khi

m hnh c rt gn thnh nh sau:
y1, y2
u5
y1 HG u4
u1 . . u3
STY
u4 u8
u1 .. u3 y2
UHA
y1, y2 u1 .. u2
y1
y1
HLC
y2 XMI y1
y2

u1 . . u3 u1 . . u3

Hnh 4.2.2: m hnh ha ton hc mng bng rng Cng ty THN 3

Da trn l thuyt nghin cu trn, ta c m t ton hc mi nt mng

bng cc phng trnh vi phn
 23
i vi nt Sn Ty STY ta c 3 u vo ng vi u 1 n u3 v p=3, c 2 u
ra ng vi q=2, khi phng trnh c dng:
vi i = 1...3, j=1..2
tng t nh vy ta c cc phng trnh m t cho tng nt mng HG c
p=5, q=2; nt UHA c p=2, q=2; nt HLC c p=3, q=2.
vi i=1..5, j=1,2
vi i=1..2, j=1,2
vi i=1..3, j=1,2
i vi m t ny ta thng dng s liu o l lu lng u vo v lu lng
u ra ti mi nt mng. D liu ny c th ly c qua cc chng trnh phn
mm gim st lu lng trn mi nt mng thng thng l 30 pht.