Cover:

Tools Name: Photomicrographs and SEM

 ISSN : 2089-3361

Volume 38, No. 3, December 2015

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL & GAS is a journal for the dissemination of information on
research activities, technology engineering development and laboratory
testing in the oil and gas field.

Insured Editor
: Dr. Ir. Bambang Widarsono, M.Sc. (Petroleum Engineering, LEMIGAS)

Chief Editor : Prof. Dr. Maizar Rahman (Chemical Engineering, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)

Managing Editor : Ir. Daru Siswanto (Chemical Engineering, LEMIGAS)

Ass. Managing Editor : Drs. Heribertus Joko Kristadi, M.Si. (Geophysicists, LEMIGAS)

Language Editor : 1. David Lloyd Hickman, M.M. Ec. (Economic Management - Australia)
2. Ferry Imanuddin Sadikin, S.T., M.E. (Electrical Engineering, LIPI)
3. Wiwin Winarsih, S.H., M.Hum. (Economic and Technology Law/Bussiness Law -
LEMIGAS)

Copy Editor : Bagus Aribowo, S.Kom.

Layout
: Rasikin, Nurhadi Setiawan, A.Md.

Secretariat : Budi Mulia, Dulhamidin

Publisher : LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Afilliation and Publication Division

Printed by : Grafika LEMIGAS

Address:
LEMIGAS Research and Development Division for Afilliation and Information, Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir,
Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA, STT: No. 348/SK/DITJEN PPG/
STT/1987/May 12, 1977, Phone: 7394422 - Ext. 1222, 1223, Fax : 62 - 21 - 7246150,
e-mail: redaksiSCOG@lemigas.esdm.go.id
LEMIGAS Scientific Contributions (LSC) published since 1977 which has been renamed Scientific Contributions
Oil & Gas (SCOG) is published 3 times a year in April, August, and December. The editor accepts scientific
papers, which are closely related to oil and gas research.

Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas is published by LEMIGAS Research and Development Centre for Oil and Gas
Technology. Insured editor: Dr. Ir. Bambang Widarsono, M.Sc. Managing Editor: Ir. Daru Siswanto.

i
 ISSN : 2089-3361

Volume 38, No. 3, December 2015

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL & GAS is a journal for the dissemination of information on
research activities, technology engineering development and laboratory
testing in the oil and gas field.

Editorial Boards : 1. Dr. Mudjito (Petroleum Geologist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)

2. Prof. M. Udiharto (Biologist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
3. Prof. Dr. E. Suhardono (Industrial Chemist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
4. Dr. Adiwar (Separation Process Engineer, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
5. Dr. Oberlin Sidjabat (Chemical Engineering and Catalyst, LEMIGAS)

Scientific Editors : 1. Dr. Ir. Usman, M.Eng. (Petroleum Engineering, LEMIGAS)

2. Ir. Sugeng Riyono, M.Phil. (Petroleum Engineering, LEMIGAS)
3. Dr. Ir. Eko Budi Lelono (Palynologist, LEMIGAS)
4. Ir. Bambang Wicaksono T.M., M.Sc. (Petroleum Geologist, LEMIGAS)
5. Drs. Chairil Anwar, M.Si. (Industrial Chemist, LEMIGAS)
6. Abdul Haris, S.Si., M.Si. (Chemistry and Environmental Chemist, LEMIGAS)
7. Ratu Ulfiati, S.Si., M.Eng. (Chemical Engineering, LEMIGAS)

Peer Reviewer : 1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Petroleum Engineering, ITB - Indonesia)
2. Prof. Dr. R.P. Koesoemadinata (Geologist Engineering, ITB - Indonesia)
3. Prof. Dr. Ir. M. Kholil, M.Kom. (Management of Environment, USAHID/
IPB - Indonesia)
4. Ir. Bagas Pujilaksono, M.Sc., Lic.Eng., PhD. (Physical-Chemical Engineers,
UGM - Indonesia)
5. Prof. Dr. Renanto, M.Sc., PhD. (Chemical Engineering, ITS - Indonesia)
6. John G. Kaldi, M.Sc., PhD. (Geologist/Petrophysicist - Australia)
7. Dr. Robert John Morley (Palinologist and Stratigrapher - Inggris)
8. Dr Ulrike Schacht (Geo Marine Chemist - Germany)

ii
 ISSN : 2089-3361

Volume 38, Number 3, December 2015

CONTENTS

Page

CONTENTS iii

PREFACE v

ABSTRACTS vii

A CASE STUDY OF FORMATION DAMAGE MITIGATION

ON X FIELD, SUMATRA
Septi Anggraeni 153 - 179

OPTIMIZATION OF MEASUREMENT SPEED FOR SPECTRAL

GAMMA RAY AND CLAY MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
Irawan Y. Tribuana, Ade Yogi, Prabowo, Andy S. Wibowo,
Puteri Sudija, and Yudhi Durahman 181 - 191

DETERMINATION OF SHALE GAS POTENTIAL OF NORTH

SUMATRA BASIN: AN INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGY,
GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROPHYSICS AND GEOPHYSICS ANALYSIS
Junita Trivianty Musu, Bambang Widarsono, Andi Ruswandi,
Himawan Sutanto, and Humbang Purba 193 - 212

HYDROCARBON SHALE POTENTIAL IN TALANG AKAR AND LAHAT

FORMATIONS ON SOUTH AND CENTRAL PALEMBANG SUB BASIN
Julikah, Sriwidjaya, Jonathan S., and Panuju 213 - 223

THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA COMPOSITION ON THE GROWTH

OF SCENEDESMUS SP. MICROALGAE IN VARIED MEDIA
Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan 225 - 232

iii
iv
 PREFACE

Dear Readers,

Research and development for oil and gas technology is a series of sustainable activities linked with
various branches of science. In this last issue of the periodical scientific journal Scientific Contributions
Oil and Gas (SCOG) in 2015, the Editorial Board presents the results of the best research compiled
in a standard format. SCOG contains relevant research into oil and gas technology which contributes
to national policy-making in this field. This journal also provides useful practical research for the oil
and gas industry and for educational purposes.
In this edition, we are providing the results of upstream research, consisting of: A Case Study
of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra. This involved conducting research in the
laboratory to investigate the influence of the effect of water injection into the formation. The laboratory
test results will be used as input for the planning of water treatment. The research found that all of the
formations were sensitive to fresh water and produced water. The results of the study also recommends
the use of filters to improve water quality. The research noted that potential damage is mostly caused
by the migration of fine clay particles.
Another upstream research paper is Optimization of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma
Ray and Clay Mineral Identification. This laboratory experiment used Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR)
equipment at LEMIGAS to obtain a reading on the content of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium and
to capture radioactive level rock or formation measured in API units. This logging tool generally has
the capability to differentiate between permeable and impermeable layers.
There is also a research paper on Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talang Akar and Lahat Formations
in South and Central Palembang Sub Basin, a discovery with shale hydrocarbon potential which is
estimated to be fairly large (up to 4200 MMBOE of shale HC).
One area of downstream research was the paper The Influence of Media Composition to The
Growth of Scenedesmus SP. Microalgae in Varied Media. This experiment was using Scenedesmus SP.
Microalgae. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of medium composition variation
to Scenedesmus SP. growth in laboratory scale and to obtain the optimized composition of media for
microalgae Scenedesmus SP. In terms of renewable energy the biomass of microalgae chlorophyceae
aquatic species has potential to be developed as its cells contain algae oil.
The Editorial Board and the Publisher Council would like to thank the reviewers, editors and the
authors who have contributed the results of their research to this 3rd edition of SCOG (December
2015). It is expected that this publication will be advantageous not only for the readers but also make
a positive contribution to science and technology, both in Indonesia and internationally, especially in
the oil and gas field.

Jakarta, December 2015

Best regards,

Editorial Board

v
vi
 ABSTRACTS
The descriptions given are free terms. This abstract sheet may be reproduced without permission or charge
UDC: 550.4+628.1
Septi Anggraeni , LEMIGAS R & D Centre for
Oil and Gas Technology. Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav.
109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/
JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA.Tromol
Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-
21-7394422, Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150. E-mail:
septia@lemigas.esdm.go.id
A CASE STUDY OF FORMATION DAMAGE
MITIGATION ON X FIELD, SUMATRA
S T U D I L A B O R AT O R I U M M I T I G A S I
KERUSAKAN FORMASI, KASUS LAPANGAN
X SUMATRA
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, December
2015, Volume 38, Number 3, p. 153 - 179
ABSTRAK
Kerusakan formasi dapat menyebabkan
turunnya produksi minyak, oleh sebab itu upaya
mitigasi/pencegahan kerusakan formasi menjadi
sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Kenyataannya,
semua operasi di lapangan seperti: pemboran,
penyelesaian sumur, kerja ulang perbaikan
sumur, produksi dan stimulasi berpotensi untuk
menimbulkan kerusakan formasi. Pada kasus ini
operator minyak A mempunyai rencana untuk
membuang produksi air dari sumur minyak
kedalam formasi B, J, K, D, M. Sebelum dilakukan
operasi di lapangan, studi laboratorium harus
dilaksanakan untuk meneliti pengaruh dari
injeksi air tersebut kedalam formasi.Hasil test
laboratorium akan digunakan sebagai masukan
untuk perencanaan pengolahan air, sehingga air
tidak menyebabkan kerusakan formasi. Eksperimen
di laboratorium dilaksanakan dengan melakukan
pengukuran permeabilitas air sebagai fungsi
volume air yang diinjeksikan. Analisa XRD juga
dilakukan untuk menunjang hasil penelitian. Di
dalam studi laboratorium ini sampel batuan dari
formasi B, J, K, D, M diinjeksi atau diuji dengan
terhadap: air tanpa salinitas, air bersalinitas,
air produksi dari sumur minyak yang tidak
maupun yang difilter (disaring). Hasil dari studi
di laboratorium menunjukan semua formasi
sangat sensitive (mudah mengalami kerusakan
formasi) jika diinjeksikan dengan air dari sumur
minyak lapangan X, demikian juga dengan air tak
bersalinitas. Kerusakan formasi dapat dicegah
dengan melakukan penyaringan dan menaikan
salinitas air injeksi. Potensi kerusakan formasi
pada umumnya disebabkan oleh lempung yang
partikelnya mudah lepas dan termigrasi (Kaolinite),
walaupun ada sebagian kecil disebabkan oleh
lempung yang mudah mengembang (Smectite).
Kata Kunci: Kerusakan formasi, air injeksi,
pembuangan air produksi, pengolahan air,
kompatibilitas air-batuan, lempung yang
berpartikel migrasi, lempung yang mengembang
ABSTRACT
Formation damage might cause low oil well
productivity, therefore it is very important to handle
formation damage. In fact, every operation in the
field-drilling, completion, workover, production
and stimulation, is a potential source of formation
damage. In this case study, the oil company A
plan to dispose produced water into Formation
B, J, K, D,M. Laboratory tests were performed to
investigate the effect of the injection of water to the
reservoir formation. The experiment was conducted
by measuring water permeability as a function of
fluid volume injection. In addition, XRD analysis
was also performed on effluent filtrate to support the
results. Prior to investigating the sensitivity of res-
ervoir rock to the fluid injection, the samples were
injected with fresh water, saline water, produced
water collected from Central Injection Facility, and
also Filtered CIF Water. The results indicated that
all formations were sensitive to fresh water and
produced water. Moreover, the use of a filter will
improve the water quality. Therefore, the produced
water should be treated by using filter and increas-
ing water salinity. The XRD analysis showed that
the potential damage is mostly caused by fine mi-
gration clay, however, swelling clay is also present
in the small part of formation. The test results will
be used for water treatment design, so the water
injection will not cause formation damage.
(Author)
Keywords: Formation damage, water injection,
disposed produced water, water treatment, water-
rock compatibility, fine migration clay, swelling
clay
vii
 UDC: 537.61.8:550.3+622.1
Irawan Y. Tribuana, Ade Yogi, Prabowo, Andy
S. Wibowo, Puteri Sudija, and Yudhi Durahman,
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas
Technology. Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir,
Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta
Selatan 12230 INDONESIA. Tromol Pos: 6022/
KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422,
Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150. E-mail: adey@lemigas.
esdm.go.id, E-mail: prabowo@lemigas.esdm.go.id;
andysw@lemigas.esdm.go.id
OPTIMIZATION OF MEASUREMENT
SPEED FOR SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY
AND CLAY MINERAL IDENTIFICATION
OPTIMASI KECEPATAN PENGUKURAN ALAT
SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY DAN IDENTIFIKASI
MINERAL LEMPUNG
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, December
2015, Volume 38, Number 3, p. 181 - 191
ABSTRAK
Log gamma ray adalah alat logging yang
merekam tingkat radioaktif dari suatu batuan
atau formasi yang diukur dalam satuan API
unit (American Petroleum Institute). Alat log ini
umumnya berfungsi untuk menentukan lapisan
permeabel dan non-permeabel. Hal ini didasarkan
atas fakta bahwa umumnya lapisan non-permeabel
cenderung memiliki tingkat radioaktifitas yang
tinggi dibandingkan dengan lapisan permeabel
kecuali pada kasus batupasir felspatik. Selain itu,
fungsi lain dari alat logging ini adalah menentukan
jenis mineral menggunakan data perbandingan
antara Thorium dan Potassium. Percobaan ini
menggunakan alat Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR)
yang ada di Laboratorium routine core Lemigas.
Kualitas data hasil pengukuran log gamma ray
sangat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan dari conveyor
belt. Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, kecepatan
pengukuran sebesar 30 m/jam adalah kecepatan
yang optimum untuk mendapatkan kualitas data
yang baik dan efisiensi waktu dengan jumlah
data 169 titik/meter. Hasil pengukuran SGR
menghasilkan pembacaan kandungan Uranium,
Thorium, dan Potassium. Kandungan Thorium (Th)
viii
dan potassium (K) dibandingkan dan dilakukan
crossplot pada grafik Quirein, dimana grafik
tersebut dimodifikasi kembali oleh Schlumberger
pada tahun 1985. Dengan menggunakan crossplot
ini mampu mengidentifikasi kehadiran mineral
Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Illite, Mixed
layer clay, Feldspar, Mica, Glauconite, dll. Pada
studi kasus yang dilakukan pada beberapa sumur
(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 dan A7) menunjukkan
bahwa hasil crossplot ini memiliki kesesuaian
terhadap hasil pengukuran menggunakan XRD.
Kata Kunci: log gamma ray, spectral gamma ray,
kecepatan, identifikasi mineral.
ABSTRACT
Gamma ray log is a logging tool to capture the
radioactive level of a rock or formation measured
in API units. This logging tool generally has a
capability to differentiate between permeable and
impermeable layers. Usually the impermeable
layer tends to have higher radioactivity compared
to the permeable one except for the feldspar
bearing formation. In addition, another capability
of this logging tool is to determine the kind of
clay mineral by using ratio data between Thorium
and Potassium. This laboratory experiment uses
Spectral Gamma Ray equipment at LEMIGAS
Routine Core Laboratory. The quality of gamma
ray log measurement is significantly affected
by the speed of the conveyor belt. During the
experiment, the measurement speed of 30 m/hour is
the optimum speed to achieve good quality data and
time efficiency with the data amount of 169 points/
meter. The result of SGR measurement gives the
reading on the content of Uranium, Thorium and
Potassium. The Thorium and Potassium content are
compared and plotted in a Quirein graphic which
was modified by Schlumberger in 1985. Using this
crossplot, we can identify the presence of Chlorite,
Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Illite, mixed layer
Feldspar, Mica, Glauconite minerals and so on. In
a case study conducted on Wells A1, A2, A3 and
A4, indicated that the result of this crossplot has
similarity compared with the measurement using
XRD.
(Author)
Keywords: Gamma ray log, spectral gamma ray,
speed, mineral identification.

UDC: 553.9:552.5
Junita Trivianty Musu, Bambang Widarsono,
Andi Ruswandi, Himawan Sutanto, and Humbang
Purba. LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas
Technology. Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir,
Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta
Selatan 12230 INDONESIA. Tromol Pos: 6022/
KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422,
ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046; Fax: +6221-7230046
Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150, Email: junita@lemigas.
esdm.go.id. E-mail: adey@lemigas.esdm.go.id,
E-mail: prabowo@lemigas.esdm.go.id; andysw@
lemigas.esdm.go.id.
D E T E R M I N AT I O N O F S H A L E G A S
P O T E N T I A L O F N O RT H S U M AT R A
BASIN: AN INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGY,
GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROPHYSICS AND
GEOPHYSICS ANALYSIS
PENENTUKAN DAERAH POTENSI SHALE
GAS INTEGRASI ANALISIS GEOLOGI,
GEOFISIKA, DAN GEOKIMIA CEKUNGAN
SUMATRA UTARA
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, December 2015,
Volume 38, Number 3, p. 193 - 212
ABSTRAK
Kajian geologi dan geofisika terkombinasi
secara rinci di cekungan Sumatera Utara
menunjukkan bahwa formasi-formasi yang memiliki
prospek sebagai play serpih yang mengandung
sweet spot gas adalah serpih dari Formasi-formasi
Bampo, Belumai, dan Baong. Formasi Bampo
menunjukkan kualitas potensi gas serpih yang
kurang baik, dengan kandungan material organik
umumnya sangat rendah hingga sedang, tingkat
kematangan kurang matang hingga matang, dan
tingkat kerapuhan tidak rapuh hingga cukup rapuh.
Batuan dikategorikan sebagai reaktif hingga sangat
reaktif terhadap air dengan tingkat swelling sedang.
Porositas bervariasi pada 5.8 - 7.4% dengan
permeabilitas pada 0.37 - 3.2 mD. Area-area sweet
spot pada formasi ini di sekitar sumur Basilam-1
dan Securai-1 menempati sekitar 21% dari
keseluruhan formasi. Di sisi lain, Formasi Belumai
memiliki kualitas potensi gas serpih sedang hingga
baik, dengan kandungan material organik rendah
hingga tinggi, tingkat kematangan belum matang
hingga matang, dan tingkat kerapuhan cukup rapuh
hingga sangat rapuh. Lokasi-lokasi sweet spot
pada formasi ini di sekitar sumur kedua sumur
menempati sekitar 29% dari volume batuan. Untuk
Formasi Baong, indikator-indikator yang sama
menunjukkan kualitas potensi gas serpih yang
sedang hingga baik, kandungan material organik
rendah hingga sedang, tingkat kematangan belum
matang hingga matang, dan tingkat kerapuhan
cukup rapuh hingga rapuh. Serpih di formasi ini
dapat dikategorikan sebagai reaktif hingga sangat
reaktif terhadap air dengan tingkat swelling kecil
hingga sedang. Sweet spot pada formasi di sekitar
kedua sumur menempati sekitar 11% dari volume
batuan. Pemodelan cekungan memperlihatkan
pembentukan gas berada pada kedalaman 2300m
pada Formasi Baong Bawah, Belumai dan Bampo.
Estimasi sumberdaya sweet spot gas serpih di
cekungan Sumatera Utara pada Formasi Bampo,
Belumai, dan Baong adalah masing-masing
sebesar 6.379 TCF, 16.994 TCF, dan 25.024
TCF dengan jumlah total 48.397 TCF. Volume
sumberdaya gas yang dihasilkan dari estimasi
adalah bersifat spekulatif dan belum memasukkan
faktor kepastian dan efisiensi apapun.
Kata Kunci: Gas serpih, Cekungan Sumatra Utara,
kandungan total karbon organik, indeks kerapuhan,
Formasi Baong, Formasi Bampo, Formasi Belumai,
smektit, impedansi akustik, CWT, sweet spots,
sumberdaya gas spekulatif.
ABSTRACT
A detailed combined geological and
geophysical study in North Sumatra basin has
shown that prospective formations for shale play
containing gas sweet spots are found to be shales
from Bampo, Belumai, and Baong Formations.
Bampo Formation exhibits low shale gas potential
with very low to medium in organic material
contents, maturity index of immature to mature,
and moderate brittleness. Rocks within the
formation tend to be reactive to highly reactive
to water, with a moderate degree of swelling
capacity. Porosity varies within 5.8 - 7.4% with
permeability ranging from 0.37 to 3.2 mD. Sweet
spots in the formation found around Basilam-1
and Securai-1wells occupy about 21% of the
formation. On the other hand, Belumai Formation
shows moderate to good shale gas potential, with
low to high organic material contents, immature
to mature levels of maturity, and moderately
brittle to brittle. Sweet spot areas in the formation
found around the two wells are about 29% of the
ix
 formation. For Baong Formation, analysis reveals
moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to
medium contents of organic material, immature
to mature in maturity index, moderately brittle to
brittle in brittleness, and tendency of being reactive
to highly reactive to water but with low degree of
swelling capacity. Sweet spots in the formation
found around the two wells occupies are roughly
11% of the total formation volume in the area. Basin
modeling leading to gas resources estimation for
Baong, Belumai and Bampo Formations has led to
estimated volumes of 6,379 TCF, 16,994 TCF, and
25,024 TCF, respectively, with a total amount of
48,397 TCF. The resources figures are speculative
in nature and do not incorporate any certainty and
efficiency factors.
(Author)
Keywords: Shale gas, North Sumatra Basin, total
organic carbon, brittleness index, Baong Formation,
Bampo Formation, Belumai Formation, smectite,
acoustic impedance, continuous wavelet transform
(CWT), sweet spots, gas speculative resouces.
UDC: 553.9:550-8
Julikah, Sriwidjaya, Jonathan S., and Panuju.
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas
Technology. Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir,
Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta
Selatan 12230 INDONESIA. Tromol Pos: 6022/
KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422,
ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046; Fax: +6221-7230046
Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150, E-mail: julikah@
lemigas.esdm.go.id, E-mail: sriwijaya@lemigas.
esdm.go.id; jonathansh@lemigas.esdm.go.id,
E-mail: pranuju_b@lemigas.esdm.go.id,
HYDROCARBON SHALE POTENTIAL IN
TALANG AKAR AND LAHAT FORMATIONS
ON SOUTH AND CENTRAL PALEMBANG
SUB BASIN.
POTENSI SHALE HC PADA FORMASI TALANG
AKAR DAN LAHAT DI SUB-CEKUNGAN
PALEMBANG SELATAN DAN TENGAH
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, December 2015,
Volume 38, Number 3, p. 213 - 223
ABSTRAK
Sub-cekungan Palembang Selatan dan Tengah
mempunyai potensi shale hydrocarbon (shale HC)
x
yang cukup menjanjikan pada Formasi Talang
Akar (TAF) dan Formasi Lemat/Lahat (LAF/LAF).
Hasil interpretasi seismik memperlihatkan adanya
potensi shale HC yang tersebar di beberapa area
sekitar sumur Rukam-1, Kemang-1, Singa-1 dan
Tepus-1. Secara umum, hasil pemodelan termal
menunjukkan awal kematangan minyak pada
nilai Ro= 0.6% di kedalaman (h) sekitar 2000 m,
pembentukan minyak pada nilai Ro = (0.7-0.9)
% di kedalaman antara (2200 < h <3100) m dan
pembentukan gas pada nilai Ro antara (0.9-1.2)
% di ke dalaman antara (3100-3500) m. Formasi
Talang Akar dan Lahat/Lemat berturut-turut
mempunyai lingkungan pengendapan laut dangkal
dengan Tipe Kerogen II/III dan lakustrin dengan
Tipe Kerogen III. Berdasarkan pengolahan lanjut
data seismik (metode atribut seismik dan spectral
decomposition) diperkirakan di area-area tersebut
memiliki nilai TOC yang memenuhi syarat sebagai
shale HC, yaitu nilai TOC > 2%. Perhitungan (P-
50) potensi sumberdaya migas non-konvensional
ini diperkirakan cukup besar (mencapai 4200
MMBOE) pada Formasi Talang Akar dan Lahat/
Lemat.
Kata Kunci: shale hydrocarbon, formasi Talang
Akar, formasi lemat/Lahat, TOC, migas non-
konvensional
ABSTRACT
South and Central Palembang Sub - basin over
Talang Akar (TAF) and the Lemat / Lahat Formations
(LEF/LAF) potentially has shale hydrocarbons (HC
shale) which are considerably promising. Seismic
interpretation results shows potential HC shale
scattered in several areas around the Rukam-1,
Kemang-1, Lion-1 and Tepus-1 wells. Generally,
thermal modeling results indicates early maturity
of oil on the value of Ro = 0.6% at about 2000 m
depth (h), the formation of oil on the value Ro =
(0.7-0.9)% at between (2200 h <3100) m depth
and formation of gas at Ro values between (0.9-
1.2)% at a depth between (3100-3500) m. Talang
Akar and Lahat/Lemat Formations have a shallow
marine depositional environment with Type II/III
kerogen and lacustrine with Type III kerogen. Based
on advanced seismic data processing (a method of
seismic attributes and spectral decomposition) these
areas are expected to have a TOC> 2% value that
qualifies as shale HC. The assessment (P-50) of
potential non conventional oil and gas resources
at Talang Akar and Lahat / Lemat Formations is
estimated to be fairly large (up to 4200 MMBOE).
(Author)
Keywords: Shale hydrocarbon, Talang Akar For-
mation, Lemat/Lahat Formation, TOC, Unconven-
tional oil and gas
UDC: 549.8:66.07+662.7
Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan.
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas
Technology. Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir,
Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta
Selatan 12230 INDONESIA. Tromol Pos: 6022/
KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422,
ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046; Fax: +6221-7230046
Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150, E-mail: fierdaus@
lemigas.esdm.go.id; E-mail: oniek@lemigas.esdm.
go.id
THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA COMPOSITION
TO THE GROWTH OF SCENEDESMUS SP.
MICROALGAE IN VARIED MEDIA
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TER-
HADAP PERTUMBUHAN MIKROALGA
SCENEDESMUS SP. PADA BERBAGAI VA-
RIASI MEDIA
ABSTRAK
Media kultur merupakan salah satu faktor
yang penting dalam pertumbuhan mikroalga.
Media kultur mengandung nutrisi makro dan
nutrisi mikro yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan
mikroalga. Komposisi nutrisi yang lengkap dan
konsentrasi nutrisi yang tepat menentukan produksi
biomassa dan kandungan gizi mikroalga. Tujuan
kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh
variasi media terhadap pertumbuhan mikroalga
Scenedesmus sp pada skala laboratorium. Pada
skala laboratorium dilakukan uji variasi media
pertumbuhan mikroalga. Media uji ini digunakan
untuk melihat pertumbuhan mikroalga. Media-
media pertumbuhan yang digunakan yaitu :
media BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, dan Sederhana
2. Mikroalga yang digunakan adalah mikroalga
Chlorophyceae mixed culture yang didominasi
oleh Scenedesmus sp. Percobaan dilakukan secara
batch dengan tiga kali pengulangan (triplo).
Parameter yang diamati adalah pH, optical
density (OD), kepadatan sel dan temperatur.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 6
variasi media pertumbuhan yang digunakan pada
penelitian ini ternyata media M4N adalah media
yang paling baik untuk pertumbuhan mikroalga.
Nilai kepadatan sel pada media M4N di akhir
operasi mencapai 306,83 x 106 sel/mL dengan
warna kultur hijau pekat yang masih bertahan
hingga akhir operasi. Nilai koefisien pertumbuhan
Scenedesmus sp. yang ditumbuhkan pada media
M4N adalah 0,36. Hal tersebut kemungkinan
diakibatkan komposisi nutrisi pada media M4N
lebih lengkap dibandingkan media lainnya.
Kata Kunci: mikroalga, media pertumbuhan,
scenedesmus sp.
ABSTRACT
Media culture is one of the important factors
in the growth of microalgae. Culture medium
contains macro and micro nutrition required
for the growth of microalgae. Composition of
nutrition and nutrition concentrations determine
the production of microalgae biomass and nutrient
content. The aim of this study is to evaluate
the effect of medium composition variation to
Scenedesmus sp growth in laboratory-scale in
order to get the optimized composition of media
for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. This study was
conducted in a laboratory scale. The growth
medium that were used in this study were: BBL
sm, SS, MN, M4N, Sederhana 2, and Sederhana
3 medium. The microalgae that were used in
this study were mixed culture Chlorophyceae
microalgae which is dominated by Scenedesmus
sp. The parameters observed were pH, optical
density (OD), cell density and temperature. The
results show that of the 6 variations of the growth
medium used in this study M4N medium is the best
medium for the growth of microalgae. At the end
of the operation, cell density of Scenedesmus sp.
from M4N medium was 306.83 x 106 cell/mL with
a dark green color for the culture. The coefficient
growth of Scenedesmus sp. which is grown in
M4N medium was 0,36. This is likely to be due to
the composition of nutrients in the medium M4N
which were more complete than other media.
(Author)
Keywords: Microalgae, Growth Medium,
Scenedesmus sp.
xi
xii
 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS
Vol. 38, Number 3, December 2015: 1 of 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id

A CASE STUDY
OF FORMATION DAMAGE MITIGATION
ON X FIELD, SUMATRA
STUDI LABORATORIUM MITIGASI KERUSAKAN FORMASI,
KASUS LAPANGAN X SUMATRA
Septi Anggraeni
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150
E-mail: septia@lemigas.esdm.go.id
First Registered on November 23rd 2015; Received after Correction on December 28th 2015
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2015

ABSTRAK
Kerusakan formasi dapat menyebabkan turunnya produksi minyak, oleh sebab itu upaya mitigasi/
pencegahan kerusahan formasi menjadi sangat penting untuk dilakukan. Kenyataannya, semua operasi di
lapangan seperti: pemboran, penyelesaian sumur, kerja ulang perbaikan sumur, produksi dan stimulasi
berpotensi untuk menimbulkan kerusakan formasi. Pada kasus ini operator minyak A mempunyai rencana
untuk membuang produksi air dari sumur minyak kedalam formasi B, J, K, D, M. Sebelum dilakukan operasi
di lapangan, studi laboratorium harus dilaksanakan untuk meneliti pengaruh dari injeksi air tersebut
kedalam formasi.Hasil test laboratorium akan digunakan sebagai masukan untuk perencanaan pengolahan
air, sehingga air tidak menyebabkan kerusakan formasi. Eksperimen di laboratorium dilaksanakan dengan
melakukan pengukuran permeabilitas air sebagai fungsi volume air yang diinjeksikan. Analisa XRD juga
dilakukan untuk menunjang hasil penelitian. Di dalam studi laboratorium ini sampel batuan dari formasi
B, J, K, D, M diinjeksi atau diuji dengan terhadap: air tanpa salinitas, air bersalinitas, air produksi dari
sumur minyak yang tidak maupun yang difilter (disaring). Hasil dari studi di laboratorium menunjukan
semua formasi sangat sensitive (mudah mengalami kerusakan formasi) jika diinjeksikan dengan air dari
sumur minyak lapangan X, demikian juga dengan air tak bersalinitas. Kerusakan formasi dapat dicegah
dengan melakukan penyaringan dan menaikan salinitas air injeksi. Potensi kerusakan formasi pada
umumnya disebabkan oleh lempung yang partikelnya mudah lepas dan termigrasi (Kaolinite), walaupun
ada sebagaian kecil disebabkan oleh lempung yang mudah mengembang (Smectite).
Kata Kunci: Kerusakan formasi, air injeksi, pembuangan air produksi, pengolahan air, kompatibilitas
air-batuan, lempung yang berpartikel migrasi, lempung yang mengembang
ABSTRACT
Formation damage might cause low oil well productivity, therefore it is very important to effectively
handle this issue. In fact, every operation in the field-drilling, completion, workover, production and
stimulation, is a potential source of formation damage. In this case study, the oil company A plan to
dispose produced water into Formation B, J, K, D,M. Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the
effect of the injection of water into the reservoir formation. The experiment was conducted by measuring
water permeability as a function of fluid volume injection. In addition, XRD analysis was also performed
on effluent filtrate to support the results. Prior to investigating the sensitivity of reservoir rock to the fluid
injection, the samples were injected with fresh water, saline water, produced water collected from Central
Injection Facility, and also Filtered CIF Water. The results indicated that all formations were sensitive to
fresh water and produced water. Moreover, the use of a filter will improve the water quality. Therefore,
the produced water should be treated by using a filter and increasing water salinity. The XRD analysis

153
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179
showed that the potential damage is mostly caused by fine migration clay, however, swelling clay is also
present in the small part of formation. The test results will be used for water treatment design, so as to
minimize formation damage.
Keywords: Formation damage, water injection, disposed produced water, water treatment, water-rock
compatibility, fine migration clay, swelling clay
I. INTRODUCTION
Laboratory and field studies indicate that almost
every operation in the field- drilling, completion,
workover, production and stimulation, is a potential
source of damage to well productivity. Formation
damage has long been recognized as a source of
serious productivity reductions in many oil and gas
reservoirs.
Formation damage may result from a variety
of conditions. A systematic approach is therefore
necessary in the design and execution of engineering
laboratory core flow tests in order to generate
realistic data which might be scaled to appropriate
field conditions to optimize solutions for formation
damage.
Oil Company A operates X Field that is
located in Central Sumatra has planned to dispose
of produced water from Central Injection Facility
(CIF) into reservoir formations. The X Field has five
formations which are K formation, B formation,
J formation, D formation, and M formation.
The lithology of the reservoir is Argillaceous sand
stone with average porosity and permeability value
of 31.14% and 3741 mD, respectively. The issue of
the potential formation damage problem is of concern
when water is not compatible with the reservoir
formation. Prior to this study on the implications of
the water disposal on reservoir rocks, Oil Company
A initiated a project study designed to assess the
reduction of permeability caused by water that is not
compatible with reservoir rocks.
The objectives of the study are focused on five
main points, as follows:
- To determine the compatibility of reservoir rock
and the fresh water.
- To observe whether or not the KCL level currently
being used should be changed.
- To study the magnitude of the formation damage
that could be expected from produced water that
is collected from CIF (Central Injection Facility)
Station.
- To analyze the potential of scaling tendency that
might be occur caused by the incompatibility
between produced and reservoir rock.
154
- To study the effectiveness of filtering the CIF
produced water.
The formation damage experiment was conducted
by measuring water permeability as a function of
fluid volume fluid injection (fresh water, saline
water, water collected from CIF (Central Injection
Facility), and also Filtered CIF Water). The results
of laboratory tests are used as data support for water
treatment design before the water is injected into the
reservoir formation.
During injection into reservoir rock, formation
damage might occur caused by several sources such as:
the accompanying invasion and migration of solids,
clay swelling, and geochemical transformations. In
fine solids migration, the damaging solids may come
directly from the fluid system or from the formation
itself. The intrusion and deposition of the mobile
particles may block the reservoir rocks pore-throats
which reduces the permeability.
II. METHODOLOGY
In this study, a formation damage experiment
was conducted by measu225
ring water permeability as a function of fluid
volume injection. In addition, XRD analysis was also
performed on effluent filtrate to support the results.
Prior to investigating the sensitivity of reservoir
rock to the character of fluid injection, the samples
were injected with fresh water, saline water, water
collected from CIF (Central Injection Facility), and
also Filtered CIF Water.
A. Laboratory Test Preparation
Before conducting the required formation
damage tests, some preparations should be done such
as : to prepare the sample and also the fluid that will
be used in the laboratory test.
1. Sample Preparation
Prior to performing the required laboratory
tests, a set of plug-size samples representing various
depths, taken from 5X well conventional cores (depth
intervals from 822.65 feet to 1270.50 feet ) of K,
B, J, D, M formation, were prepared. In general,
the samples are characterized by unconsolidated
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

sandstone. 2. Fluid Preparation

Under such conditions the cores were drill-
plugged using a one and half inch diameter bit,
about 2 and 2.5 inches [5 to 6 cm] in length, while
lead tubes of the same diameter were prepared for
the plugs sleeve. After drilling, the plugs were
inserted carefully into the lead sleeves, where the two
ends of the plugs were closed using a double metal
screen of 120 mesh (inside) and 60 mesh (outside).
The samples were finally squeezed with nitrogen
under a pressure of 400 psig for about 5 minutes to
prevent potential damage during fluid saturating in
the coming various tests. The squeezing pressure of
400 psi was given under an assumption that the rock
sample could be seated in the lead sleeve and the
characteristic of the rocks is not influenced.
After plug retrieval, all samples were thoroughly
extracted, leached of all salts, and dried in a
controlled humidity oven at 60 deg. C, 45% RH.
Porosity and air permeability were then measured in
the Routine Core Analysis Laboratory. In detail, the
values of porosity and air permeability are presented
in Figure 1. A total number of 83 samples represented
B, J, D, K, M formation were selected for formation
damage test.
In accordance with information provided by
A Company, the formation water data collected
from 6F well and 4H represented K, B, J, D, and
M Formations was used for the test. The simulated
formation brine was used as saturating and displacing
fluid throughout the sample preparation and
measurements. Table 1 shows the constituents of
simulated brines.
B. The Experiment
In the laboratory experiment, there were five (5)
kinds of sensitive tests performed, as follows:
- Sensitivity test on fresh water
- Sensitivity test on filtered water
- Scaling tendency analysis
- Sensitivity test on water salinity
- Sensitivity test on produced water salinity
The results of these tests are used as data support
in water treatment design, so the injected water
would not cause formation damage.
1. Sensitivity Test on Fresh Water
20 samples taken from 5G well represented by
K, B, J, D, and M Formation were selected

Table 1
Table 2 Simulated Brine Data
Simulated brine data

Well Name Formation 6F 6F 4H 6F 6F

Unit
Data
B J M D K
Na+ (mg/l)* 367 352 457 352 367
K+ (mg/l) 44.2 41.8 676 41.8 44.2
2+
Mg (mg/l) 21.56 21.01 24.1 21.01 21.56
Ca2+ (mg/l) 42.4 48.1 77.9 48.1 42.4
2
Sr * (mg/l) 0.19 1.23 1.41 1.23 0.19
2+
Ba (mg/l) 0.9 0.5 0.54 0.5 0.9
2+
Fe (mg/l) 0.09 1.05 0.01 1.05 0.09
2+
Zn (mg/l)
-
Cl (mg/l) 219 162 683.82 162 219
-
SO42 (mg/l) 0.7 6.4 42.1 6.4 0.7
-
F (mg/l)
Bicarbonate as HCO3 (mg/l) 924.03 1009.94 924.03 993.81
Carboxylic acids** (mg/l)
TDS (Measured) (mg/l) 1711 1582 2110 1582 1711
Salinity 1100 1300

155
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

for the Fresh Water Sensitivity Test. In the process,
the samples were initially vacuumed and pressure
saturated using the simulated formation brine as de-
scribed previously, and then flushed using the same
brine until 100 Pore Volume. In this condition, water
permeability was measured as a function of volume
throughput (brine volume injected).
After that, distillate water was injected into
the sample until 100 Pore Volume, then water per-
meability was measured as a function of volume
throughput (distillate water volume injected). At
terminal condition, the water permeability at flow
reversed direction was also measured. The test was
performed on ambient condition.

Figure 1
Porosity and permeability data of core sample from X1 well, X field.

Figure 2.1 Porosity and Permeability Data of Core Sample from X1 Well, X Field
156
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

2. Sensitivity Test on Filtered Water performed on ambient condition.

The test was performed on 17 samples taken from
5G well of K, B, J, D, and M Formations.
The injected water was produced water collected
from CIF (Central Injected Facility) station of A
Field. At first, all of the samples were saturated with
100% simulated formation brine, then flushed using
the same brine until 100 Pore Volume.
Under these conditions, water permeability was
measured as a function of volume throughput (brine
volume injected). After that, filtered CIF water was
injected into the samples until 100 Pore Volume CIF
water, water permeability was also measured as a
function of volume throughput. Then, the samples
were flushed using the unfiltered CIF water until 100
Pore Volume, and at this condition water permeability
was measured as a function of volume throughput.
At terminal condition, the water permeability at flow
reversed direction was also measured. The test was
3. Scaling Tendency Analysis
The Scaling Tendency Test was performed
on 17 samples taken from 5G well of K, B,
J, D, and M Formations. Following the
procedure, the samples were initially vacuumed and
pressure saturated using the simulated formation
brine as described previously, and then flushed
using the same brine until 100 Pore Volume. In
this condition, water permeability was measured
as a function of volume throughput (brine volume
injected). Subsequently, the CIF water was injected
into the samples until 100 Pore Volume, and water
permeability was measured as a function of volume
throughput. The effluent water was collected with
filter paper. At terminal condition , the water
permeability at flow reversed direction was also
measured. The test was performed on ambient
condition. XRD analysis was conducted on effluent

Table 2Test
Table 3 Results of the Fresh Water Sensitivity
Results of the fresh water sensitivity test

Formation Brine Fresh Water

Formation No. Sampel Depth (ft) Ka, mD K1, mD K2, mD K3, mD K4, mD K Reversed
45 822.65 11705 8085.29 4576.05 4681.73 1338.08 1311.76
119 898.12 2812 288.71 207.29 96.83 59.66 99.52
142 907.7 2008 127.02 83.16 75.32 21.89 65.26
K 146 908.3 2188 196.75 142.20 101.69 75.86 80.61
147 908.45 3863 139.92 104.74 121.61 86.45 137.23
170 914.55 6951 1070.17 707.44 702.89 392.74 424.73
209 933.5 1871 37.18 17.02 17.16 8.15 12.95
23 1018.3 566 14.16 8.60 7.27 3.57 4.44
B 304 1010.3 175 130.31 79.04 65.43 37.77 67.80
316 1019.7 1090 162.73 79.35 84.32 40.00 62.48
324 1028.25 607 3.76 1.75 1.59 0.74 2.51
24 1112.05 9008 6473.74 4279.56 4030.89 2315.93 2631.42
J 607 1116.9 3794 1190.36 456.38 382.49 154.39 194.34
416 1102.25 638 3.86 2.71 2.57 1.43 2..80
422 1108.15 1017 48.72 37.41 31.85 19.13 44.55
507 1187.6 1808 124.49 86.84 85.49 54.92 66.19
D 522 1201.4 2110 19.79 14.92 17.52 12.13 13.28
523 1202.5 1817 132.08 90.06 86.11 56.51 67.52
525 1203.25 651 23.30 17.89 14.96 10.77 12.33
M 37 1265.45 2064 286.95 217.81 195.82 114.25 125.29
Note:
K1 : water permeability at initial brine injection K3 : water permeability at initial distillate water injection
K2 : water permeability at 100 PV brine K4 : water permeability at 100 PV distillate water injection

157
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

Table 3
Table 4 Results of Sensitivity Test on Filtered Water
Results of sensitivity test on filtered water

Formation Brine CIF (un filtered) CIF (un filtered)

No. K Reserved,
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD Kl,mD K2,mD K3,mD K4,mD K5,mD K6,mD
Sampel mD

46 822.9 10701 4708.98 1269.91 3768.86 1744.00 3938.90 1819.58 791.48

K 120 898.9 2656 65.48 37.98 39.94 15.44 24.29 8.97 16.32
123 901.15 3790 1605.62 812.60 870.37 325.60 661.54 231.03 240.48
309 1014.7 1629.26 501.81 662.39 260.46 169.90 172.83
2768 441.35
321 1026.9 3.41 1.35 1.81 1.04 0.36 0.72
B 334 836 1.02
337 1035.95 3.21 2.12 1.52 0.41 0.25 0.27
811 0.97 0.70
338 1036.25 2.01 0.84 1.03 0.29 0.18 0.19
25 1112.2 7790 4766.68 1655.28 2917.59 1908.75 2557.57 729.26 744.03
28 1117.05 4626 3355.72 923.57 2943.33 1726.99 3020.23 1732.03 1862.11
J
30 1117.95 4962 3272.35 1016.83 1700.87 898.18 1701.00 328.92 369.49
466 1150.2 242 70.15 25.52 51.61 22.71 36.71 9.61 12.45

508 1188.25 1754 494.63 160.03 163.42 47.28 103.83 25.41

23.03
524 1202.85 2372 1111.73 364.61 770.08 229.96 286.47 102.36
D 85.07 7.43
526 1203.8 404 163.70 53.69 83.61 24.97 33.81 7.67
15.95
527 1204.3 2372 386.15 133.55 84.91 25.36 62.03 16.17

36 1263.7 11619 9781.95 3972.69 6125.53 1696.15 6774.13 1325.30 1526.62

M
584 1269.5 2688 974.03 176.45 772.85 214.00 339.33 96.81 123.13

Note:
K1 : water permeability at initial brine injection
filtrate.
K2 : water permeability at 100 PV brine injection
4.K3Sensitivity Test on Water Salinity
: water permeability at initial filtered GIF water injection
A total of 21 samples taken from 5G well
of K, B, J, D, and M Formations were
assigned for Sensitivity on Brine Salinity. In the
process, under room temperature conditions, the
samples were initially vacuumed and pressure
saturated using the simulated formation brine as
described previously, and then flushed using the same
brine until 100 pore volume. In this condition, water
permeability was measured as a function of volume
throughput (brine volume injected). Afterwards,
the samples were injected with 3% KCl water until
100 pore volume, then water permeability was
measured as a function of volume throughput (3%
KCl water injected). Next, the samples were flushed
with 5% KCL water until 100 pore volume, then
water permeability was also measured as a function
of volume throughput. The water permeability at
reversed direction flow was also recorded.
5. Sensitivity Test on Produced Water Salinity
Sensitivity on produced salinity test was carried
out on 22 samples taken from 5G well of K, B,
J, D, and M Formation. At first, the samples
were saturated using the simulated formation brine,
then flushed using the same brine until 100 pore
volume, and the water permeability was measured
K4 : water permeability at 100 PV filtered GIF water injection
as
K5 :awater
function of volume
permeability throughput
at initial GIF water injection(brine volume
injected). Subsequently,
at 100 PVCIF water was injected into
K6 : water permeability GIF water injection
the samples until 100 pore volume, at this condition
water permeability was measured as a function of
volume throughput (CIF water volume injected).
The water permeability at reversed direction flow
was also recorded.
III. RESULTS
A. Results of the Fresh Water Sensitivity Test
Results of the Fresh Water Sensitivity Tests are
summarized in Table 2 as follows.
The experiment was performed at ambient
condition. At first, the sample was injected with
formation brine, the recorded water permeability at
initial injection (K1) was ranged between values of
37.18 mD to 8085.29 mD, 3.76 mD to 162.73 mD,
3.86 mD to 6473.74 mD, 19.79 mD to 132.08 mD,
for K, B, J, D formations, respectively
and value of 286.95 mD for M Formation. The
injection was stopped at 100 Pore Volume, the
recorded permeability (K2) under these conditions
ranged between value of 17.02 mD to 4576.05 mD,
1.75 mD to 4279.56 mD, 14.92 mD to 90.06 mD,
for K, B, J, D formations, respectively and
217.81 mD for M formation.
Next, the fresh water was injected into the

158
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

sample, the recorded water permeability at initial
injection (K3) was ranged between 17.16 mD to
4681.73 mD, 1.59 mD to 84.32 mD, 2.57 mD to
4080.89 mD, 14.96 mD to 86.11 mD, for K, B,
J, D formations, respectively and 195.82 mD for
M formation. The injection was finished until 100
Pore Volume fresh, and at this condition the recorded
water permeability (K4) ranged between values of
8.15 mD to 1338.08 mD, 0.74 mD to 40 mD, 1.43 mD
to 2315.93 mD, 12.13 mD to 56.51 mD, for K, B,
J, D formations, respectively and 114.25 mD
for M formation. At terminal condition, the water
permeability at flow reversed direction was also
measured. The recorded water permeability ranged
between 12.95 mD to 1311.76 mD, 2.51 mD to 67.80
mD, 2.8 mD to 2631.42 mD, 12.33 mD to 67.52 mD
for K, B, J, D formations, respectively and
114.25 mD for M formation.
B. Results of Sensitivity Test on Filtered Water
Results of Sensivity Test on Filtered Water are
displayed in Table 3.
The test was conducted at ambient condition.
At first, the samples were injected with formation,
at initial condition the recorded water permeability
(K1) values ranged between 65.48 mD to 4708.98
mD, 2.01 mD to 1629.26 mD, 70.15 mD to 4766.68
mD, 163.70 mD to 1111.73 mD, 974.03 mD to
9781.95 mD for for K, B, J, D, M
formation, respectively. The process was finished
after injection with 100 Pore Volume formation brine,
the recorded water permeability at this condition
(K2) ranged between 37.98 mD to 1269.91 mD, 0.84
mD to 501.81 mD, 25.52 mD to 1655.28 mD, 53.69
mD to 160.03 mD, 176.45 mD to 3972.69 mD for for
K, B, J, D , M formation, respectively.
Later, the filtered CIF produced water was
injected into the samples, at initial injection the
recorded water permeability (K3) ranged between
39.94 mD to 3768.86 mD, 1.02 mD to 662.39 mD,
51.61 mD to 2943.33 mD, 83.61 mD to 770.08 mD,
772.85 mD to 6125.53 mD for for K, B, J,
D, M formation, respectively. The injection
ended when 100 Pore Volume was produced , and at
this condition the water permeability was measured.
The measured water permeability (K4) value ranged
within 15.44 mD to 1744 mD, 0.29 mD to 260.46

Table 4
Table 5a Results of Scaling Tendency Analysis
Results of scaling tendency analysis

No. Depth,
Formation Ka, mD Formation Brine CIF
Sampel Feet
K Reversed,
Kl,mD K2,mD K3,mD K4,mD
mD
310 1015.25 3227.00 1593.25 808.01 541.16 330.77 236.01
341 1038.5 287.00 4.07 2.02 2.32 1.32 1.14
B
343 1039.4 831.00 16.61 6.47 6.46 2.21 -
350 1043.7 441.00 4.43 1.75 2.66 0.54 -
513 1192.5 2072.00 799.55 362.06 333.92 115.08 112.79
D 528 1204.7 1376.00 186.74 85.12 121.10 38.18 51.09
529 1205.75 775.00 155.22 79.19 61.55 18.05 12.20
571 1253.55 3643.00 1417.38 787.43 764.61 400.81 317.73
29 1117.6 5967.00 4724.94 3028.81 3030.18 810.41 875.49
J 33 1157.75 5261.00 4927.44 1813.20 2885.95 632.16 516.25
430 1115.25 5826.00 4079.50 2848.78 3892.80 1041.12 1848.01
51 824.25 12088.00 7013.21 2933.45 3110.20 2168.05 -
127 903.8 2514.00 771.11 308.40 293.38 152.67 -
K
187 918.5 497.00 1.28 0.46 0.34 0.06 -
188 918.65 206.00 0.63 0.22 0.20 0.09 -
135 905.65 3874.00 2534.30 1364.62 1943.37 701.90 -
M 39 1267.65 5261.00 3603.46 1403.27 1522.61 581.38 642.25

Note:
K1 : water permeability at initial brine injection K2:waterpermeabilityat100PVbrine
K3 : water permeability at initial GIF water injection K4:waterpermeabilityat100PVGIFwaterinjection

159
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

mD, 22.71 mD to 1908.75 mD, 24.97 mD to 229.96
mD, 214 mD to 1696.15 mD mD for K, B,
J, D, M formations, respectively.
Next, the samples were flushed with the unfiltered
CIF produced water, at an initial injection the
recorded water permeability (K5) ranged between
24.29 mD to 3938.90 mD, 0.7 mD to 441.35 mD,
36.71 mD to 3020.23 mD, 33.81 mD to 286.47 mD,
96.81 mD to 1325.30 mD, for for K, B, J, D,
M formation, respectively. The injection finished at
100 Pore Volume fluid, the water permeability (K6)
values ranged between 8.97 mD to 1819.58 mD, 0.18
mD to 169.90 mD, 9.61 mD to 1732.03 mD, 7.43
mD to 85.07 mD, 96.81 mD to 1325.30 mD for K,
B, J, D, M formations, respectively. Finally,
the water permeability at flow reversed direction
was also measured. The recorded water permeability
ranged within 16.32 mD to 791.48 Md, 0.19 mD to
172.83 mD, 12.45 mD to 1862.11 mD, 7.67 mD to
102.36 mD, 123.13 mD to 1526.62 mD, for K, B,
J, D, M formations, respectively.
C. Results of Scaling Tendency Analysis
Results of Sensivity Test on Filtered Water are
shown in Table 4. The recorded water permeability
value (K1) ranged within 4.07 mD to 1588.25 mD,
155.22 mD to 1417.38 mD. 4079.50 mD to 4927.44
mD, 0.63 mD to 7013.21 mD for K, B, J,
D formations, respectively and 3603.46 mD for
M formation, when the samples were flushed with
formation at initial condition. The brine injection
was performed until 100 pore volume fluid injection,
then the water permeability (K2) was measured. The
results indicated value ranged within 1.75 mD to
808.01 mD, 79.19 mD to 787.43 mD, 1813.20 mD
to 3028.81 mD, 0.22 mD to 2933.45 mD for K,
B, J, D formations, respectively and 1403.27
mD for M formation.
Afterwards, CIF produced water was injected into
the samples, initially, recorded water permeability
value (K3) ranged between 2.32 mD to 541.16 mD,
61.55 mD to 764.61 mD,2885.95 mD to 3892.30
mD, 0.2 mD to 3110.20 mD for K, B, J,
D formations, respectively and 1521.61 mD for
M formation. The injection was stopped at 100
Pore Volume fluid injection. At this condition, the
recorded water permeability (K4) was within 0.54
mD to 330.71 mD, 18.05 mD to 400.81 mD, 632.16
mD to 1041.12 mD, 0.06 mD to 2168.05 mD for K,
B, J, D formations, respectively and 581.38
mD for M formation. At terminal condition, the
water permeability at flow reversed direction was
also measured. The reversed water permeability
indicated values ranged within 1.14 mD to 236.01
mD, 12.20 mD to 317.73 mD, 516.25 mD to 1848.01
mD, for K, B, J, D formations, respectively
and 542.25 mD for M formation. The results of
XRD analysis on effluent filtrate is displayed on table
5b. The results show that generally, the formations
are dominated by Illite and Kaolinite.
In the scaling tendency test, some of samples
produced only a small quantity of effluent filtrate

Table 5
Summary
Table 5b Summary of XRDof XRD analysis
Analysis on effluent
on Effluent filtrate result
Filtrate Result

No.
No Formasi Clay Mineral (%) Carb. Mineral (%) Other Mineral (%) Total (%)
Sample

Smec. Illite Kaol. Chlor. Calc. Dolo. Sider Quartz K-Feld Plag. Pyrite Clay Carb. Other

1 51 K 100
2 251 K 15 15 1 1 64 3 1 30 2 68
3 310 B 4 8 2 86 12 2 86
4 343 B 7 15 78 22 78
5 350 B 20 30 8 42 50 8 42
6 39 J 16 8 60 16 16 8 76
7 513 D 8 14 73 5 22 78
8 528 D 100 100
9 529 D 5 7 88 12 88

Note:
Smec. : Smectite Dolo : Dolomite
Kaol. : Kaolinite Sider.: Siderite
Chlor. : Chlorite KFeld: KFeldspar
Calc. : Calcite Plag.: Plagioclase
Carb. : Carbonate

160
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

Table 6 Results of Sensitivity Test on Water Salinity

Table 6
Results of sensitivity test on water salinity
Formation Brine KCL3% KCL5%
No. K Reversed,
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD Kl,mD K2,mD K3,mD K4,mD K5,mD K6,mD
Sampel mD

116 895.95 4529 229.26 134.5 185.88 102.24 148.96 86.27 161.3
136 905.8 2430 881.89 613.12 372.42 204.83 262.62 185 90.24
139 906.4 3080 931.62 647.7 670.35 413.38 416.15 293.15 294.08
K 148 908.6 1303 146.92 39.18 48.92 28.16 45.34 31.94 32.28
171 914.7 9587 5176.2 1932.45 1403.35 1005.12 1252.9 765.41 607.93
185 918.25 2975 94.3 35.2 54.43 38.99 12.37 7.72 10.86
203 930.65 837 753.64 281.36 217.74 113.74 130.02 73.4 89.46
240 950.75 1010 741.31 593.88 580.07 457.68 598.22 378.06 89.46

315 1019.15 1605 329.96 179.77 144.02 107.78 110.48 75.38 -

362 1050.05 657 157.85 91.42 40.05 18.08 13.69 6.95 21.83
B
364 1051.25 234 14.14 4.94 14.11 4.93 2.16 1.78 1.42
367 1052 869 1.27 0.41 0.41 0.23 0.36 0.3 0.53
26 1116.6 2271 1631.71 1078.67 1195.38 799.82 1075.84 719.84 2631.42
31 1157.5 5622 4847.83 3204.73 3586.15 2399.46 2227.76 1575.57 1642.11
J
34 1157.9 7002 6248.96 4482.68 2848.62 1718.63 2890.52 2044.31 1642.11
435 1119.7 2219 359.99 258.24 147.69 89.11 157.96 125.81 113.28

520 1199.45 2072 1066.36 746.45 707.06 436.25 813.09 535.76 66.19
530 1206 966 206.03 148.28 189.82 146.72 169.38 122.5 128.02
D
532 1208.2 483 10.29 3.5 5.4 1.84 2.38 1.45 2.74
572 1254.35 5452 4027.67 2807.96 1225.19 417.72 3121.33 1880.73 1817.7

M 38 1265.6 4795 2389.69 1813.91 983.42 695.79 1036.24 731.46 915.52

Note:
K1 : water permeability at initial brine injection K4 : water permeability at 100 PV 3% KCI water injection
K2 : water permeability at 100 PV brine injection K5 : water permeability at initial 5% KCI water injection
K3 : water permeability at initial 3% KCI water injection K6 : water permeability at 100 PV 5% KCI water injection

material, therefore it cant be analyzed by the XRD. water permeability (K3) was within 48.92 mD to
D. Results of Sensitivity Test on Water Salinity 1403.35 mD, 0.41 mD to 144.02 mD, 147.69 mD
to 3586.15 mD, 5.40 mD to 1225.19 mD for K,
The results of Sensitivity Test on Water Salinity
B, J, D formations, respectively and 983.42
can be seen in Table 6. At first, the samples were
mD for M formation. The process was continued
injected with formation brine. The recorded water
until it reached 100 Pore Volume fluid injection,
permeability (K1) was within 94.30 mD to 5176.20
at this condition the water permeability (K4) was
mD, 1.27 mD to 329.96 mD, 359.99 mD to 6248.96
measured, recorded value ranged between 28.16
mD, 10.29 mD to 4027.67 mD for K, B, J,
mD to 1005.12 mD, 0.23 mD to 107.78 mD, 89.11
D formations, respectively and 2389.69 mD for
mD to 2399.46 mD, 1.84 mD to 436.25 mD for K,
M formation.
B, J, D formations, respectively and 695.79
The brine injection was ended at 100 pore mD for M formation.
volume injection, whereas the recorded water
Later, brine with 5% KCl concentration was
permeability value (K2) ranged between 35.20 mD
injected into the samples. At initial injection the
to 1932.45 mD, 0.41 mD to 144.02 mD, 258.24 mD
recorded water permeability (K5) ranged between
to 4482.68 mD, 3.5 mD to 2807.96 mD, for K,
12.37 mD to 1252.90 mD, 0.36 mD to 110.48 mD,
B, J, D formations, respectively and 1813.91
157.96 mD to 2890.52 mD, 2.38 mD to 3121.33 mD
mD for M formation.
for K, B, J, D formations, respectively and
Next, the brine with 3% KCl concentration was 1036.40 mD for M formation. The fluid injection
injected into samples, at initial injection, the recorded was stopped at 100 pore volume fluid injection,

161
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

Table 7
Table 7 Results of Sensitivity Test on Produced Water Salinity
Results of sensitivity test on produced water salinity

Formation Brine GIF water

Formation No. Sampel Depth, ft Ka,mD K Reversed
Kl,mD K2,mD K3,mD K4,mD
mD

141 907.55 4291.00 3637.09 2554.29 1375.14 381.28 612.69

144 908 2038.00 68.96 45.22 9.95 1.05 612.69
169 914.4 5457.00 2396.78 1316.84 1297.00 408.35 577.88
K 176 916.75 11854.00 6101.26 4406.47 1341.23 403.53 283.92
202 930.5 4291.00 635.73 195.54 246.73 68.42 69.15
204 931.25 1244.00 860.90 394.95 370.88 179.11 172.56
206 931.5 2876.00 2561.68 1357.32 1027.11 470.47 339.90
266 974.3 357.00 2.74 0.75 1.83 0.52 1.15
B 375 1057.65 360.00 1.08 0.29 0.45 0.13 0.31
20 1107.45 649.00 380.93 244.18 474.16 200.79 180.69
21 1107.6 3567.00 1288.54 699.40 823.35 220.20 245.00
22 1107.75 1265.00 429.79 285.37 208.46 97.03 102.51
J 32 1157.65 6685.00 2955.35 1863.73 2926.14 770.58 750.85
35 1158.05 6449.00 4213.47 1811.24 3858.95 1091.53 516.25
491 1174.85 4066.00 1817.18 878.64 1184.25 316.72 126.38
494 1176.75 2371.00 1112.94 487.17 351.89 94.11 155.40
521 1200.25 2090.00 1900.34 825.47 937.67 280.01 332.90
D 533 1209.15 301.00 10.96 3.35 2.72 0.95 2.44
576 1258.5 1632.00 1342.84 321.92 451.59 73.23 145.25
577 1259.4 9893.00 4770.79 2650.44 1241.98 249.06 561.16
M 40 1268.65 1934.00 846.87 331.79 293.13 101.07 214.58
585 1270.5 2668.00 1067.42 300.34 365.64 102.93 116.34

Note:
K1 : water permeability at initial brine injection K2:waterpermeabilityat100PVbrine
K3 : water permeability at initial GIF water injection K4:waterpermeabilityat100PVGIFwaterinjection

at this condition the water permeability (K6) was Salinity

measured, resulted in interval value of 7.72 mD
to 765.41 mD, 0.30 mD to 75.38 mD, 125.81 mD
to 2044.31 mD, 1.45 mD to 1880.73 mD mD for
K, B, J, D formations, respectively and
731.46 mD for M formation. Moreover, the
water permeability at flow reversed direction was
also measured. The reversed water permeability
indicated value ranged within 32.28 mD to 607.93
mD, 0.53 mD to 21.83 mD, 113.28 mD to 2631.42
mD, for K, B, J, D formations, respectively
and 915.52 mD for M formation.
E. Results of Sensitivity Test on Produced Water
Results of sensitivity test on produced water
salinity is displayed in Table 7.
First, the formation brine was injected into
the samples, at initial injection the record water
permeability (K1) value was within 2.74 mD to
6101.26 mD mD, 380.93 mD to 4213.47 mD, 10.96
mD to 4770.79 mD, 846.87 mD to 1067.42 mD for
K, J, D, M formations, respectively and
1.08 mD for B formation. The process was ended
at 100 pore volume fluid injection, at this condition,
the water permeability value (K2) ranged between
0.75 mD to 4406.47 mD, 244.18 mD to 1863.73 mD,
3.35 mD to 2650.44 mD, 300.34 mD to 331.79 mD
mD for K, J, D, M formations, respectively

162
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

and 0.45 mD for B formation. At 100 pore volume IV. DISCUSSION

fluid injection, the water permeability value (K4)
ranged between 0.52 mD to 470.47 mD, A. Analysis on Results of Fresh Water Sensitivity
Next, the produced water from CIF station Test
in Field X was injected into samples, at initial Analysis of the results of the fresh water
injection, water permeability value (K3) ranged sensitivity test can be seen in table 8. For K
within 1.83 mD to 1375.14 mD, 208.46 mD to Formation, when the samples were injected with
3858.95 mD, 2.72 mD to 1241.98 mD, 293.13 mD formation brine, there was a reduction in water
to 365.64 mD for K, J, D, M formations, permeability of approximately between 25.1% to
respectively and 0.45 mD for B formation. The 54.2% experienced by all samples (see Table 3 and
injection continued until 100 pore volume fluid Figure 2). The highest reduction was recorded by
injection, at this condition, the water permeability sample no. 209. A comparison of water permeability
(K4) value ranged within 0.52 mD to 470.47 mD, indicates low to moderate initial liquid-to-water
94.11 mD to 1091.53 mD, 101.07 mD to 102.93 permeability ratios for most samples tested (ratio
mD for K, J, D, M formations, respectively = 0.02 - 0.691) which means the samples have
and 0.13 mD for B formation. Furthermore, water character which is very sensitive with water.
permeability at reversed flow direction indicated As the samples was injected with fresh water,
value ranged within 1.15 mD to 612.69 mD, 102.51 the ratio of liquid to water permeability drops further
mD to 750.85 mD, 2.44 mD to 561.16 mD, 116.34 to a range of values of 0.009 to 0.4. Furthermore,
mD to 214.58 mD for K, J, D, M formations, most samples also experienced an increase in
respectively and 0.13 mD for B formation. water permeability reduction value of 25.40 % to
71.42% (see Table 3). This means the samples are
also sensitive with fresh water, with the exception
of sample no. 45, all of the samples show increases
in water permeability when the flow injection was
eventually reversed which indicates the presence of
fine migrations.

Figure 2
Performance of water permeability reduction of fresh water
Figure 4.1. Performance of Water
sensitivity testPermeability
on sample noReduction of Fresh Water Sensitivity Test on
170, K formation.
sample no 170, K Formation.

163
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

Samples of B formation indicate almost the
same performance as K samples. Reduction in
water permeability by approximately between
39.2% to 53.6% were experienced by the samples,
when samples were flushed with formation brine. A
comparison with water permeability indicates very
low to moderate initial liquid-to-water permeability
ratios for most samples tested (ratio = 0.006 - 0.75)
which mean the samples are very sensitive with
water.
However, during fresh water injection, reduction
in water permeability of the samples went up to
interval value of 42.28% to 53.84%. Moreover, the
ratio of water permeability decreased to a range of
values of 0.003 to 0.375. This performance shows
that B formation is sensitive to fresh water. Figure
3 displays performance of permeability reduction
during fresh water sensitivity test on B formation.
The value of water permeability at the reversed flow
injection was raised, which indicated the presence
of fine migration.
For J Formation, the samples showed a
reduction in permeability by an average value of
37.1%, when flushed with formation brine. The ratio
of water permeability shows a low average value of
0.272, which mean the samples are sensitive with
water. When the4.1.
Figure samples were injected
Performance withPermeability
of Water fresh
sample no 170, K Formation.
water, the reduction of water permeability increased
to an average value of 46.59%. Furthermore, the
ratio of water permeability decreased to an average
value of 0.146 which showed Jaga formation is
sensitive to fresh water. Figure 4 shows the figure of
permeability reduction for J formation. Apparently,
the formation damage was mainly caused by fine
migration as the value of water permeability at the
reversed flow injection was raised for all samples. All
of the samples show increases in water permeability
when the flow injection was eventually reversed
which indicates the presence of fine migrations.
Samples of D formation recorded average value
of 27.4% in water permeability reduction when
formation brine was injected into the samples. A
comparison with water permeability indicates very
low initial liquid-to-water permeability ratios for
samples tested ( average ratio = 0.047) which means
the samples have character very sensitive to water. As
the samples were injected with fresh water (distil-
late water), the water permeability reduction raised
slightly to average value of 32.22%. However, the
ratio of water permeability to initial water perme-
ability decreased to an average value of 0.031. This
performance shows that the samples are sensitive
to fresh water. All of the samples show increases
in Reduction of Freshwhen
water permeability WatertheSensitivity Test was
flow injection on

Figure 3
Performance of water permeability reduction of fresh water
Figure 4.2. Performance of Water
sensitivity Permeability
test on Reduction
sample no 304, of Fresh Water Sensitivity Test on
B formation.
sample no 304, B Formation.

164
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

Figure 4
Performance of water permeability reduction of fresh water
Figure 4.3. Performance of Water
sensitivity test Permeability Reduction
on sample no 24, of Fresh Water
J formation. Sensitivity Test on
sample no 24, J Formation.
Figure 4.3. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Fresh Water Sensitivity Test on
sample no 24, J Formation.

Fresh Water Sensitivity Test

Figure 5 Reduction of Fresh Water Sensitivity Test on

Figure 4.4. Performance of Water Permeability
Figure 4.4. Performance
Performance of of water
Water permeabilityReduction
Permeability reduction of
of fresh
Freshwater
Water Sensitivity Test on
sample no 37, M Formation.
sensitivity test on sample no 37, M formation.
sample no 37, M Formation.

165
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

eventually reversed which indicates the presence of
fine migrations.
Sample no. 37 represents M formation indicated
a value of 24.09% in water permeability reduction
when formation brine was flushed into the samples.
The ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability recorded a low value of 0.139 and is
characterized as sensitive to water. When the fresh
water (distillate water) was injected to samples,
the water permeability reduction increased to a
value of 41.65%. Figure 5 displays figure of water
permeability reduction. However, the ratio of air
permeability to initial water permeability decreased
to a value of 0.095 which means the samples are
sensitive to fresh water.
It seems that all of the formations are sensitive
to the fresh water as mostly the samples have
experienced increasing water permeability reduction
and a decreasing ratio of initial water permeability
to water permeability. Permeability reduction during
fluid flow, as acknowledged, could be caused by
various factors but it is fairly acceptable that the
plugging occurrence was likely to be caused by fine
migration and swelling clay in the rock samples.
The occurrence of fine migration was indicated
by increases in water permeability when the flow
injection was eventually reversed. A small quantity
of swelling clay also existed in the upper part of
Kedua formation, as the reversed water permeability
showed a decrease.
B. Analysis on Results of Filtered Water
Sensitivity Test
Table 9 displays analysis of the results of return
permeability core test for samples no.46, no.120,
no 123 of K formation. The results show that for
formation brine injection, the ratio of initial water

Table 8
Table 8Analysis
Analysisofoffresh
Fresh Water
water Sensitivity
sensitivity Test
test Result
result

Brine Fresh Water

No.
Formation Depth (ft) Ka, mD Reduction Reduction K Reversed
Sampel Kl/Ka K3/Ka
K1-K2 (%) K3-K4(%) mD

45 822.65 11705.00 0.691 43.403 0.400 71.419 1311.76

119 898.12 2812.00 0.103 28.200 0.034 38.393 99.52
142 907.7 2008.00 0.063 34.531 0.038 70.934 65.26
K 146 908.3 2188.00 0.090 27.727 0.046 25.401 80.61
147 908.45 3863.00 0.036 25.143 0.031 28.909 137.23
170 914.55 6951.00 0.154 33.894 0.101 44.125 424.73
209 933.5 1870.76 0.020 54.211 0.009 52.526 12.95
23 1018.3 566.00 0.025 39.265 0.013 50.966 4.44
304 1010.3 174.70 0.746 39.346 0.375 42.279 67.80
B 316 1019.7 1090.00 0.149 51.238 0.077 52.564 62.48
324 1028.25 607.00 0.006 53.636 0.003 53.841 2.51

24 1112.05 9008.00 0.719 33.894 0.447 42.545 2631.42

J 27 1116.9 3794.00 0.314 61.660 0.101 59.635 194.34
416 1102.25 638.00 0.006 29.636 0.004 44.253 2.80
422 1108.15 1017.00 0.048 23.220 0.031 39.933 44.55

507 1187.6 1808.00 0.069 30.244 0.047 35.762 66.19

522 1201.4 2110.00 0.009 24.600 0.008 30.773 13.28
D
523 1202.5 1817.00 0.073 31.818 0.047 34.372 67.52
525 1203.25 651.00 0.036 23.235 0.023 27.976 12.33

M 37 1265.45 2064 0.139 24.094 0.095 41.653 125.29

166
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

Filtered CIF Water Sensitivity Test

Figure 6
Performance of water permeability reduction of filtered water
Figure 4.5. Performance of Water
sensitivity test Permeability
on sample no Reduction of Filtered Water Sensitivity Test on
123, K formation.
sample no 123, K Formation.

Table 9
Analysis
Table 9 Analysis of filtered
of Filtered water sensitivity
Water Sensitivity test result
Test Result

No.
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD Brine GIF Filtered OF Un Filtered
Sampel
K1-K2 K3-K4 K5-K6 K Reversed,
Kl/Ka K3/Ka K5/Ka
Reduction% RpHurtinn% Reduction% mD

46 822.9 10701.00 0.44 73.03 0.35 53.73 0.37 53.80 791.48

K 120 898.9 2656.00 0.02 42.00 0.02 61.33 0.01 63.07 16.32
123 901.15 3790.00 0.42 49.39 0.23 62.59 0.17 65.08 240.48
309 1014.7 2768.00 0.59 69.20 0.24 60.68 0.16 61.50 172.83
321 1026.9 334.00 0.01 60.42 0.01 42.79 0.00 64.74 0.72
B
337 1035.95 836.00 0.0 34.09 0.0 73.03 0.00 73.77 0.27
338 1036.25 811.00 0.0 58.07 0.0 72.07 0.00 74.41 0.19
25 1112.2 7790.00 0.61 65.27 0.37 34.58 0.33 71.49 744.03
28 1117.05 4626.00 0.73 72.48 0.64 41.33 0.65 42.65 1862.11
J
30 1117.95 4962.00 0.66 68.93 0.34 47.19 0.34 80.66 369.49
466 1150.2 242.00 0.29 63.62 0.21 55.99 0.15 73.81 12.45
508 1188.25 1754.00 0.28 67.65 0.09 71.07 0.06 77.82 25.41
524 1202.85 2372.00 0.47 67.20 0.32 70.14 0.12 70.30 102.36
D Figure 4.6. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Filtered Water Sensitivity Test on
526 1203.8 404.00 0.41 67.20 0.21 70.14 0.08 78.03 7.67
sample no 309, B Formation.
527 1204.3 2372.00 0.16 65.41 0.04 70.14 0.03 74.29 16.17
36 1263.7 11619.00 0.84 59.39 0.53 72.31 0.58 80.44 1526.62
M
584 1269.5 2688.00 0.36 81.88 0.29 72.31 0.13 71.47 123.13

167
 Figure 4.5. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Filtered Water Sensitivity Test on
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179
sample no 123, K Formation.

Filtered CIF Water Sensitivity Test

Figure 7
Figure 4.6. Performance
PerformanceofofWater Permeability
Water permeability Reduction
reduction of Filtered
of filtered water Water Sensitivity Test on
sensitivity test on sample no 309, B formation.
sample no 309, B Formation.

Filtered CIF Water Sensitivity Test

Figure 8
Figure 4.7. Performance
Performanceofof Water Permeability
water permeability Reduction
reduction of Filtered
of filtered water Water Sensitivity Test on
sensitivity test on sample no 25, J formation.
sample no 25, J Formation.

168
 1. A Cased Laboratorium Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
Figure 4.7. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Filtered Water
(SeptiSensitivity
Anggraeni) Test on
sample no 25, J Formation.

Figure 9
Performance of Water permeability reduction of filtered water
Figure 4.8. Performance
sensitivityoftest
Water Permeability
on sample Reduction
no 524, D formation.of Filtered Water Sensitivity Test on
sample no 524, D Formation.

permeability to water permeability indicates an
average value of 0.3, whereas percentage water
reduction from initial water permeability to water
permeability at 100 PV brine injection records a
value of 54.81%. When the samples were flushed
with filtered CIF water, the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability has an average
value of 0.2. Moreover, all samples experienced
reduction in water permeability with average value
of 59.22%. As the samples were injected by unfiltered
CIF water, the ratio of initial water permeability to
water permeability dropped slightly to an average
value of 0.18, whereas the reduction of initial
water permeability to water permeability at 100 PV
CIF resulted in an average value of 60.65. Mostly,
samples show increases in water permeability
when the flow injection was eventually reversed
which indicates the presence of fine migrations. An
exception was sample no.46, the water permeability
at reversed flow showed a decrease which indicates
the presence of swelling clay. The figure of water
permeability reduction in this test for K formation
can be seen in Figure 6.
The test was also performed on samples no.
309, no. 321, no.337 and no. 338 of B formation,
and as the samples were injected with formation
brine, the ratio of initiial water permeability to water
permeability recorded an average value of 0.15 and
the water permeability reduced by an average value
of 55.45%. When the filtered CIF water is flushed
into the sample, the ratio of initial water permeability
to water permeability fell to an average value of
0.06. The initial water permeability, however, fell
on average to 62.14 at the end of injection (100 PV
filtered CIF). During CIF, the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability dropped to an
average value of 0.04, whereas the water reduction
recorded average value of 68.61%. All of samples
show increasing in water permeability when the flow
injection was eventually reversed which indicates the
presence of fine migrations. Figure 7 displays results
of water permeability reduction.
For J Formation which was represented by
samples no.25, no.28, no.30 and no. 466, when the
samples were injected by formation brine, the ratio
of initial water permeability to water permeability
indicated average value of 0.57 and the water
reduction recorded value of 67.57%. However,
when the samples were injected with filtered CIF,
the ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability decreased to an average value of 0.39,
whereas the water permeability reduced in average

169
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

value of 44.77%. As the CIF water was injected to
the samples, the ratio of intial water permeability to
water permeability dropped slightly to an average
value of 0.37, but the water permeability reduction
was raised significantly to an average value of
67.15%. All of the samples show increases in
water permeability when the flow injection was
eventually reversed which indicates the presence of
fine migrations. Figure 8 displays figures for water
permeability reduction.
The samples no. 508, no. 524, no.526 and no.527
of D formation show the following performance
during the test. As the formation brine was initially
injected into the samples, the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability recorded a value
of 0.33, and the water permeability decreased in av-
erage value of 66.87 %. Next, the filtered CIF water
was injected into the samples, at this condition, the
ratio of initial water permeability to water perme-
ability indicated an average value of 0.17. During
filtered CIF , the water permeability reduced on aver-
age of 70.37%. When the CIF water was injected into
the samples, the ratio of initial water permeability
to water permeability dropped to average value of
0.07, whereas the water permeability reduction in-
creased to an average value of 0.07. All of samples
demonstrate increases in water permeability when
the flow injection was eventually reversed which
indicates the presence of fine migrations. The figure
of water permeability reduction in this test for D
formation can be seen in Figure 9.
M formation was represented by samples no.36
and no.584. When samples were initially flushed
with formation brine, a comparison of water
permeability indicates moderate initial liquid-to-
water permeability ratios valued of 0.6 on average.
After that, the samples were injected by filtered CIF
water, the ratio of water permeability and the water
permeability reduction recorded average values of
0.41 and 72.31%, respectively. Next, the CIF water
was injected into the samples, and a comparation
initial water permeability to water permeability
showed decreasing to low average value of 0.35,
whereas water permeability reduction recorded
average value of 75.95 %. All of the samples
demonstrate increases in water permeability when
the flow injection was eventually reversed which
indicates the presence of fine migrations.

Table
Table 10 Analysis on Results of Scalling Tendency 10
Analysis Test
Analysis on results of scalling tendency analysis test

Brine GIF
No.
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD K1-K2 K3-K4 K Reserved.
Sampel Kl/Ka K3/Ka
Rpdurtion% Rpdurtion% mD

51 824.25 12088.00 0.58 58.17 0.26 55.57

127 903.8 2514.00 0.31 60.01 0.12 65.46
K 187 918.5 497.00 0.00 64.39 0.00 81.77
188 918.65 206.00 0.00 64.39 0.00 55.87
135 905.65 3874.00 0.65 46.15 0.50 63.88
310 1015.25 3227.00 0.49 49.29 0.17 49.27 236.01
341 1038.5 287.00 0.01 50.35 0.01 50.11 1.14
B
343 1039.4 831.00 0.02 61.04 0.01 65.86
350 1043.7 441.00 0.01 60.44 0.01 79.57
29 1117.6 5967.00 0.79 35.90 0.51 73.26 875.49
J 33 1157.75 5261.00 0.94 63.20 0.55 78.1 516.25
430 1115.25 5826.00 0.70 30.17 0.67 73.26 1848.01
513 1192.5 2072.00 0.39 54.72 0.16 65.54 112.79
528 1204.7 1376.00 0.14 54.42 0.09 68.47 51.09
D
529 1205.75 775.00 0.20 48.99 0.08 70.67 12.20
571 1253.55 3643.00 0.39 44.44 0.21 47.58 317.73
M 39 1267.65 5261.00 0.68 61.06 0.29 61.82 642.25

170
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

Figure 10
Performance of water permeability reduction of scaling tendency
Figure 4.9. Performance of Water
test Permeability
on sample Reduction
no 513, B formation.of Scaling Tendency Test on
sample no 513, B Formation.

The results of the return permeability core test
demonstrates that all of the samples are sensitive to
CIF water which is indicated by the lowest ratio of
water permeability to water permeability and the
highest water permeability reduction. Filtering CIF
water made a slight improvement in water sensitivity
as the water permeability reduction value was smaller
than the unfiltered CIF water. An exception was
Jaga Formation, filtering CIF water might be able to
decrease significantly water permeability reduction.
Formation damage was mainly caused by fine
migrations, however, small quantity of swelling clay
also existed in the upper part of Kedua formation.
C. Analysis on Results of Scaling Tendency Analy-
sis Test
The results of Scaling Tendency Analysis
test can be seen in Table 10. The samples no.51,
no.127, no.187, no.188, and no.135 of K formation
experienced a reduction in water permeability
and the ratio of
Figure initial
4.10. water permeability
Performance to water
of Water Permeability
permeability average value of
sample no 29, J Formation.58.61% and 0.31, injection, the water permeability reduction and the
respectively when it was injected with formation
brine. After that, the CIF water was injected into
the samples, and the water permeability reduced at
an average value of 64.51% which corresponded
to the ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability of an average value of 0.13. The XRD
analysis on effluent filtrate results showed the
presence of significant amounts of kaolinite and other
fine particles such as illite. (see Table 5).
The test was conducted on samples no.310, no.
341, no.343 and no.350 of B formation. During the
formation brine injection, the water permeability
reduction recorded an average value of 55.28 which
corresponded to the ratio of initial water permeability
to water permeability average value of 0.13. After
being injected with CIF water, the water permeability
reduction soared up to an average value of 79.57%,
whereas the ratio of initial water permeability to air
permeability went down to an average value of 0.05.
The performance of water permeability reduction is
displayed in Figure 10. The XRD analysis on effluent
filtrate results indicated the presence of kaolinite
(10.33%) and illite (17.67%).
J formation was represented by samples no.
29, Reduction
no. 33, andofno.430.
Scaling Tendency
During Test on
formation brine
ratio of initial water permeability to air permeability
recorded an average value of 43.09% and 0.81,
respectively. Next, the samples were flushed with
CIF water. In this condition, water permeability

171
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179
Figure 4.9. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Scaling Tendency Test on
sample no 513, B Formation.

Figure 11
Performance of water permeability reduction of scaling tendency
Figure 4.10. Performancetest
of on
Water Permeability
sample Reduction of Scaling
no 29, J formation. Tendency Test on
sample no 29, J Formation.

Figure 12
Performance of water permeability reduction of brine salinity
Figure 4.11. Performance of Water
sensitivity test on Permeability
sample no 240,Reduction of Brine Salinity
K formation. Sensitivity Test
on sample no 240, K Formation.
reduction increased dramatically to an average an average value of 0.55. Figure 11 shows the
value of 74.87%. In contrast, the ratio of initial performance of water permeability reduction. The
water permeability to air permeability dropped to XRD analysis on effluent results showed no material

172
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

substance. permeability to water permeability decreased to

The scaling tendency analysis test was performed
on samples no. 513, no.528, no.529 and no.
571 of D formation. The samples initially were
flushed with formation brine, during the test, the
water permeability was reduced at an average
value of 50.64%, whereas the ratio of initial water
permeability to air permeability was 0.28 on average.
After that, the samples were injected by CIF water,
then the water permeability reduction increased to an
average value of 63.06% which corresponded to ratio
of initial water permeability to water permeability
with an average value of 0.13. XRD analysis results
on effluent filtrate showed that the samples contained
Illite and Kaolinite with an average value of 6.5%
and 10.5%, respectively.
M formation was represented by sample
no.39. During the formation brine injection, the
water reduction recorded a value of 61.06% which
corresponded to the ratio of initial water permeability
to water permeability with an average value of 0.68.
When the samples were flushed with CIF water, the
water permeability reduction increased slightly to a
value of 61.82% whereas the ratio of initial water
a value of 0.29. XRD analysis on effluent filtrate
indicated the presence of kaolinite with a value of
16%.
The Scaling Tendency Analysis Test results
demonstrate that mostly formations are sensitive
to CIF water,indicated by increases in water
permeability reduction and a decrease in the ratio of
initial water permeability to water permeability. XRD
analysis on effluent filtrate shows that fine migration
may have taken place, indicated by the significant
amounts of kaolinite and other fine particles such as
illite. The clay particles in the pore space migrated
to fill pore-throats causing permeability reduction.
Moreover, Illite in fibrous form can be attributed
as swelling clay. Swelling clay reduced formation
permeability by peeling off the pore surface and
plugging pore throat.
D. Analysis on Results of Sensitivity Brine Salinity
Table 11 presents the results of Sensitivity on
Brine Salinity. The samples no 116, no.136, no.139,
no.148, no.171, no.185, no.203 and no.240 of K
formation were selected for the test. When the
samples were flushed with formation brine, the water

Table 11
Analysis on results
Table 11 Analysis of sensitivity
on Results ononbrine
of Sensitivity Brinesalinity
Salinity

Brine 3% KCI 5% KCI K

No.
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD K1-K2 K3-K4 K5-K6 Reversed,m
Sampel Kl/Ka K3/Ka K5/Ka
Reduction% Reduction% Reduction% D

116 895.95 4529.00 0.051 41.333 0.041 45.000 0.033 42.084 161.30
136 905.8 2430.00 0.363 30.476 0.153 45.000 0.108 29.557 90.24
139 906.4 3080.00 0.302 30.476 0.218 38.333 0.135 29.557 294.08
148 908.6 1303.00 0.113 73.333 0.038 42.434 0.035 29.557 32.28
K
171 914.7 9587.00 0.540 62.667 0.146 28.377 0.131 38.909 607.93
185 918.25 2975.00 0.032 62.667 0.018 28.377 0.004 37.593 10.86
203 930.65 837.00 0.900 62.667 0.260 47.764 0.155 43.544 89.46
240 950.75 1010.00 0.734 19.888 0.574 21.100 0.592 36.802 89.46
315 1019.15 1605.00 0.206 45.517 0.090 25.165 0.069 31.774 -
362 1050.05 657.00 0.240 42.083 0.061 54.861 0.021 49.221 21.83
B
364 1051.25 234.00 0.060 65.026 0.060 65.026 0.009 17.697 1.42
367 1052 869.00 0.001 67.449 0.000 45.000 0.000 17.808 0.53
26 1116.6 2271.00 0.718 33.894 0.526 33.091 0.474 33.091 2631.42
31 1157.5 5622.00 0.862 33.894 0.638 33.091 0.396 29.275 1642.11
J
34 1157.9 7002.00 0.892 28.265 0.407 39.668 0.413 29.275 1642.11
435 1119.7 2219.00 0.162 28.265 0.067 39.668 0.071 20.356 113.28
520 1199.45 2072.00 0.515 30.000 0.341 38.301 0.392 34.109 66.19
530 1206 966.00 0.213 28.030 0.197 22.705 0.175 27.681 128.02
D
532 1208.2 483.00 0.021 65.972 0.011 65.906 0.005 39.286 2.74
572 1254.35 5452.00 0.739 30.283 0.225 65.906 0.573 39.746 1817.70
M 38 1265.6 4795 0.498 24.094 0.205 29.247 0.216 29.412 915.52

173
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

permeability reduced
Figure 4.11.at an average valueofofWater
Performance 47.94%, 0.379. Reduction
Permeability After that the
of samples were injected
Brine Salinity with 3Test
Sensitivity
whereas on
the sample
ratio of no
initial
240,water permeability to
K Formation. % KCl brine, recorded water permeability reduction
water permeability recorded an average value of and the ratio of water permeability dropped to an

Figure 13
Performance of water permeability reduction of salinity
sensitivity test on sample no 26, J formation.

Figure 4.12. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Salinity Sensitivity Test on

sample no 26, J Formation.

Figure 14
Performance of water permeability reduction of salinity
Figure 4.13. Performance of Water
sensitivity test Permeability
on sample Reduction
no 38, M formation. of Salinity Sensitivity Test on
sample no 38, M Formation.

174
 Figure 4.13. Performance of1. A Case Study
Water of FormationReduction
Permeability Damage Mitigation on X Field,
of Salinity Sumatra Test on
Sensitivity
(Septi Anggraeni)
sample no 38, M Formation.

Figure 15
Performance of water permeability reduction of produced water
Figure 4.14. Performance
sensitivityof Water
test Permeability
on sample no 141, KReduction
formation. of Produced Water Sensitivity Test
on sample no 141, K Formation.

average value of 37.05% and 0.18, respectively.
Then, 5% KCL brine injection was applied to the
samples, during injection, the water permeability
reduction and the ratio of initial water permeability
decreased to an average value of 35.95 % and
0.15. Figure 12 shows the performance of water
permeability reduction.
The presence of fine migration clay such as
kaolinite and Illite as indicated by XRD analysis
in the scaling tendency test was confirmed as
mostly samples demonstrated increases in water
permeability at reversed flow injection. Samples
no 136 and no.240, however, have experienced
decreases in water permeability, the flow injection
was eventually reversed which indicated swelling
clay. Moreover, Illite in fibrous form can be attributed
as swelling clay.
The test was also conducted on samples no 315,
no. 362, no. 364, and no. 367 which represent B
formation. The samples were initially flushed with
formation brine, at this condition, water permeability
reduction and the ratio initial water permeability to
air permeability recorded average values of 55.02%
and 0.13, respectively. Then, 3% KCL brine was
injected into the samples and during the injection
water permeability reduction and the ratio of initial
water permeability to water permeability indicated
an average value of 47.51% and 0.053, respectively.
When the samples were injected with 5% KCl
brine, the water permeability reduction and also
the ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability both dropped to an average value of
29.12% and 0.025, respectively. Mostly, samples
show increases in water permeability when the flow
injection was eventually reversed which indicates
the presence of fine migrations. An exception was
sample no.364, where the water permeability at
reversed flow showed a decrease which indicates
the presence of swelling clay.
J formation was represented by samples no.26,
no.31, no.34 and no. 435. When the samples
were injected with formation brine, the water
permeability reduction and the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability recorded average
values of 31.08% and 0.66, respectively. Next, the
samples were injected by 3% KCl brine, the water
permeability reduction and the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability indicated average
values of 36.38% and 0.41, respectively. Then, the
5% KCl brine was injected into the samples, the
water permeability reduction and the ratio of initial
water permeability to water permeability decreased
to average values of 28% and 0.34, respectively.
Figure 13 shows this reduction in water permeability.

175
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

Figure 16
Figure 4.15. Performance
Performance of water permeability
of Water reduction
Permeability of produced
Reduction of water
Produced Water Sensitivity Test
sensitivity test on sample no 22, J formation.
on sample no 22, J Formation.
Figure 4.15. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Produced Water Sensitivity Test
on sample no 22, J Formation.

Figure 17
Figure 4.16. Performance
Figure 4.16. Performance
Performance of water
of permeability
of Water
Water reduction
Permeability
Permeability of produced
Reduction
Reduction of water
of Produced
Produced Water
Water Sensitivity
Sensitivity Test
Test
on
onsample
sampleno521,
no521, Dsensitivity
D test on sample no521, D formation.
Formation.
Formation.

The test was also conducted on samples no 315, water permeability to water permeability recorded
no. 362, no. 364, and no. 367 which represent D average values of 38.57% and 0.37, respectively.
formation. During the formation brine injection, the Afterwards, 3% KCl brine was injected into the
water permeability reduction and the ratio of initial samples, the water permeability reduction and

176
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
(Septi Anggraeni)

the ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability resulted in average value of 48.20%
and 0.38, respectively. When 5% KCl brine was
injected into the samples, the water permeability
reduction went down to an average value of 35.20%,
whereas the ratio of initial water permeability to
water permeability increased to an average value
of 0.29.
Sample no 38 was selected to represent M
formation. When this sample was flushed with
formation brine, the water permeability reduction
and the ratio of initial water permeability to water
permeability indicated average values of 38.57%
and 0.37, respectively. Next, the 3% KCl brine was
injected into the samples, the water permeability
reduction and the ratio of water permeability to
water permeability recorded average values of
29.25% and 0.20, respectively. During the 5% KCl,
the water permeability reduction and the ratio of
initial water permeability to water permeability
raised slightly to average values of 29.41% and
0.22, respectively. Figure 14 shows the reduction
in water permeability. Furthermore, the presence of
mobile fine is shown by the sample in the form of an
increase in water permeability when flow direction
was reversed at terminal condition.
Results of this test show that increasing the
brine salinity might be able to maintain the water
permeability, since all of samples demonstrate
decreasing water permeability reduction when brine
injection is changed from 3% KCl to 5% KCl.
E. Analysis on Results of Sensitivity on Produced
Water Salinity Test
Analysis on Results of Sensitivity on Produced
Salinity test are presented in Table 12. A total of
8 samples from K formation were selected for
the test. During formation brine injection, water
permeability reduced in average value of 47.52%
that corresponded to the ratio of initial water

Table on
Table 12 Analysis on Results of Sensitivity 12 Produced Water Salinity Test
Analysis on Results of Sensitivity on Produced water salinity test

Brine GIF
No.
Formation Depth, ft Ka,mD K1-K2 K3-K4 K Reversed,
Sampel Kl/Ka K3/Ka
Reduction% Reduction% mD

141 907.55 4291.00 0.85 29.77 0.32 72.27 612.69

144 908 2038.00 0.03 34.42 0.00 89.45 -
169 914.4 5457.00 0.44 45.06 0.24 68.52 577.88
K 176 916.75 11854.00 0.51 27.78 0.11 69.91 283.92
202 930.5 4291.00 0.15 69.24 0.06 72.27 69.15
204 931.25 1244.00 0.69 54.12 0.3 51.71 172.56
206 931.5 2876.00 0.89 47.01 0.36 54.19 339.90
266 974.3 357.00 0.01 72.73 0.01 71.79 1.15
B 375 1057.65 360.00 0.003 72.84 0.001 71.29 0.31
20 1107.45 649.00 0.59 35.90 0.73 57.65 180.69
21 1107.6 3567.00 0.36 45.72 0.23 73.26 245.00
22 1107.75 1265.00 0.34 33.60 0.16 53.45 102.51
J 32 1157.65 6685.00 0.44 36.94 0.44 73.67 750.85
35 1158.05 6449.00 0.65 57.01 0.60 71.71 516.25
491 1174.85 4066.00 0.45 51.65 0.29 73.26 126.38
494 1176.75 2371.00 0.47 56.23 0.15 73.26 155.40
521 1200.25 2090.00 0.91 56.56 0.45 70.14 332.90
533 1209.15 301.00 0.04 69.48 0.01 65.02 2.44
D
576 1258.5 1632.00 0.82 76.03 0.28 83.78 145.25
577 1259.4 9893.00 0.48 44.44 0.13 79.95 561.16
40 1268.65 1934.00 0.44 60.82 0.15 65.52 214.58
M
585 1270.5 2668.00 0.40 71.86 0.14 71.85 116.34

177
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 153 - 179

permeability to water permeability valued of 0.45
in average. Then, CIF water was injected into the
samples, resulting in increasing water permeability
reduction and decreasing the ratio of initial water
permeability to water permeability of 68.77% and
0.17 on average, respectively which proved that
the K formation was sensitive with CIF water. The
performance of water permeability during the test
can be seen in Figure 15.
B Formation was represented by sample no.375.
The result shows that for B formation the ratio of
initial water permeability to water permeability for
formation brine and CIF water indicates a very low
value of 0.003, whereas water permeability reduction
corresponds to a value of 72.84. For CIF, the ratio of
initial water permeability dropped to 0.003, however,
water permeability reduction stayed at 71%.
J formation was represented by samples no. 20,
no. 21, no. 22, no. 32, no. 35 and no. 491. A com-
parison with water permeability indicates moderate
initial water-to-water permeability ratios of 0.47
on average. Reductions in water permeability by
approximately between 33.60% and 57.01% were
experienced by all samples that corresponded to an
average value of 45.29. However, when CIF water
was injected, the ratio of initial water-to-water per-
meability went down to an average value of 0.37,
whereas water permeability reduction increased to an
average value of 68.04%. The performance of water
permeability during the test is shown in Figure 16.
The test was performed on samples no.521, no.
533, no.576 and no.577 of D formation. Reduction
in water permeability increased from an average
value of 61.63 to 74.72, however, the ratio of initial
water- to- water permeability decreased from an
average value of 0.56 to 0.21, when brine injection
was changed to CIF. The performance of water
permeability during the test is shown in Figure 17.
Samples no.40 and no.585 of M formation have
undergone the test. The ratio of initial water-to-water
permeability and water permeability reduction was
0.42 and 66.34%, respectively. When the samples
were injected with CIF water, the ratio of initial
water-to-water permeability dropped to an average
value of 0.14, whereas the water permeability
reduction increased slightly to an average value of
68.68 %. Figure 18 displays the performance of water
permeability reduction during the test.
Throughout the test series, the occurrence of
fine migration and swelling clay were observed.
The occurrence of fine migration was indicated
by increases in water permeability when the flow
injection was eventually reversed. However, the
presence of swelling was proved by a decrease in
water permeability at reversed flow injection. This

Figure 18
Performance of water permeability reduction of produced water
Figure 4.17. Performance of Water Permeability Reduction of Produced Water Sensitivity Test
sensitivity test on sample no 40, M formation.

178
 1. A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatra
suggestion is supported by XRD analysis on effluent
filtrate, which shows that fine migration may have
taken place indicated by the presence of significant
amounts of kaolinite and other fine particles such as
illite. Furthermore, Illite can act as swelling clay in
the fibrous form.
Sensitivity on Produced Salinity Test results also
show that CIF might cause water permeability to be
reduced further since the sample contains significant
amounts of Kaolinite and illite. Because of that, CIF
should be arranged carefully as it has potential to
lead to formation damage.
V CONCLUSION
From the study a set of conclusions have been
drawn, as follows:
All formations are sensitive to fresh water.
All of the samples are sensitive to CIF water
indicated by a low ratio of water permeability to
water permeability and a high reduction in water
permeability.
Filtering CIF water made a slight improvement
in water sensitivity as the water permeability reduc-
tion value was smaller than the unfiltered CIF water.
However, for Jaga Formation, filtering CIF water
might be able to decrease significantly the reduction
in water permeability.
The presence of Kaolinite and Illite within the
samples has the potential to cause permeability
reduction through fine migration and also swelling
of clay, respectively.
Increasing the brine salinity might be able to
maintain the water permeability, since all of the
samples demonstrated decreasing water permeability
reduction when brine injection changed from 3 %
(Septi Anggraeni)
KCl to 5 % KCl.
Recommendation
The study proved that all of the formations are
sensitive to fresh water. Using saline water is recom-
mended as a tool to prevent clay swelling.
Filtering CIF water is recommended in order to
decrease formation permeability reduction.
There is potential formation damage caused by
fine migration and swelling clay.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Author would like to thank our colleagues
in Evaluation Formation and Sediment group
of PPPTMGB LEMIGAS for their help and
support: Mr. Andy Setyo, Mr. Nandang Triaji,
Mr. Eddy Yuliastono for the sensitivity tests data
and Ms.Yunita Musu, Mr. Ijang Samosir for XRD
Analysis. This work was part of Formation Damage
Project funded by PT CPI.
REFERENCE
American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice
for Core Analysis Procedure, API RP 40, August,
1960.
Beutelspacher Van Der Marel; 1968, Atlas of Electrone
Microscopy of Clay Mineral and Their Mixtures;
Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam-London-
New York.
Core Laboratories, Inc., 1972, Special Core Analysis
and Industrial water Technology Manual, April.
Grimm, R.E; 1968, Clay Mineralogy; Mc Graw-Hill
Book Co; USA.
Hearle,J.W, Sparrow, J.T, and Cross, P.M; 1972,
The Use of the Scanning Electrone Microscope;
Pergamon Press; Oxford-New York-Toronto-Sidney-
Brausweig.
179
180
 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS
Vol. 38, Number 3, December 2015: 2 of 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id

OPTIMIZATION OF MEASUREMENT SPEED FOR

SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY AND CLAY MINERAL
IDENTIFICATION
OPTIMASI KECEPATAN PENGUKURAN
ALAT SPECTRAL GAMMA RAY DAN IDENTIFIKASI
MINERAL LEMPUNG
Irawan Y. Tribuana, Ade Yogi, Prabowo, Andy S. Wibowo, Puteri Sudija, and Yudhi Durahman
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150
E-mail: adey@lemigas.esdm.go.id, E-mail: prabowo@lemigas.esdm.go.id; andysw@lemigas.esdm.go.id
First Registered on November 4th 2015; Received after Correction on December 3rd 2015
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2015

ABSTRAK
Log gamma ray adalah alat logging yang merekam tingkat radioaktif dari suatu batuan atau formasi
yang diukur dalam satuan API unit (American Petroleum Institute). Alat log ini umumnya berfungsi
untuk menentukan lapisan permeabel dan non-permeabel. Hal ini didasarkan atas fakta bahwa umumnya
lapisan non-permeabel cenderung memiliki tingkat radioaktifitas yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan lapisan
permeabel kecuali pada kasus batupasir felspatik. Selain itu, fungsi lain dari alat logging ini adalah
menentukan jenis mineral menggunakan data perbandingan antara Thorium dan Potassium. Percobaan
ini menggunakan alat Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) yang ada di Laboratorium routine core Lemigas.
Kualitas data hasil pengukuran log gamma ray sangat dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan dari conveyor belt.
Berdasarkan hasil percobaan, kecepatan pengukuran sebesar 30 m/jam adalah kecepatan yang optimum
untuk mendapatkan kualitas data yang baik dan efisiensi waktu dengan jumlah data 169 titik/meter. Hasil
pengukuran SGR menghasilkan pembacaan kandungan Uranium, Thorium, dan Potassium. Kandungan
Thorium (Th) dan potassium (K) dibandingkan dan dilakukan crossplot pada grafik Quirein, dimana grafik
tersebut dimodifikasi kembali oleh Schlumberger pada tahun 1985. Dengan menggunakan crossplot ini
mampu mengidentifikasi kehadiran mineral Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Illite, Mixed layer clay,
Feldspar, Mica, Glauconite, dll. Pada studi kasus yang dilakukan pada beberapa sumur (A1, A2, A3, A4,
A5, A6 dan A7) menunjukkan bahwa hasil crossplot ini memiliki kesesuaian terhadap hasil pengukuran
menggunakan XRD.
Kata Kunci: log gamma ray, spectral gamma ray, kecepatan, identifikasi mineral.
ABSTRACT
Gamma ray log is a logging tool to capture the radioactive level of a rock or formation measured in
API units. This logging tool generally has a capability to differentiate between permeable and impermeable
layers. Usually the impermeable layer tends to have higher radioactivity compared to the permeable one
except for the feldspar bearing formation. In addition, another capability of this logging tool is to determine
the kind of clay mineral, by using ratio data between Thorium and Potassium. This laboratory experiment
used Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) equipment at LEMIGAS Routine Core Laboratory. The quality of gamma
ray log measurement is significantly affected by the speed of the conveyor belt. During the experiment, the
measurement speed of 30 m/hour is the optimum speed to achieve good quality data and time efficiency
with the data amount of 169 points/meter. The result of SGR measurement gives the reading on the content
of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium. The Thorium and Potassium content are compared and plotted in
Quirein graphic which was modified by Schlumberger in 1985. Using this crossplot, we can identify
the presence of Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, Illite, mixed layer Feldspar, Mica, and Glauconite

181
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 181 - 191

minerals. A case study conducted on Wells A1, A2, A3 and A4, indicated that the result of this crossplot
were similar to the measurement using XRD.
Keywords: Gamma ray log, spectral gamma ray, speed, mineral identification.

I. INTRODUCTION Gamma ray (GR) log is one of the logging tools

The radioactivity level being captured is the
radioactive emission from Uranium, Thorium and
Potassium (Krygowski, 2003., Asquith, 1982).
There are two types of gamma ray log, i.e: 1) Simple
Gamma Ray log or total Gamma Ray and 2) Spectral
Gamma Ray. Simple Gamma Ray represents the total
radiation from Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium,
while Spectral Gamma Ray represents the radiation
spectrum from Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium
separately.
which is always run in the upstream oil and gas
industry. The principle of this tool is to capture all
radioactive energy emitted by the rocks or reservoir
layers. The radioactive emission in reservoir layers
generally derives from three elements, which are
Thorium (Th), Uranium (U) and Potassium (K)
(Rider, 2002). Gamma ray measurement can be
differentiated into two types i.e: 1) Total Gamma
Ray which is also called Natural Gamma Ray (NGR)
expressed in API (American Petroleum Institute)
units and 2) Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) expressed

Figure1 1
Figure
The difference between
The difference Total Total
between Gamma Ray/Natural
Gamma Ray/NaturalGamma
GammaRay Ray and Spectral Gamma
and Spectral
Gamma
Ray logsRayand
logstheir
and their responses
responses in severalrock
in several rock(Rider,
(Rider, 2002).
2002)

182 In general, GR log is used in both qualitative and quantitative interpretation to calculate the
shale volume, mineral identification, correlation, determination of permeable and
impermeable layer etc (Table 1).
 2. Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral Identification
Table
Table 11
The uses The uses of Gamma
of Gamma Ray (A)
Ray (A) and and Spectral Gamma
Spectral GammaRayRay
(A)
(B)
in ppm unit (part per million) and percent (%) (Serra,
1984).
The Total Gamma Ray values represent the
summation of the total radiation of Thorium,
Uranium, and Potassium elements. The Spectral
Gamma Ray reading represents the measurement
which is able to show seperately the percentage of
each element (Figure 1).
In general, GR log is used in both qualitative
and quantitative interpretation to calculate the shale
volume, mineral identification, correlation, and the
(Irawan Y. Tribuana et al.)
log (B)
log(Rider,
(B) 2002)
(Rider, 2002)
determination of permeable and impermeable layers
(Table 1).
A laboratory scale use of this equipment at
LEMIGAS Routine Core Laboratory identified both
permeable and impermeable layers utilizing Total
Gamma Ray.
Logging tools in most cases are easily affected by
how the data was collected as well as environmental
correction. Rider (2002) mentioned that in the process
of data collection during gamma ray and spectral
gamma ray data capture, the reading of the logging
183
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 181 - 191

tool is very sensitive to the speed of tool movement. for the receiver in the gamma ray tool to capture this
The measurement principle of the tool is based on radiation. Rider (2002) gives recommended speed
capturing the radiation emitted by the elements in the for gamma ray measurement in the field.
form of radiation packages. Therefore it takes time

Figure
Figure 2 2
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus Potassium (K) for mineral identification (Quirren et.al., 1982).
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus Potassium (K) for mineral identification (Quirren
Figure 2
et.al., 1982)
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus Potassium (K) for mineral identification (Quirren
et.al., 1982)

Figure 3
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus Potassium
Figure 3 (K) for mineral identification
Figure
Potassium (K) 3
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus(Schlumberger, for1985)
mineral identification (Schlumberger, 1985).
Crossplot of Thorium (Th) versus Potassium (K) for mineral identification
(Schlumberger, 1985)
184
 2. Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral Identification
It was also mentioned that the sensitivity of
measurement speed affects the amount of data
recorded in the logging tool. The faster the tool moves,
the smaller the amount of data being captured. The
other impact is the discrepancy between the actual
thickness of the layer compared to the thickness of
the layer obtained from the measurement.
Quirren et al. (1982) generated crossplot of
Thorium versus Potassium to conduct mineral
identification (Figure 2). This crossplot can identify
the presence of heavy thorium-bearing minerals,
Kaolinite, Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Illite, Micas,
Glauconite, Feldspar, and Potassium evaporite.
Schlumberger (1985) conducted the development of
this crossplot by adding one additional mineral type,
mixed-layer clay (Figure 3).
Mohammadlou and Mork (2012) have done
research on the uses of Spectral Gamma Ray log to
identify clay mineral. In their research, they used
crossplot of Thorium versus Potassium from the
measurement to identify mineral type in the clay-rich
zone. They compared the crossplot against the result
from SEM-EDX analysis. The result indicates that
the mineral identified using the crossplot method
is similar to the one using the SEM-EDX method.
This paper discuss two topics i.e: 1). What is
the optimum speed which can achieve good quality
measurement while providing efficient operations
time? 2). Optimizing the spectral data measurement
for the purpose of mineral identification in a
laboratory scale.
II. METHODOLOGY
This experiment primarily uses the Spectral
Gamma Ray at LEMIGAS Routine Core Laboratory,
Formation Evaluation Group of Exploitation
Division (Figure 4). This tool consists of three
main devices which are 1). Personal Computer, 2).
Data processing/interpretation tool and 3). Spectral
Gamma Ray sensor recorder.
The Spectral Gamma Ray tool consists of:
1. Square box in silver (the data processing/
interpretation tool of the Spectral Gamma Ray
measurements)
2. Tube shape (the gamma ray radiation detector/
sensor equipment)
3. Pump to move the conveyor belt
Spectral Gamma Ray Tool at LEMIGAS
4. Conveyor belt made from rubber and used to put
Computer
moving sample above it.
5. Equipment to measure the speed of conveyor belt.
(Irawan Y. Tribuana et al.)
The method used to obtain the optimum and
effective measurement speed is by comparing the
amount of data, thickness and the time recording
of the Spectral Gamma Ray measurement. In this
experiment, four different speeds are used which
are 15 m/hr, 30 m/hr, 60 m/hr, and 100 m/hr. Later
on, we compare the amount of data being captured
for each speed. The criteria of good, fair and bad
were assigned after the data is applied for mineral
interpretation.
The sample is 101 cm long and consists of two
different lithologies; fine grain sandstone and clay
(Figure 5). The boundary between the two lithologies
lies at 71.5 cm and 98.5 cm and can be distinguished
clearly from the difference in color. Based on the
observation of sandstone in this sample, it can
be differentiated into two parts which are SS-A
(thickness = 71.5 cm) and SS-B (thickness = 2.5
cm), while the debris is categorized with code SLT
(thickness = 27 cm).
The second method used in this experiment
is specially designed for mineral identification.
A
1
B 4
5
2
3
Figure 4
Figure
4 Core Laboratory. A). Personal
Routine
Spectral
Gamma Ray Tool at
and data processing/interpretation LEMIGAS
tool. B). Spectral Routine
Gamma Ray sensor
Core Laboratory. A). Personal Computer
recorder
and data processing/interpretation tool. B).
Spectral Gamma Ray sensor recorder.
185
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 181 - 191

Figure 5
The core being useFigure
for the experiment
5 to obtain
the optimum andFigure 5
effective speed for A1.
The The
corecore
being useuse
being forfor
the experiment
the experimentto
to obtain theoptimum
obtain the optimumand
and effective
effective speed
speed for for
A1
A1

Table 2
Table 2
Speed versus the amount
Tableof2data being captured
Speed versus the amount of data being captured
Speed versus the amount of data being captured
Siltstone thickness (cm) The time required
Amount of for each meter (
Speed Siltstone thickness (cm) Theminute)
time required
No data Measurement Observation
(m/hr) Amount of
(point/meter) for each meter (
Speed result result
No data Measurement Observation minute)
(m/hr)
(point/meter) result result
Well A1

1 20 1037 27 27 45 menit
Well A1
2 30 169 27 27 30 menit
1 3 20 60 1037
38 27
18 27
27 15 45 menit
menit
4
2 30 100 16918 18
27 27
27 6 menit
30 menit
3 60 38 18 27 15 menit
4
The method 100used is comparing
being 18 the result 18
of 27 AND DISCUSSION
III. RESULTS 6 menit
Thorium versus Potassium cross-plot against XRD
A. Optimum Speed and Efficient Operation Time
measurement. Xray powder defraction method was
used for XRD analysis in this research (Poppe, 2002). The results of the experiment on optimum speed
are presented in Table 2 and Figure 6. Table 3 and
Figure 6 show that the slower the speed the more data

186
 2. Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral Identification
(Irawan Y. Tribuana et al.)

is captured. In addition, the accuracy of thickness
measurement is improved (thickness is equal to the
measurement). Table 2 also shows that the efficient
speed is at 30 m/hr. A speed of 30 m/hr indicates that
more data is being captured. It also shows that the
efficient speed is at 30 m/hr. At 20 m/hr speed the
results shows more data being captured, however
it generates a more complex profile picture. At the
speed above 30 m/hr, too little data is captured and
the profile picture generated becomes inaccurate,
especially within the borderline between sandstone
and claystone.

Figure 6
Figure 6
Layer speed
Layer Figure
speed 6 thickness.
versus
versus thickness
Layer speed versus thickness

Figure 7
Crossplot of ThoriumFigure
versus7Potassium in Well A2.
Crossplot of Thorium versus Potassium in Well A2
Table 3
Analysis result of Well A2 XRD
187

Figure 7
Crossplot of Thorium versus Potassium in Well A2
 1 886.31 - 3 8 - - - - 85 1 3 - 11 0 89
2 886.65 - 3 12 - - - - 83 - 2 - 15 0 85
3 887.62 - 6 20 - - - - 68 2 4 - 26 0 74
4 888.40 - 6 20 - tr - - 69 2 3 - 26 0 74
5 889.54 - 2 16 - - tr 1 78 - 3 - 18 1 81
Scientific Contributions
6 Oil & Gas,
890.40 - Vol.
2 38.
6 No.- 3, December
- 2 - 2015:
89 181
- - 191
1 - 8 2 90
7 892.00 - 2 10 - - 2 - 83 1 2 - 12 2 86
8 892.39 - 12 14 - - - 6 65 1 2 - 26 6 68
B. Clay Mineral Identification
9 894.40 - 4 22 - - 1 2 As
68 an1 example,
2 - in26Well3 A2,71the crossplot shows
10 894.64 - 2 15 - - 10 -
the possibility of the
70 tr 2 1 17
presence
10 73
of feldspar, Mica/
It has been mentioned
11 962.40 previously
- 5 23 that
- in- this
2 3 57 - 10 - 28 5 67
Galuconite, Illite, Montmorillonite/Smectite, Mixed
mineral identification
12
experiment,
964.00 - 5
3 wells
17 - -
were
3 3 66 1 5 - 22 6 72
13 965.85 - 4 20 - - 5 3 layer,
64 Kaolinite
1 3 - and24 Heavy8 Thorium bearing minerals
used where each14 well
966.23
has - different
10 10
character.
- - - 7 70 - 3 -
68
20 7 73
15 967.43 - 12 18 - - 1 7 57 - 5 - 30 8 62

Figure88
Figure
Crossplot of Thorium versus Potassium in Well A3.
Cross-plot of Thorium versus Potassium in Well A3
Table 4
XRD analysis of Well A3
Table3
Table 3
AnalysisresultofwellA2XRD
Analysis result of Well A2 XRD
Clay Minerals (%) Carbonate Minerals (%) Other minerals (%) Total (%)
Plagioclasae
K-Feldspar

Carbonate
Koalinite
Smectite

NO Depth (Meter)
Chlorite

Dolmite

Siderite
Calcite

Quartz

Pyrite

Other
Clay
lllite

1 886.31 - 3 8 - - - - 85 1 3 - 11 0 89
2 886.65 - 3 12 - - - - 83 - 2 - 15 0 85
3 887.62 - 6 20 - - - - 68 2 4 - 26 0 74
4 888.40 - 6 20 - tr - - 69 2 3 - 26 0 74
5 889.54 - 2 16 - - tr 1 78 - 3 - 18 1 81
6 890.40 - 2 6 - - 2 - 89 - 1 - 8 2 90
7 89200 - 2 10 - - 2 - 83 1 2 - 12 2 86
8 892.39 - 12 14 - - - 6 65 1 2 - 26 6 68
9 894.40 - 4 22 - - 1 2 68 1 2 - 26 3 71
10 894.64 - 2 15 - - 10 - 70 tr 2 1 17 10 73
11 962.4 - 5 23 - - 2 3 57 - 10 - 28 5 67
12 964.00 - 5 17 - - 3 3 66 1 5 - 22 6 72
13 965.85 - 4 20 - - 5 3 64 1 3 - 24 8 68
14 966.23 - 10 10 - - - 7 70 - 3 - 20 7 73
15 967.43 - 12 18 - 0 1 7 57 - 5 - 30 8 62

188
 2. Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral Identification
(Irawan Y. Tribuana et al.)

Table 4Table 4
XRD
XRD analysisofofWell
analysis WellA3
A3

Carbonate
Clay Minerals (%) Other Minerals (%) Total (%)
Minerals (%)

Plagioclase
K-Feldspar
Depth

Carbonate
Dolomite
Kaolinite
Smectite
No

Chlorite

Siderite
Clacite

Quartz

Pyrite

Other
(Meter)

Clay
lllite

1 1181.69 - 8 10 - - - - 91 1 - - 18 0 82
2 1182.25 - 4 6 - - - - 90 tr - - 10 0 90
3 1182.61 - 2 4 - - - - 94 - - - 6 0 94
4 1182.92 - 5 - - - - 91 1 - - 8 0 92
5 1183.15 - 5 8 - - - - 86 1 - - 13 0 87
6 1183.47 - 5 9 - tr - - 85 1 tr - 14 0 86
7 1183.87 - 3 6 - tr tr tr 89 2 - - 9 0 91
8 1184.06 - 4 5 - tr tr tr 87 4 tr - 9 0 91
9 1184.48 - 5 10 - tr tr - 83 2 - tr 15 0 85
10 1184.70 - 4 7 - tr 1 tr 86 2 tr tr 11 1 88
11 1184.92 - 3 8 - - tr tr 85 4 - tr 11 0 89
12 1185.09 - 5 10 - tr tr 1 80 4 - - 15 1 84
13 1185.40 - 6 12 - 1 1 1 74 5 - - 18 3 79
14 1185.66 - 4 18 - 1 1 - 63 8 - 5 22 2 76

(Figure 7). The presence of those minerals is also
seen in the XRD responses such as Illite, Kaolinite
and K-Feldspar (Table 3). From the two analyses,
there are similarities in the amount of data in the
crossplot and the percentage of minerals from the
XRD measurement of those three minerals.
The crossplot shows the possibility for the
presence of Feldspar, Mica/Glauconite, Illite,
Montmorillonite/Smectite, Kaolinite, Chlorite and
Heavy Thorium bearing minerals. This figure shows
the amount of data over Feldspar, Mica/Glauconite
and Illite area, which is small. On the other hand, the
area over Kaolinite and Montmorillonite/Smectite
minerals has much more data on the plot.
XRD analysis results on several samples of core
plugs are similar, showing the presence of Illiite,
Kaolinite, and K-Feldspar minerals (Table 4). XRD
analysis also shows higher Kaolinite content for both
K-feldspar and Illite. However, Illite has a higher
percentage compared to K-feldspar. This is similar
to the amount of plotted Spectral Gamma Ray data.
Third, Well A4 (Figure 9), has a crossplot which
shows the presence of Feldspar, Mica/Glauconite,
Illite, Montmorillonite/Smectite, Kaolinite, and
Heavy thorium bearing minerals. Montmorillonite/
Smectite, Illite, K-feldspar, Kaolinite, and Chlorite
minerals are also detected using XRD analysis (Table
5) except for Mica/Glauconite minerals.
The comparison of mineral analyses in the
above wells shows quite good results by having a
similar outcome from Spectral Gamma Ray analysis
compared to that of XRD. The well detected minerals
in these two methods are Illite, Kaolinite, and
Feldspar. However, Montmorillonite/Smectite and
Chlorite minerals were well detected using these two
methods only in Well A3. The minerals that rarely
show up in XRD analysis are Mica/Glauconite and
Montmorillonite/Smectite. There are two possible
interpretations i.e: 1). Montmorillonite/Smectite
detected by Spectral Gamma Ray is actually from
drilling mud. 2). Montmorillonite/Smectite is not
detected in XRD analysis while Mica is difficult to
be detected by XRD since it has similar response as
Illite mineral. Glauconite mineral is also difficult
to detect by XRD but can be easily detected using
petrography method.
IV. CONCLUSION
Optimum speed is achieved at 30 m/hr. Lower
speed captures a lot of data but gives a complex

189
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 181 - 191

Figure 9
Figure
Crossplot of Thorium 9 Potassium in Well A4.
versus

Table5 Table 5
XRDanalysisofwellA4
XRD analysis of Well A4

Carbonate
Clay Minerals (%) Other Minerals (%) Zeolite (%) Total (%)
Minerals (%)
Clinoptilolite

Depth
Plagioclase
K-Feldspar

Carbonate

No
Lamonite
Dolomite
Smectite

kaolinite

Chlorite

Siderite

(Meter)
Calcite

Quartz

Pyrite

Other
Clya
lllite

1 1032.67 - 2 30 - tr - 1 67 - - - - - 32 1 67
2 1034.09 - 3 20 8 - - - 69 - - - - - 31 0 69
3 1035.75 - 4 28 14 - - - 54 - - - - - 46 0 54
4 1036.55 - 1 15 14 tr - 2 68 - - - - - 30 2 68
5 1038.22 - - 4 - - - - 96 - - - - - 4 0 96
6 1039.07 - - 3 - - - - 97 - - - - - 3 0 97
7 1176.15 10 2 3 5 18 2 - 47 4 6 - tr 3 20 20 60
8 1176.75 20 2 - 5 8 - - 47 6 8 - 4 - 27 8 65
9 1177.84 30 6 - 10 - - - 30 10 10 tr - 4 46 0 54
10 1178.36 30 3 - 8 - 3 - 40 5 7 - - 4 41 3 56
11 1179.77 38 5 - 10 - 1 - 21 7 10 tr - 8 53 1 46
12 1180.84 40 5 - 10 - 2 - 21 6 8 - - 9 55 2 43

190
 2. Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral Identification
profile picture; while at a speed higher than 30 m/
hr not enough data is being captured causing an
inaccurate profile picture, especially across the
boundary between sandstone and claystone.
SGR data can be used in crossplot to identify
clay minerals. Quirren et al. (1982) generated a
crossplot of Thorium versus Potassium to conduct
mineral identification. It was proven that this
crossplot was able to identify the presence of heavy
thorium-bearing minerals, Kaolinite, Chlorite,
Montmorillonite, Illite, Micas, Glauconite, Feldspar
and Potassium evaporite.
XRD is one of the validation methods for
SGR qualitative and quantitative analysis in initial
identification of clay minerals. Comparison to XRD
indicates similar results were obtained especially for
Kaolinite, Feldspar, and Illite minerals.
There are several clay minerals (Montmorillonite/
Smectite, Mica/Glauconite and Chlorite) captured in
SGR but not in XRD. This can be caused by either
not close enough sampling distance for the XRD
analysis, or it requires complements from other
methods for the identification such as Scanning
Electron Microscope (SEM), SEM-EDX and
petrografi.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank the Routine Core
Laboratory, Evaluation Formation and Sedimentary
Groups of PPPTMGBLEMIGAS for their
continuous support in completing the materials for
this publication.
(Irawan Y. Tribuana et al.)
REFERENCE
Asquith, G.B., and Gibson., C.R. 1982. Basic well log
analysis for geologist. AAPG : Tulsa
Krywgowski, D.A. 2003. Guide to petrophysical
interpretation. Austin Texas USA
Mohammadlou, M., Mork, M.B. 2012. How Log
Interpreter Uses SEM Data for Clay Volume
Calculation, Scanning Electron Microscopy. Croatia.
Poppe, L.J., V.F. Paskevich., J.C Hathaway., and D.S.
Blackwood. 2002. A laboratory manual for X-Ray
powder defraction. USGS
Quirren, J.A., Garden, J.S., and Watson, J.T. 1982.
Combined natural gamma ray spectral/litho density
measurements applied to complex lithologies. SPE
11143, pp1-4.
Rider., M. 2002. The geological interpretation of well
logs. Scotland : Rider-French Consulting Ltd.
Schlumberger. 1985. Log interpretation charts.
Schlumberger, New York, USA. p. 207
Schlumberger-Shell.1999. Distance learning course
video.
Serra., O. 1984. Fundamentals of well-log interpretation
-1. The acquisition of logging data. Amsterdam.
Xia Zhu, Ling Yun, Guo Jianming, Zhang Sheng, Xu
Hai, Zhang Tingting, Zhao Shiquan, Bie Jing, and
Li Kai Detection of Low Resistivity Reservoirs
Using GR Spectrometry Logs, 11th Middle East
Geosciences Conference and Exhibition, 10-12 March
2014, Bahrain.
191
192
 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS
Vol. 38, Number 3, December 2015: 3 of 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id

DETERMINATION OF SHALE GAS POTENTIAL

OF NORTH SUMATRA BASIN: AN INTEGRATION
OF GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, PETROPHYSICS
AND GEOPHYSICS ANALYSIS
PENENTUKAN DAERAH POTENSI SHALE GAS INTEGRASI
ANALISIS GEOLOGI, GEOFISIKA, DAN GEOKIMIA
CEKUNGAN SUMATERA UTARA
Junita Trivianty Musu, Bambang Widarsono, Andi Ruswandi,
Himawan Sutanto, and Humbang Purba
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046;
Fax: +6221-7230046 Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150, Email: junita@lemigas.esdm.go.id.
E-mail: adey@lemigas.esdm.go.id, E-mail: prabowo@lemigas.esdm.go.id; andysw@lemigas.esdm.go.id
First Registered on August 24th 2015; Received after Correction on September 28th 2015
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2015

ABSTRAK
Kajian geologi dan geofisika terkombinasi secara rinci di cekungan Sumatera Utara menunjukkan
bahwa formasi-formasi yang memiliki prospek sebagai play serpih yang mengandung sweet spot gas
adalah serpih dari Formasi-formasi Bampo, Belumai, dan Baong. Formasi Bampo menunjukkan kualitas
potensi gas serpih yang kurang baik, dengan kandungan material organik umumnya sangat rendah hingga
sedang, tingkat kematangan kurang matang hingga matang, dan tingkat kerapuhan tidak rapuh hingga
cukup rapuh. Batuan dikategorikan sebagai reaktif hingga sangat reaktif terhadap air dengan tingkat
swelling sedang. Porositas bervariasi pada 5.8 - 7.4% dengan permeabilitas pada 0.37 - 3.2 mD. Area-
area sweet spot pada formasi ini di sekitar sumur Basilam-1 dan Securai-1 menempati sekitar 21% dari
keseluruhan formasi. Di sisi lain, Formasi Belumai memiliki kualitas potensi gas serpih sedang hingga
baik, dengan kandungan material organik rendah hingga tinggi, tingkat kematangan belum matang
hingga matang, dan tingkat kerapuhan cukup rapuh hingga sangat rapuh. Lokasi-lokasi sweet spot pada
formasi ini di sekitar sumur kedua sumur menempati sekitar 29% dari volume batuan. Untuk Formasi
Baong, indikator-indikator yang sama menunjukkan kualitas potensi gas serpih yang sedang hingga baik,
kandungan material organik rendah hingga sedang, tingkat kematangan belum matang hingga matang, dan
tingkat kerapuhan cukup rapuh hingga rapuh. Serpih di formasi ini dapat dikategorikan sebagai reaktif
hingga sangat reaktif terhadap air dengan tingkat swelling kecil hingga sedang. Sweet spot pada formasi
di sekitar kedua sumur menempati sekitar 11% dari volume batuan. Pemodelan cekungan memperlihatkan
pembentukan gas berada pada kedalaman 2300m pada Formasi Baong Bawah, Belumai dan Bampo.
Estimasi sumberdaya sweet spot gas serpih di cekungan Sumatera Utara pada Formasi Bampo, Belumai,
dan Baong adalah masing-masing sebesar 6.379 TCF, 16.994 TCF, dan 25.024 TCF dengan jumlah total
48.397 TCF. Volume sumberdaya gas yang dihasilkan dari estimasi adalah bersifat spekulatif dan belum
memasukkan faktor kepastian dan efisiensi apapun.
Kata Kunci: Gas serpih, Cekungan Sumatra Utara, kandungan total karbon organik, indeks kerapuhan,
Formasi Baong, Formasi Bampo, Formasi Belumai, smektit, impedansi akustik, CWT, sweet spots,
sumberdaya gas spekulatif.

193
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

ABSTRACT
A detailed combined geological and geophysical study in North Sumatra basin has shown that
prospective formations for shale play containing gas sweet spots are found to be in shales from Bampo,
Belumai, and Baong Formations. Bampo Formation exhibits low shale gas potential with very low to
medium in organic material contents, maturity index of immature to mature, and moderate brittleness. Rocks
within the formation tend to be reactive to highly reactive to water, with a moderate degree of swelling
capacity. Porosity varies within 5.8 - 7.4 % with permeability ranging from 0.37 to 3.2 mD. Sweet spots in
the formation found around Basilam-1 and Securai-1wells occupy about 21% of the formation. On the other
hand, Belumai Formation shows moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to high organic material
contents, immature to mature levels of maturity, and moderately brittle to brittle. Sweet spot areas in the
formation found around the two wells are about 29% of the formation. For Baong Formation, analysis
reveals moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to medium contents of organic material, immature
to mature in maturity index, moderately brittle to brittle in brittleness, and tendency of being reactive
to highly reactive to water but with low degree of swelling capacity. Sweet spots in the formation found
around the two wells occupies are roughly 11% of the total formation volume in the area. Basin modeling
leading to gas resources estimation for Baong, Belumai and Bampo Formations has led to estimated
volumes of 6,379 TCF, 16,994 TCF, and 25,024 TCF, respectively, with a total amount of 48,397 TCF.
The resources figures are speculative in nature and do not incorporate any certainty and efficiency factors.
Keywords: Shale gas, North Sumatra Basin, total organic carbon, brittleness index, Baong Formation,
Bampo Formation, Belumai Formation, smectite, acoustic impedance, continuous wavelet transform
(CWT), sweet spots, gas speculative resouces.

I. INTRODUCTION permeability of less than 0.001 mD, porosity that

In Indonesia, investigation of shale gas potential
is an alternative exploration activity in order to
anticipate the decline in conventional oil reserves.
An increasing gap between the growing needs of
oil and the decline in national oil production has
made Indonesia a net oil importer country. The
government of Indonesia has envisioned that natural
gas is a source of substitution to the oil production
decline and - despite the relative abundance in
reserves encouraged its continuing exploration
by the industry. One sector that has recently gained
momentum throughout the world is exploration
of non-conventional oil and gas accumulations,
including shale gas. Successes in shale gas production
and technology application in the United States (e.g
Rach, 2007; Kargbo and Wilhelm, 2010; Song et
al. 2011; Wang and Krupnick, 2013; Aguilera and
Radetzki, 2013) and Canada (e.g Aguilera and
Radetzki, 2013; Rivard et al. 2014) have inspired
many countries to follow these examples. Research
and applications in other countries that have followed
suit, such as in China (e.g Zang, 2012; Wang, 2013),
have also triggered similar interest in countries that
have just started such as Indonesia.
A shale gas reservoir is a spot containing
natural gas that is formed within shale formations.
Having complied to a set of technical criteria, this
spot is called sweet spots. Shale gas sweet spots
normally occur in relatively deep formation of more
than 2000m of depth, and are characterized by low
ranges from 3 to 12%, and mostly of overpressured
condition (Lewis, 2004). The United States has
been developing this source of energy since the
1940s, and as a result of significant attention being
given to research and development it has gained
large recoverable reserves of around 500 TCF (U.S.
Energy Information Administration, 2011) and a
contribution to the US annual national gas production
at present of around 38%. This contribution is
expected to reach 53% by 2040 (International Energy
Agency, 2014).
In general, Indonesias geological setting and
conditions allow the presence of shale hydrocarbon
and discovery of large scale shale gas reserves.
Geological Agency of the Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources (GA-MEMR) of the Republic of
Indonesia has predicted that the resource potential
of Indonesias shale gas resources reaches up to 574
TCF (GA-MEMR, 2011). Therefore intensive efforts
are needed exploring and discovering gas reserves
in shale gas reservoirs. Indonesia has plenty of
potential shale formations. Preliminary studies have
shown that successions of thick sedimentary shales
in Indonesia have the potential to form shale gas
plays. Examples are Baong and Bampo Formations
in North Sumatra, Pematang and Telisa Formations in
Central Sumatra, Talang Akar and Gumai Formations
in South Sumatra and North West Java, Ngimbang
Formation in East Java, Tanjung Formation in South
Kalimantan and Klasafet Formation in Papua (U.S.

194
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Energy Information Administration, 2015). modeling, and shale gas system analysis. It is hoped
The aim of this study is mainly to evaluate the that results of this study can pave the road to deeper
potential of shale gas in North Sumatra Basin based studies leading to the exploration and exploitation
on field study results combined wih subsurface of shale gas in the area.
seismic cross-sections, surface core samples, and A. Regional Geology
well log data. This paper is focused on detailed
North Sumatra Basin is a complex containing
review on the determination of source rock quality
a series of sedimentary basins located at the top of
and thermal maturity from outcrop samples,
Sumatra Island (Figure 1). The basin has Northwest
geophysical evaluation including seismic attribute
- Southeast axial geometrical direction covering an
analysis, artificiaI intelligent (AI) and continuous
area of about
96,370 km2, approximately 20,530 km2
wavelet transform (CWT) gradient analysis,
onshore and 75,840 km2 offshore. North Sumatra
petrophysical of shale properties, and shale gas
Basin is a back arc basin formed by the subduction of
resource estimation. Research study is focused
the Indian - Australia plate under the Eurasian plate
on locations around the Gebang area, Pangkalan
in Late Eocene - Oligocene. The basin is geologically
Brandan, and Langkat - North Sumatra (Figure
bordered in the southwest by the Bukit Barisan
1). Implementation of the studies is carried out by
Mountains, in the southeast by Asahan Arc, and in the
integrating various geoscience disciplines including
northeast by the Malaysian Peninsula. The northern
sedimentology, geochemistry, geophysics, geological
part of the basin is open towards the Andaman Sea.

Figure 1
Figure 1.1 - Location of studyofarea
Location andarea
study physiography of Sumatraof(Darman
and physiography Sumatraand Sidi, 2000),
shown in(Darman and Sidi, 2000), shown in red-line rectangle.
red-line rectangle.

195
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

Yulianto and Situmorang (2002) mentioned that
there are three structural elements in North Sumatra
Basin (Figure 2); including the Northwest - Southeast
structures parallel to the axis of the basin such as the
Aceh Sub-basin, structural elements such as high and
depression trending north - south (Yang Besar High
and Tamiang Sub-basin/Tamiang Graben), and highs
trending northeast - southwest (south of Yang Besar
High). They also explained that there are two major
fault systems of North Sumatra Basin, the Sumatra
fault system/ SFS in northwest southeast direction
and fault systems in north - south direction. The
north - south trending fault system is a major fault
that controls the development of the Tertiary basin
of Sumatra Island.
B. Stratigraphy
North Sumatra Basin stratigraphy is divided
into Pre-Tertiary and Tertiary sediments. The Pre-
Tertiary sediment consists of basement of North
Sumatra Basin, which is composed of low-grade
metamorphic rocks of Permian and Jura - Cretaceous
(Cameron and Aspden, 1982), igneous intrusion of
Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and dolomite/ limestone
of Early Tertiary (Eocene). Tertiary sediment was
unconformably deposited on basement as described
in stratigraphic column according to Yulihanto and
Situmorang (2002) (Figure 3). Basal sandstones
and conglomerates of Oligocene-Early Miocene
Bruksah/Parapat Formation are early rift-valley
sediment infill and were deposited as fluviatil
alluvial sediments. Finer grain size on the upper part
of the formation contained local coal, lignite and
tufa. The Parapat/ Bruksah Formation is laterally
and vertically interfingering with shallow marine
sediment (restricted) - lacustrine of Late Oligocene -
Early Miocene Bampo Formation. Oligocene - Early
Miocene Bampo Formation consists of claystone and
massive calcalreous dark gray shale. Fossil contents
is limited as it is interpreted that this formation was
deposited on euxinic environment, and conformably
deposited above the Bruksah/ Parapat Formation.
Peutu Formation, which is equivalent to Belumai
Formation in the eastern part of the basin, was
deposited at the initiation of the transgressive phase
during Early Miocene - Middle Miocene. At the top
of basement highs, Peutu Formation is observed as
limestone reef, but it is also found as calcareous
claystone and calcareous siltstone (containing
high amount of glauconite). Baong Formation was

Figure 2
The main fault system and the North Sumatra Basin tectonic elements
(Yulihanto and Situmorang, 2002).

196
 3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Figure 3
Simplified stratigraphy of North Sumatra Basin (Yulihanto and Situmorang, 2002).

Figure 1.3 - Simplified stratigraphy of North Sumatra Basin (Yulihanto and Situmorang, 2002).
deposited in Middle Miocene - Late Miocene in
neritic environment (dark gray, massive, calcareous,
rich in foraminifera). The formation is overpressured
and is considered as source rock.
Locally, shale facies changes into siltstone
and sandstone (Lower Baong, Middle Middle and
Penulin) which is essentially a turbidite deposition.
In Late Miocene to Plio - Pleistocene, compression
caused onset on regressive cycle that resulted in the
deposition of Keutapang, Seurula and Julu Rayu
Formations. Keutapang and Seureula Formations
are of deltaic and shallow deposits.
C. Geology Model of Bampo and Baong
Formations
Previous studies performed by several researchers
(Kingston, 1978; Courtney et al. 1989; Yulihanto and
Situmorang, 2002) assumed that Baong and Bampo
are potential formations for shale gas reservoirs.
Bampo Formation is mainly exposed in the northern
part of the basin. Its lithology is characterized by
calcareous mudstone and shale, poorly-bedded,
pyritic, and slight carbonaceous material. It was
deposited during transgression in euxinic - pelagic
environment, and conformably lies above Parapat
Formation, with thickness ranging from 36 to
2,700m. On the other hand, Bampo silt sequence
contains residual organic materials and potential as
source rock, deposited on lacustrine environment,
which is similar to Oligocene sediments of Central
and South Sumatra Basins. The Baong Formation
consists of Lower Baong Shale, Middle Baong
Sandstone (MBS), and Upper Baong Shale. Lower
Baong Shale is dominated by calcareous shale, dark
gray, rich of forams, and was deposited in a marine
environment. Maximum thickness of the Lower
Baong Shale is 764m. MBS unit is composed of
light gray sandstone, very fine grained, calcareous

197
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

and glauconitic. This unit is commonly found in the
Aru area (Pertamina Block). The upper part of the
member is characterized by sandstone layers and
the bottom part refers to sandstone just above the
Lower Baong Shale. Thickness of this sandstone
sequence varies within 315 m to 928 m. Baong and
Bampo Formations are considered suitable as shale
gas reservoir. Both of them are of overpressured shale
and considered as source rocks (Kingston, 1978),
have high level of maturity with Ro values > 1.3,
total organic contents (TOC) that reaches 1.50%, and
are of marine sediment type (Courteney et al. 1989).
II. METHODOLOGY
To localise the prospect area of shale gas, an
integrated geological, geophysical, and petrophysical
study has been carried out in order to reduce any
acompanying uncertainties normally encountered
in subsurface studies. From the geological side, the
analyses used also include geochemical study for
determining source rock quality and thermal maturity
following indicators used in previous studies (Lewis,
2004; Passey et al. 2012). Data from petrographic
analysis also serves as additional information.
In addition to its traditional role in assisting
the generation of structural sub-surface model,
geophysical studies are focused on the prospect
area to determine the distribution of potential shale
gas layers, through the use of acoustic impedance
(AI), continuous wavelet transform (CWT) gradient
method (seismic frequency texture; a base color of
red - green - blue RGB). Petrophysical study is
conducted based on well log data including data
quality control, and determination of parameters
such as volume of shale (Vsh), water resistivity (Rw),
porosity (), water saturation (Sw), and cut-off values.
Through the use of geochemistry and well log data
a AI - TOC transform is generated using which AI
data from seismic interpretation is transformed into
TOC spatial data. By converting the AI from seismic
data to TOC data determination of sweet spots with
additional support from CWT data and geology

Welllog
Seismic
DATA
GandGdata
Coresamples
Fieldsurvey

Subsurfacegeological Shalegassystem
RegionalGeology analysis analysis

Seismicinterpretation
Subsurfacegeology Geochemistry:TOC,RE,VR,
modeling Sedimentology:
StructuralGeology
Mineralogyi,porosity,
RegionalStratigraphy
brittleness.
Biostratigraphy/ Sequence
stratigraphy
Sweetspots Geophysics:Sweetnes,
Identification Spectral, Decomposition
(CWT),inversion
GeologyModeling
ResourceEstimation

Drilling,wellevaluation
andresourcecalculation

Figure 4
Flow chart of shale gas study.

Figure 2.1. Flow chart of Shale Gas Study

198

3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Baong Formation Fossiliferous Claystone

Belumai Formation Fossiliferous Claystone

Bampo Formation Claystone

Figure 3.1. Photomicrographs of Figure

thin section
5 petrography and SEM
Photomicrographs of thin section petrography and SEM.

analysis is made both in vertical and horizontal In the above equations Bg, Ga, Gf, GST, GSL, M,
directions. Gas in Place (GIP) estimation is made P, PL, Sw, rb, s are gas formation volume factor
using (Ambrose et al. 2010) (Figure 4). (reservoir volume/surface volume), adsorbed gas
GIP = GST x Rock Volume Shale Density (1) storage (scf/ton), free gas storage (scf/ton), gas total
with in-place (scf/ton), Langmuir storage capacity (scf/
ton), apparent natural gas molecular weight (lbm/lb-
GST = Gf + Ga (2) mol), formation pressure (psia), Langmuir pressure
and (psia), water saturation (fraction), formation bulk

density (gr/cm3), and sorbed phase (dry shale) density
(3) (g/cm3), respectively. (3)

199
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

III. RESULTS determination of sweet spots, and resources

estimation. Laboratory tests are applied for Bampo,
A. Shale Gas Potential from Laboratory Tests Baong and Belumai Formations, although several
To determine the potential of shale gas, several previous research activities concluded that only
laboratory tests have been conducted in order to Baong and Bampo have good shale gas potential
determine the quality and suitability of the shale (Murtrijito et al. 2013; Ardhi et al. 2013; Bahesti,
formation to act as sweet spots. The tests include 2013).
mineralogy composition, maturity of source rock, The outcrop samples of Bambo Formation are
brittleness, sensitivity of rocks to water, porosity mainly composed of claystone and silt, dark grey
and permeability (i.e storativity and conductivity), in color, relatively massive, and grains are locally
Table 3.1. XRD analysis for outcrop samples of Baong, Bampo and Belumai Formations
Table 1
XRD analysis for outcrop samples of Baong,
Bampo and Belumai Formations
BRITTLENESS
CARBONATE INDEX/ BI
NO. SAMPLES FORMATION CLAY MINERALS (%) OTHER MINERALS (%) TOTAL (%)
MINERALS (%) (Wang & Gale,
2009)

ILLITE
SMEC- KAOLIN- CHLO- CALCI- DOLO- SIDE- K- PLAGIO- PYRI- GYP- CARBO-
SMEC- ILLITE QRTZ CLAY OTHER
TITE ITE RITE TE MITE RITE FELDSPAR CLASE TE SUM NATE
TITE

1 TKH II 3 - - 8 - 8 40 4 - 34 - 2 4 - 16 44 40 0.78

2 TBN 3 15 5 5 8 - 20 - - 42 - 5 - - 33 20 47 0,62

3 TBN 4 8 6 4 8 - 32 - - 40 - 2 - - 26 32 42 0,72

4 BK-29 3 - 7 12 - 44 - - 30 - 1 2 1 19 44 34 0,74

5 BK-32 7 - 7 9 - 40 - - 32 - 1 3 1 16 40 37 0,72

6 BK-25 8 - 5 17 - 30 1 - 30 - 2 3 4 22 31 39 0,61

7 BS-02A Baong 33 - 5 10 - 17 - - 27 - 2 6 - 15 17 35 0,44

8 S.BKL-22 12 - 5 18 - 26 2 3 30 - 1 3 - 23 31 34 0,61

9 S.BKL-20 30 - 6 8 - 20 - - 30 - 2 4 - 14 20 36 0,5

10 S.BKL-18 - 3 5 18 - 40 - - 32 - 2 - - 26 40 34 0,72

11 KG-1A 10 - 10 12 5 20 - - 38 - - 5 - 27 20 43 0,58

12 KG-1B 13 - 6 8 6 22 - - 40 - 1 4 - 20 22 45 0,62

13 KG-1C 15 - 6 10 5 30 - - 30 - 2 2 - 21 30 34 0,6

14 TKH II 4 10 - 10 - 12 18 - - 36 - 8 6 - 32 18 50 0,54

15 TKH II 5 6 - 5 - 10 30 - - 40 - 4 5 - 21 30 49 0,7
Belumai
16 KBL 3 - - - - - 99 - - 1 - - - - - 99 1 N.C.

17 KBL 7A - 4 8 8 - 26 - - 52 - 2 - - 20 26 54 0,78

18 S.BKL-13 - - 17 26 - 10 5 - 40 2 - - - 43 15 42 0,55

19 S.BKL-12 - 5 15 12 - 2 6 - 58 2 - - - 32 8 60 0,66

20 S.BKL-11 - - 10 16 - 6 - - 66 2 - - - 26 6 68 0,72

21 S.BKL-16 (9) - - 16 32 - 8 - - 40 4 - - - 48 8 44 0,48

22 LK-1 - - 30 4 - - - - 56 1 1 8 - 34 0 66 0,56

23 LK-3 - - 26 - 20 2 5 - 40 2 5 - - 46 7 47 0,47

24 LK-6 - - 35 5 20 - - - 34 1 5 - - 60 0 40 0,34

25 LK-8 Bampo - - 30 - 30 - 3 3 30 - 4 - - 60 6 34 0,36

26 WP-4.1 - - 20 - 26 - - - 48 3 3 - - 46 0 54 0,48

27 WP-4.4 - - 30 - 30 - - - 48 3 3 - - 60 0 54 0,48

28 WP-4.7 - - 24 - 22 - - - 46 2 6 - - 46 0 54 0,46

29 WP-4.9 - - 30 - 28 - - - 33 3 6 - - 58 0 42 0,33

30 WP-4.11 - - 20 - 26 - - - 44 3 7 - - 46 0 54 0,44

31 SKB-7A 26 - 8 12 - - - 5 40 2 3 4 - 20 5 49 0,45

32 TKH-05 10 - 8 8 - 14 1 4 47 - 5 3 - 26 19 55 0,66

33 S.BKL-7 5 - 6 - - - - - 87 2 - - - 11 0 89 0,87

34 S.BKL-5 - - 6 - 8 34 - 3 46 3 - - - 14 37 49 0,83
Parapat
35 S.BKL-3 - - 10 - 8 - - - 75 4 3 - - 18 0 82 0,75

36 S.BKL-2 - - 10 - 10 - - - 75 3 2 - - 20 0 80 0,75

37 KBL 5 - - 30 - - - - - 20 - 50 - - 30 - 70 N.C.

38 KBL 11A Butar ? - - 30 - - - - - 65 - - - - 35 - 65 0,65

39 KBL 13B - - 20 6 - - - - 72 - - - - 28 - 72 0,72

200
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Table
Table 3.2. TOC and Rock2 Eval Pyrolysis Data
TOC and Rock Eval Pyrolysis Data

Forma- TOC S1 S2 S3 PY Tmax

No. Age Traverse Sample No. Analised Lithology S2/S3 PI PC HI OI
tion (C)
(% wt) mg/g
1 Sungai S.BKL-22 Clyst, dkgy, calc 1,25 0,39 3,73 0,21 4,12 17,76 0,05 0,34 421 298 17
2 Berkail S.BKL-20 Clyst, dkgy, calc 1,76 0,49 8,44 0,62 8,93 13,61 0,03 0,74 429 480 35
3 (Bahorok) S.BKL-18 Clyst, med.dkgy, calc 0,67 0,17 1,46 0,26 1,63 5,62 0,06 0,14 423 216 39
4 KG-1A Sh, brngy, calc 1,74 0,54 7,73 0,36 8,27 21,47 0,03 0,69 423 444 21
Kota Gajah-
5 KG-1B Sh, brngy, calc 1,59 0,54 6,51 0,28 7,05 23,25 0,04 0,59 425 409 18
Kutambaru
Middle - Late Miocene

6 KG-1C Shale 1,3 0,47 5,29 0,14 5,76 37,79 0,04 0,48 425 407 11
7 BK-25 Shale 0,86 0,11 1,92 0,31 2,03 6,19 0,05 - 425 222 36
Baong

8 Bahorok BK-29 Shale 1,18 0,18 4,29 0,36 4,47 11,92 0,04 - 433 364 31
9 BK-32 Shale 1,36 0,13 3,71 0,31 3,84 11,97 0,03 - 434 272 23
10 BST-02A Shale 1,4 0,23 4,41 0,95 4,64 4,64 0,05 - 426 315 68
Besitang
11 BST-03A Shale 0,63 - - - - - - - - - -
12 TBN-3 Shale 0,77 0,09 0,27 0,35 0,36 0,77 0,17 0,03 438 35 45
Tiga Binanga
13 TBN-4 Shale 0,53 - - - - - - - - - -
14 Tangkahan TKH-113 Shale 0,56 - - - - - - - - - -
15 Sumur 1928-1930m Shale, dkgy-dkgy/v.dkgy 1,35 0,54 2,87 0,35 3,41 8,2 0,16 0,28 428 213 26

16 DRU-1A 2328-2330m Shale, dkgy 1,34 0,43 2,41 0,27 2,84 8,93 0,15 0,24 433 179 20
17 Selundur SKB-2 Shale 0,84 0,12 0,68 0,39 0,8 1,74 0,15 - 425 81 46
18 Batang BS-4 Shale 0,8 0,25 2,25 0,02 2,5 112,5 0,06 0,21 427 281 3
Early Miocene

19 Sarangan BS-5 Shale 0,69 0,23 1,85 0,08 2,08 23,13 0,06 0,17 423 268 12
Belumai

20 KBH-7A Shale 1,4 0,85 1,71 0,24 2,56 7,13 0,25 0,21 440 122 17
Kuta Buluh
21 KBH-13B Shale 1,45 0,1 0 0,6 0,1 0 - 0,01 * 0 41

22 TKH-16 Shale 0,87 0,19 1,28 0,65 1,47 1,97 0,13 - 437 146 74
23 Tangkahan TKH-114 Shale 0,8 0,25 2,25 0,02 2,5 112,5 0,06 0,21 427 281 3
24 TKH-115 Shale 0,69 0,23 1,85 0,08 2,08 23,13 0,06 0,17 423 268 12

25 Sungai S.BKL-13 Sltst, brn.gy, calc, hd 0,06 - - - - - - - - - -

26 Berkail S.BKL-12 Clyst, purplishmbrn.dkgy, slty 0,07 - - - - - - - - - -
(Bahorok)
27 S.BKL-11 Sltst, yell.ltgy, hd 0,06 - - - - - - - - - -
28 S.BKL-09 Clyst, wht.ltgy, calc 0,12 - - - - - - - - - -
29 LK-1 Sh, dk.gy 1,59 0,08 0,77 0,08 0,85 9,63 0,05 0,07 438 48 5
Lokawar -
30 LK-3 Sh, dk.gy, hd 0,12 - - - - - - - - - -
Late Oligocene

Kutambaru
31 LK-6 Sh, dk.gy, hd 0,2 - - - - - - - - - -
Bampo

32 LK-8 Sh, dk.gy, hd 0,21 - - - - - - - - - -

33 WP-4.1 Clyst, gy, hd 0,39 0,01 0 0,24 0,01 0 0 0 * 0 61
34 Sungai WP-4.4 Clyst, gy, hd 0,4 0 0 0,1 0 0 0 0 * 0 25
35 Wampu - WP-4.7 Clyst, gy, hd 0,39 0,03 0 0,09 0,03 0 0 0 * 0 23
36 Kutambaru WP-4.9 Clyst, gy, hd 0,46 0 0 0,11 0 0 0 0 * 0 24
37 WP-4.11 Clyst, gy, hd 0,42 0 0 0,04 0 0 0 0 * 0 10
38 3080-3082m Shale, gy-dkgy 0,48 0,24 0,31 0,16 0,55 1,94 0,44 0,05 437 64 33
Sumur
39 3100-3102m Shale, gy-dkgy 0,53 0,24 0,31 0,19 0,55 1,63 0,44 0,05 437 58 36
DRU-1A
40 3148-3150m Shale, gy-dkgy 0,54 0,33 0,31 0,19 0,64 1,63 0,52 0,05 441 58 35
41 S.BKL-7 Sltst, yell.brngy, calc 0,21 - - - - - - - - - -
Parapat/ Basal
Late Eocene -

42 S.BKL-5 Sltst/vf.Sst, brngy, calc 0,11 - - - - - - - - - -

Sungai
Early

SST

43 Berkail S.BKL-3 Sltst, ltgy, hd 0,26 - - - - - - - - - -

(Bahorok)
44 S.BKL-2 Vf Sst, brngy 0,09 - - - - - - - - - -

Remarks :
TOC : Total Organic Carbon PY : Amount of Total Hydrocarbon = (S1 + HI : Hydrogen Index = (S/TOC) x 100
S1 : Amount of Free Hydrocarbon PI : Production = (S1/S1 + S2) OI : Oxygen Index = (S/TOC) x 100
S2 : Amount of Free Hydrocarbon released from kerogen PC : Pyrolysable Carbon NDP : No Determination Possible
S3 : Organic Carbon Dioxide Tmax : Maximum Temperature (C) at the top of S pea* : Erroreneous Tmax Readings
due to lack of S2

replaced by calcite. Petrographic analysis reveals composed of quartz (30-66%), with minor amount
that the samples mostly are silty shale consisting of of feldspar (0-4%), plagioclase (0-7%), and pyrite
mainly monocrystalline quartz (3.5-25.0%), feldspar (0-8%). Carbonate minerals are observed in moderate
in lesser proportion, metamorphic and sedimentry amount including calcite (0-14%), dolomite (0-6%),
rock fragments, carbonaceous material, and mica. and siderite (0-5%). Clay mineral occurs in relatively
Matrix is abundant (51.25-87.5%), porosity is low high amount covering smectite (0-26%), illite (8-
(0.25-3.0%) mostly made by intergranular and fine 35%), kaolinite (0-26%), and chlorite (0-30%) (Table
fissures type of pores (Figure 5). X-ray diffraction 1). Geochemical analysis shows very low to medium
(XRD) results show that samples are mainly contents of organic material (TOC: 0.07 to 0.54%),

201
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212
mature maturity index (Tmax: 437 - 441oC) (Table
2), and low to moderate brittleness (BI: 0:33 - 0.72).
The rocks tend to be reactive to highly reactive to
water (Capillary Suction Time - CST: 29.5 - 85) with
moderate degree of swelling (3.3 - 10.6 %). Porosity
varies between 5.8% and 7.4% with permeability
ranging from 0.37 mD to 3.2 mD.
The lithology of Belumai Formation is commonly
fossilferous claystone, dark grey, massive and
occasionally with parallel lamination and fractures.
Petrographic analysis shows the Belumai Formation
in general is fossiliferous claystone dominated by
detrital clay matrix and planktonic foraminifers,
minor benthonic forams, monocrystalline quartz,
carbonaceous material, plagioclase, glauconite,
and indeterminite bioclasts. Visual porosity is low
(4.00-4.50%) and consisting mainly of fine fractures,
minor dissolution, and micropores (Figure 5). XRD
analysis reveals that the rocks main composition is
quartz (36-52%), calcite (18-30%), clay minerals -
illite (5-10%), chlorite (0-12%), smectite (0-10%),
and kaolinite (0-8%), plagioclase (2-8%) - and
pyrite (0-6%) (Table 1). Samples from Belumai
Formation generally shows moderate to good shale
gas potential, with low to high organic material
(TOC: 0.69 to 1.45 %), immature to mature maturity
index (Tmax: 423 - 440oC) (Table 2), and relative
brittle to very brittle (BI: 0.33-0.72).
Baong Formation lithologically shows light grey,
contains fossils, massive and brittle with burrows.
The bedding thickness varies within 10-20cm.
Petrographic analyses show that the fossiliferous
claystone is mainly composed of detrital clay matrix
(15.0-68.25%) and planktonic foraminiferas (2.5-
37.75%) and also by subordinate benthonic forams
(1.5-10.0%), monocrystalline quartz (2.75-10.0%),
carbonaceous materials (0-3.0%), and plagioclase
(0-1.0%). Other components occur in very minor
amount of less than 1% are glauconite, mica, rock
fragments, and indeterminate bioclasts. Visual
porosity is low (1.25-6.5%) mainly consisting of
dissolution, intraparticle, and fine fractures (Figure
5). Results of XRD analysis show the claystone
of the formation is dominated by quartz (27-42%),
calcite (17.0-44%), and clay minerals composing
of smectite (0-33%), illite (4-10%), kaolinite (8-
18%), and chlorite (0-8%) with minor amount of
plagioclase (0-5%), pyrite (0-6%), and gypsum
(0-4%) (Table 1). The samples have low - medium
contents of organic material (TOC: 0.53 to 1.76%),
immature to mature maturity index (Tmax: 421
- 438oC) (Table 2), brittleness of relatively brittle
202
to brittle (BI: 0.44-0.78), and reactive to highly
reactive to water (CST: 25.8-59.7) with low degree
of swelling tendency (1.6-7.9 %).
B. Geophysical Analysis - Top Structure Mapping
Seismic interpretation covers Langkat, Pangkalan
Susu and Pangkalan Brandan lines with the control
of well log data from Basilam A-1, Pantai Pakam
Timur-3, Besitang-1, and Securai-1 wells. Seismic
interpretation is completed by picking 7 horizons as
formation boundaries. This study is narrowed to shale
of Bampo, Belumai, and Lower Baong Formations.
Green horizon for top Bampo Formation, orange
horizon for top Belumai Formation, pink horizon
for top Lower Baong Formation, and yellow horizon
top Middle Baong Formation, red horizon for top
Baong Formation.
Based on geological modeling of North Sumatra
Basin, gas was formed at a depth of 2300m. Bampo,
Belumai and Lower Baong with gas content should
occur below 2300m. Lower Baong Formation,
Belumai, and Bampo occur between depths 800
- 6,700m, with an average thickness of Bampo
Formation ranging from 300 to 550m, indicated
by blue - green contours, while the thick Bampo
Formation as showed by dark blue - purple contours
reached depth of 800m, which is located in north
direction of Well Basilam-A1, distributed from west
to east (Figure 6).
Belumai Formation is thinning to the south and
thickening to the north. Southern part is shown by
yellow orange with various values between 250
- 350m, while the north part has average thickness
between 350-600m, which is shown by light blue
- green contour. Lower Baong Formation shows
thinning to the south and thickening to the north.
The average thickness in the south is indicated by
orange - green contours with value of 600 - 1,000m,
present around Besitang-1, Securai-1, Basilam-1,
Batu Mandi-1 and Pantai Pakam Timur-3. To the
north (Aceh) the thickness of formation reaches up
to 1,000 - 2,000m as shown by light blue - purple
contour (Figure 7).
C. Distribution of Gas Content Within Bampo,
Belumai and Lower Baong Formations
Based on gas maturity window in the area - as
determined through geochemistry laboratory tests -
that is applied on the top structure maps generated
earlier gas content distribution is determined for the
three formations. All gas distribution maps for the
three formations, therefore, show gas contents that
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

HORISON :
Blue : Basement
Cyan : Basal Parapat
Green : Bampo
Orange : Belumai
Pink
HORISON : : Baong Bawah
Yellow : Baong Tengah
Red
Blue Baong Atas
: Basement
Cyan : Basal Parapat
Figure 3.2 - Northwest southeast Green
seismic configuration of : Bampo
North Sumatra Basin.
Orange : Belumai
Pink : Baong Bawah
Yellow : Baong Tengah
Figure 6 ? Red : Baong Atas
................................
Figure 3.2 - Northwest southeast seismic configuration of North Sumatra Basin.

Figure 3.3 - Isopach Maps of Bampo Formation, Belumai Formation and Lower Baong Formation
(left - right).

FigureBelumai
Figure 3.3 - Isopach Maps of Bampo Formation, 7 Formation and Lower Baong Formation
Isopach Maps of Bampo Formation, Belumai Formation
(left - right).
and Lower Baong Formation (left - right).

203
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

Figure 3.4 - Depth structure of gas containing Lower

Figure 8 Baong Formation, Belumai Formation, and
BampoDepth
Formation (left of
structure - right).
gas containing Lower Baong Formation,
Belumai Formation, and Bampo Formation (left - right).

Figure 9
Figure 3.5 Composite
Composite line of north-south
line of north-south directiondirection traversing
traversing Besitang-1
Besitang-1 dan Basilam-1
dan Basilam-1 well. well.

occur below depth of 2,300m. Figure 8 depicts the
distribution of Bampo Formation containing gas
where gas in the Bampo Formation reaches maturity
below a depth of 2,300m. The red dashed line is
the boundary of mature area for Bampo Formation,
which is distributed within North Sumatra - Aceh
axis. Similar to Bampo Formation, geochemistry
tests have shown that gas in the Belumai Formation
also reaches maturity below a depth of 2,300m. This
corresponds to an area within the red dashed line that
serves as boundary of the formations mature area,
spread from North Sumatra to Aceh. For its higher
areas around Basilam-A1 well, Belumai Formation
has not reach maturity as gas containing shale due to
depths of its shale body are in general above 2300m.
Using the same maturity criteria higher areas of the
Bangko Formation in its western part towards the
Bukit Barisan Mountains - as indicated by green/
yellow areas - has also not reached shale gas maturity
for the same reason (Figure 8).
However, in a way similar to the other two
formations, Lower Baong Formation is considered as
containing gas since most of its shale body is situated
below 2,300m. This is depicted area within the red
dashed line (Figure 8). In higher areas surrounding
Basilam-A1, Pantai Pakam Timur-3, and Batumandi
wells, Baong Formation has not reach maturity
because the depth is higher than 2,300m. This is

204
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
also true for the higher areas to the west towards the
Bukit Barisan and to the north, indicated by countour
within green/ yellow area. While in Aceh, the Lower
Baong Formation has reach maturity, as indicated by
contours within blue/ purple area in Aru area (contour
shallower than 3,000m) (Figure 9).
D. Identification of Sweet Spots and Resource
Estimation
The geophysical approach used in this study
is a standard seismic attribute using amplitude
and frequency attributes - method of sweetness
analysis (Hart, 2008), plus application of spectral
decomposition method of continuous wavelet
transform (CWT) (Partyka et al. 1999; Sinha et al.
2005). Prior to the application of sweetness and
CWT methods, several seismic lines were used
for the amplitude balancing process. Through this
process the seismic data is arranged so that seismic
amplitudes are expected to have a range of similar
seismic amplitude values.
Figure 10 is a composite line of north-south
direction passing through the Besitang-1, Basilam-1,
and PPT-3 wells, whereas Figure 10 depicts sections
of sweetness (a) and CWT (b) of the composite
lines in north-south direction. The applications of
these two methods are employed to indicate zones
of interest contained in the black shale most prob-
Figure 10
Figure 3.6 (a) Sweetness section and (b) CWT section of north-south direction traversing
(a) Sweetness section and (b) CWT section of north-south direction
Besitang-1dan Basilam-1
traversing well.
Besitang-1dan
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)
ably in Bampo Formation surrounding Basilam-1
and Besitang-1wells. Zones of interest are marked
in yellow to red areas indicating porous areas with
stronger reddish areas which are expected to contain
gas. Information from well testing provides that
Basilam-1well shows indication of gas in black shale
that is most probably from Bampo Formation (at its
top of depths around 2,576.6 m MD).
Figure 11 shows crossplots of sweetness and
CWT with wireline logs of Basilam-1 including
gamma ray, density, resistivity and sonic. The
interesting zone has high value of sweetness and
low value of CWT. Gas indication appears in shale
bed. Cross plots of sweetness and CWT with well
log data were not performed for Besitang-1 well
due to data absence. The Besitang-1 well does not
penetrate Bampo formation (Besitang-1 well: TVD
1,700 m MD).
Reservoir characterisation (seismic inversion and
spectral decomposition) is performed to determine
distribution of shale gas reservoir property on the
seismic section. Seismic inversion informs the AI
of shale lithology while spectral decomposition
detects formation parts with gas saturation. As
previously determined the potential of shale gas
zones is indicated by the presence of sweet spots, in
which values of TOC is the main parameter to define
coverage of the area. Acoustic impedance (AI) is used
Basilam-1 well.
205
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212
to determine the type of shale lithology that serves
as reservoir rocks. Some researchers suggested and
have managed to establish an empirical relationship
between AI and the TOC using which AI distribution
resulted from seismic inversion analysis can be
transformed into TOC distribution (Lseth et al,
2013; Passey et al. 2012; and Liu, 2013).
Seismic inversion results (Figure 12) show
that in general AI values in the shale formations
range between 4,000 and 9,200 m/s*g/cc. Crossplot
between TOC and AI (Figure 13) for Besitang-1 data
appears to be in good correlation with correlation
factor of 0.928. Note that high TOC value of around
1.5 - 1.7% - TOC levels that are considered as
mature for this study is associated with AI value
of approximately 5,500 - 6,500 m/s*g/cc. Using the
AI - TOC good correlation, the TOC distribution
within the formations are generated. Upon using
the correlation, the highest probability for sweet
spots lies on AI values within 7,000 8,000 m/s*g/
cc, which correspond to TOC values greater than
1%. Shale formations having these values are also
considered as suitable for fracturing.
Figure 11
Figure 3.7 - Cross-plots
Crossplots of sweetness
of sweetness andand
CWTCWT
with with GR of
206
Through the use of TOC AI correlation,
distribution of TOC values range in general is also
found as in between 0.5% and 1.6%. High TOC
values of 1.4 - 1.67% characterize the Lower Baong
Formation in its low areas and in the surrounding area
of Besitang wells (Figure 14). Lithology distribution
modeling is shown by the spread of sand and shale
in lateral direction. The modeling is based on the AI
values of 5,500 6,500 m/s*g/cc, which corresponds
to relatively large gradient frequency disparity. The
bigger the disparity the greater the possibility of
rocks saturated with hydrocarbons. In Figure 15,
large changes of disparities are indicated by grey to
black in the color spectrum.
Through combining the TOC distribution, log-
core petrophysical analysis, and TOC criterion
of 1.6 - 1.7% areas that are considered as sweet
spots around Basilam-1 and Securai-1 wells are
determined. For this TOC cut-off, average porosity
values of 2%, 3%, and 5% are obtained for Bampo
Formation, Belumai Formation, and Lower Baong
Formation, respectively. Sweet spots in the Bampo,
Belumai, and Baong formations are found around
GR logs logs of Basilam-1.
Basilam-1.
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Figure 12
Acoustic Impedance (AI) cross-section through Basilam-1 well.
Figure 3.8 - Acoustic Impedance (AI) cross-section through Basilam-1 well.

Table 3
Area and Volume within gas window

Formation Area Area Volume Volume

(m2) (acree) (m3) (acree feet)

Lower Baong 1.2994E+13 3.2108E+09 8.9076E+11 7.2215E+12

Belumai 1.6879E+13 4.1708E+09 9.2094E+15 7.4662E+12
Bampo 2.3310E+12 5.7726E+09 9.3289E+15 7.5631E+12

Basilam-1 and Securai-1wells and occupy about
21%, 29%, and 11% of the formations, respectively.
With supporting parameter values used in
Equations 1, 2, and 3 (Tables 3 and Table 4) shale gas
resources (i.e gas in place) for the three formations
are estimated. Porosity (), bulk density (b), and Sw
are averaged values determined from petrophysical
analyises on Basilam-1, Batumandi-1, Besitang-1,
dan PPT-3 well log data, whereas Bg is derived from
laboratory pressure-volume-temperature (PVT)
analysis on gas samples taken from Besitang-1 well,
and s was obtained from direct core laboratory
measurements on outcrop dry shale samples. For
GSL, M, PL values, laboratory adsorption isotherm
tests were carried out on two outcrop shale samples,
one represents Lower Baong and Belumai formations
of depths 2,500 - 3,500m (both formations are
considered as having adjacent depth intervals) and
the other one is for Bampo Formation of depths
4,000 - 6,600m. Resource estimations have resulted
in accumulation of shale gas present in the sweet
spots found to be 6.379 trillion cubic feet (TCF) for

207
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

Table 4
Parameters for shale gas in place calculation

Parameter Unit Lower Baong Belumai Bampo

% 5 0 0
Bg res. vol/surface vol. 0.007 0.006 0.005
s g/cm 3
0.3 0.34 0.4
b g/cm3 2.55 2.6 2.7
Sw % 70 60 50
M lb/lb.mol 12 13 16
GSL scf/ton 60 70 50
P psi 3.000 3.248 4.000
PL psi 1.200 1.300 1.150

2.00
1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20
TOC(%)

1.00 TOC =0.00001AI +3.102

0.80 R=0.928

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
AcousticImpedance(m/s*gr/cc)

Figure
Figure 3.9 - Cross-plot between AI 13
and TOC in Besitang-1 well.
Cross-plot between AI and TOC in Besitang-1 well.

Lower Baong Formation; 16.994 TCF for Belumai
Formation; and 25.024 TCF for Bampo Formation,
with total volume of 48.397 TCF.
IV. DISCUSSION
Lower Baong Formation occurs at depth 1,000
- 6,200m. At high areas of Basilam-A1, Pantai
Pakam Timur-3 (PPT-3), and Batumandi wells,
Lower Baong Formation does not reach oil window
because of its depth of shallower than 2,300m.
This is similar to the case of high areas in western
to northern parts of studied area. In the North,
Lower Baong Formation has reached oil window
as marked by contour within blue to purple areas as
in Aru area with contours below 3000m. Belumai
Formation occurs at depths of within 1,200 6,300m
(Figures 6 and 7), and Bampo Formation at depths
of within 1,500 - 6,600m. Potential areas of shale
gas are deeper than 2300m, as marked by contours
within dark blue to purple area. Bampo Formation

208
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)

Figure 14 through AI from (a) Lower Baong Formation

Figure 3.10 - Distribution maps of TOC correlated
Distribution maps of TOC correlated through AI from (a) Lower Baong Formation
(b) Belumai Formation and (c)Formation
(b) Belumai Bampo Formation.
thins out
to the South direction and in southern part
from Basilam-A1 well whereas Bampo Formation
develop sufficiently due to sedimentation
does not
limitation
provided by highs and grabens to filling
areas in the South.
Generally claystones of Baong Formation are
described
as light gray in color, contain fossils,
massive, brittle, having burrow structures, and
layered with thickness varies between 10cm and 20m
(LEMIGAS,
2012; 2013). Lithology is commonly
fossiliferous claystone, where composition
is dominated by clay matrix and planktonic
foraminefers with lesser benthos, monocrystalline
quartz, carbonaceous material, and plagioclase.
Other materials include glauconite, mica, rock
fragments and indeterminate fossils (LEMIGAS,
2012, 2013). Porosity is poor including secondary
dissolution and intraparticles, accompanied by
minor microfractures. TOC values moderate to
good varying from 0.53 - 1.76%, with maturity
level categorized as immature to mature. Based on
the analysis, it is interpreted that Baong Formation
has moderate to good shale gas quality. However,
content of smectite needs to be carefully
the high
considered since this may provide difficulties for
any drilling and fracturing operations.
Claystones of Bampo Formation are fosilliferous
claystone, gray - dark gray, massive with parallel
lamination, and the occurence of fractures. The
composition is dominated by clay matrix with
and (c) Bampo Formation.
planktonic foraminifers and accompanied by
minor benthonic forams, monocrystalline quartz,
carbonaceous material, plagioclase, glauconite, and
indetermined fossils. Porosity is low, commonly
fractures supplemented by a number of dissolution
and microporosity. TOC values are moderate to good
(0.69 1.45%) and immature to mature of maturity
level. Belumai Formation shows moderate to good
shale gas potential.
Samples from Bampo Formation shows silty
clay, gray - dark, relatively compact, and locally
replace by calcite. The composition is dominated by
quartz monocrystalline, along with small amounts of
feldspar, fragments of metamorphic and sedimentary
rocks, carbonaceous material and mica. There is a
high amount of clay matrix. Porosity is intergranular
and fractures. The content of organic material is
generally very low - medium (TOC: 0.07 0.54%).
Bampo Formation indicates poor potential as a
shale gas resource, even though the formation has
apparently reached the gas window of below 2,300
m. However, the low TOC values result from absence
of significant sweet spots for the formation. With
regard to TOC values, it is important to understand
that kerogen occupies a much larger volume percent
(vol%) than is indicated by the TOC weight percent
(wt%). This can be explained by the low grain
density of the organic matter (typically 1.1-1.4 g/cc)
compared to that of common rock-forming minerals
(2.6-2.8 g/cc) (Passey, 2012). Therefore, the Bampo

209
 Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

Figure 3.11 - Modeling of lithology distribution

Figureand15 lateral frequency disparity of (a) Baong
Formation
Modeling of lithology (b) Belumai
distribution Formation,
and lateral anddisparity
frequency (c) Bampo Formation.
of (a) Baong Formation
(b) Belumai Formation, and (c) Bampo Formation.

210
3. Ditermination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Intregation of Geology, Geochemistry, Petrophysics
Formation can only be interpreted as having shale
gas potential that is categorized as poor to moderate.
Despite poor to moderate, the large formation
thickness has nevertheless led to large (25.024 TCF)
gas resource volume.
V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Potential of shale gas in North Sumatra Basin is
from shales of Lower Baong, Belumai, and Bampo
Formations, from depths of deeper than 2,300m, and
with TOC values that range between 1.4 and 1.67%.
It is supported by brittelness of brittle to moderately
brittle (BI = 0.33-0.78), which are correlated with
values of acoustic impedance (AI) that vary within
5,500 - 6,500 m/s*g/cc range. Estimation of shale
gas resource potential in the Lower Baong, Belumai
and Bampo Formations has yielded 6.379 trillion
cubic feet (TCF), 16.994 TCF, and 25.024 TCF,
respectively.
From an operational point of view, the high
amount of smectite occuring in North Sumatra Basin
needs to be carefully considered, and consequently
research of shale gas in the North Sumatra Basin
has to be focused on specific drilling and production
technologies aimed at enhancing the ability to deal
with problems that may be caused by high content
of smectite. With regard to the existing references
or studies, a detailed characterization of shale gas,
including drilling, fracturing, and core analysis in
accordance with the character of each sedimentary
basin in Indonesia need to be carried out.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by Research and De-
velopment Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Resources (ESDM) of the Republic of Indonesia. We
thank our colleagues from Exploration and Exploi-
tation Divisions of the Research and Development
Center for Oil and Gas Technology LEMIGAS,
particularly from the Sedimentology Research Group
who provided insight and expertise that have greatly
assisted the study.
REFERENCES
Aguilera, R.F. and Radetzki, M. 2013. Sahale Gas
and Oil: Fundamentally Global Energy Markets. Oil and
Gas Journal, December 2, vol. 111.12, pp 54 62.
Ambrose, R.J., R.C. Hartman, M. D. Campos,
Y. Akkutlu, C. H. Sondergeld, 2010. New Pore-scale
Consideration for Shale Gas in Place Calculations.
Society of Petroleum Engineers Unconventional Gas
Conference, Pittsburg.
and Geophysics Analysis (Junita Trivianty Musu et al.)
Ardhi S. D., G.C. Ramadhan and D. Rakasiwi, 2013.
Shale Gas Potential of Lower Baong Sandstone North
Sumatra Basin: A Case Study of Unconventional
Energy and sequence stratigraphy application on
Keutapang Reservoir Formation based on well logs
data. Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association,
37th Annual Convention and Exibition.
Bahesti, F. 2013. Geochemistry and Geomechanic Study
of Shale of Lower Baong Formation, North Sumatra
Basin. Unpublished master thesis, Bandung Institute
of Technology.
Cameron, N.R., Aspden, J.A., Bridge, D.mcc., Djunud-
dinn, A., Ghazali, S.A., Harahap, H., Hardidjaja,
Johari, S., Kartawa, W., Keats, W., Ngabito, H.,
Rock, N.M.S. & Whandoyo, R. 1982a. The Geology
of the Medan Quadrangle, Sumatra (0619) Scale 1:250
000. Geological Survey of Indonesia, Directorate of
Mineral Resources, Geological Research and Develop-
ment Centre, Bandung.
Courteney, S., Cockcroft, P., Lorentz, R.A. & Miller,
R., 1989. Indonesia - Oil and Gas Field Atlas. Volume
1 North Sumatra and Natuna. Indonesian Petroleum
Association.
Darman, H., and Sidi, F.H., 2000. An Outline of the
Geology of Indonesia. Indonesian Association of
Geologists, Jakarta, 192.
Geological Agency,2011. Map of Distribution andPo-
tential of Shale Oil and Gas Bearing Formation of
Indonesia. Quaternary. Neogene. Paleogene.
Hart, B.S. 2008. Channel Detection in 3D Seismic Data
Using Sweetness: AAPG Bulletin, 92, no.6, 732-742.
International Energy Agency, 2014. IEA releases Oil
Market Report for October, viewed 9 February 2016,
from https://www.iea.org/.
Kargbo, D.M. and Wilhelm, R.G. 2010. Natural
Gas Plays in the Marcellus Shale: Challenges and
Potential Opportunities. Environ Sci Technol, 44:
5679 5684.
Kingston, J, 1978. Oil and Gas Generation, Migration
and Accumulation in the North Sumatra Basin. Jakarta,
Indonesian Petroleum Association Seventh Annual
Convention, Proceedings.
LEMIGAS (Research and Development Center for
Oil and Gas Technology), Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources (ESDM), 2012. Pilot Project
Search and Discovery of Shale Gas Reserves, Jakarta,
unpublished report.
LEMIGAS (Research and Development Center for
Oil and Gas Technology), Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources (ESDM), 2013. Pilot Project
Search and Discovery of Shale Gas Reserves, Jakarta,
unpublished report.
211
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 193 - 212

Lewis R., Ingraham, D., Pearcy, M., Wiliamson, J.,
Sawyer, W., and Frantz, J. 2004. New Evaluation
Techniques for Gas Shale Reservoir. Proceeding,
presented at the Reservoir Symposium, Oklahoma
City, USA.
Liu Y., Z. Chen, K. Hu, C. Liu, 2013. Quantifying Total
Organic Carbon (TOC) from Well Logs Using Support
Vector Regression. Integration GeoConvention.
Lseth, H., Wensaas, L., M. Gading., K. Duffaut., and
M. Springer., 2013. Can Hydrocarbon Source Rocks
be Identified on Seismic Data?, viewed 2 February
2016, from http://www.geosociety.org/.
Murtrijito, N., F.M. Naibaho, and W. Ashuri., 2013.
Shale Gas: Geological Perspective of Baong For-
mation for Future Chances of North Sumatra Basin;
Compared to Fort Worth Basin in USA. Majalah
Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 28 No. 1 April 2013: 41-49.
Partyka, G.J., Gridley, and Lopez, J.A. 1999, Inter-
pretational applications of spectral decomposition
in reservoir characterization, The Leading Edge, 18,
pp. 353-360.
Passey, Q.R., K.M. Bohacs, W.L. Esch, R. Klimentidis,
S. Sinha, 2012. My Source Rock is Now My Reservoir
- Geologic and Petrophysical Characterization of
Shale-Gas Reservoirs: Search and Discovery Article
#8023, 35 p.
Rach, N.M. 2007. Triangle Petroleum, Kerogen Re-
sources drilling Arkansas Fayetteville shale gas, Oil
& Gas Journal, 17 Sept. 2007, pp 59-62.
Rivard, C., Lavoie, D., Levebvre, R., Sejourne, S.,
Lamontagne, C., and Duchesne, M. 2014. An
Overview of Canadian Shale Gas Production and
Environmental Concern. Int. J. of Coal Geology, vol.
126, June 1, pp 6476.
Sinha, S., Routh, P., Anno, P., Castagna, J. 2005, Spectral
Decomposition of Seismic Data with Continous Wavelet
Transform, Geophysics vol.70, pp19-25.
Song, B., Economides, M.J., Ehlig-Economides,
C.A. 2011. Design of Multiple Transverse Fracture
Horizontal Wells in Shale Gas Reservoirs. SPE
Paper #140555-MS, presented at the SPE Hydraulic
Fracturing Technology Conference, 24 26 january,
The Woodlands Texas, United States.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2011.
Reviewof Emerging Resources: U.S. Shale Gas and
Shale Oil Plays.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2015.
Tecnically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas
Resources: Indonesia.
Wang, Z. and Krupnick, A. 2013. A Retrospective Review
of Shale Gas Development in the United States: What
Led to the Boom? Discussion Paper, Resources for the
Future, 1616 P St. NW Washington DC 20036, United
States.
Wang, X, L. Zhang, C. Jiang, B. Sun, C. Gao, Bg Fan,
C. Guo, Y. Wan, J. Sun, and H. Hu., 2013. Lacustrine
Shale Gas Exploration in Yanchang Exploratory Block,
China. Proceeding, AAPG Annual Convention and
Exhibition, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Zhang, L.X., C.F. Jiang, and C. Guo, 2012, Exploration
potential of Upper Paleozoic shale gas in the Eastern
Ordos Basin: Journal of Xian Shiyou University
(Natural Science Edition), v. 27, pp 23-26.
Yulihanto, B & B. Situmorang., 2002. Tertiary inversion
tectonics in the North Sumatra Basin, Indonesia. Jour.
Geol. Sumberdaya Min. 12, 130, pp 28-48.

212
 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS
Vol. 38, Number 3, December 2015: 4 of 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id

HYDROCARBON SHALE POTENTIAL

IN TALANG AKAR AND LAHAT FORMATIONS
ON SOUTH AND CENTRAL PALEMBANG SUB BASIN
POTENSI SHALE HC PADA FORMASI TALANG AKAR
DAN LAHAT DI SUB-CEKUNGAN PALEMBANG
SELATAN DAN TENGAH
Julikah, Sriwidjaya, Jonathan S., and Panuju
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046;
Fax: +6221-7230046 Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150, E-mail: julikah@lemigas.esdm.go.id,
E-mail: sriwijaya@lemigas.esdm.go.id; jonathansh@lemigas.esdm.go.id, E-mail: pranuju_b@lemigas.esdm.go.id,
First Registered on November 16th 2015; Received after Correction on November 16th 2015
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2015

ABSTRAK
Sub-cekungan Palembang Selatan dan Tengah mempunyai potensi shale hydrocarbon (shale HC)
yang cukup menjanjikan pada Formasi Talang Akar (TAF) dan Formasi Lemat/Lahat (LAF/LAF). Hasil
interpretasi seismik memperlihatkan adanya potensi shale HC yang tersebar di beberapa area sekitar
sumur Rukam-1, Kemang-1, Singa-1 dan Tepus-1. Secara umum, hasil pemodelan termal menunjukkan
awal kematangan minyak pada nilai Ro= 0.6% di kedalaman (h) sekitar 2000 m, pembentukan minyak
pada nilai Ro = (0.7-0.9) % di kedalaman antara (2200 < h <3100) m dan pembentukan gas pada nilai
Ro antara (0.9-1.2) % di kedalaman antara (3100-3500) m. Formasi Talang Akar dan Lahat/Lemat
berturut-turut mempunyai lingkungan pengendapan laut dangkal dengan Tipe Kerogen II/III dan lakustrin
dengan Tipe Kerogen III. Berdasarkan pengolahan lanjut data seismik (metode atribut seismik dan spectral
decomposition) diperkirakan di area-area tersebut memiliki nilai TOC yang memenuhi syarat sebagai
shale HC, yaitu nilai TOC > 2%. Perhitungan (P-50) potensi sumberdaya migas non-konvensional ini
diperkirakan cukup besar (mencapai 4200 MMBOE) pada Formasi Talang Akar dan Lahat/Lemat.
Kata Kunci: shale hydrocarbon, formasi Talang Akar, formasi lemat/Lahat, TOC, migas non-konvensional
ABSTRACT
South and Central Palembang Sub - basin over Talang Akar (TAF) and the Lemat/Lahat Formations
(LEF/LAF) has shale hydrocarbons (HC shale) which are considerably promising. Seismic interpretation
results shows potential HC shale scattered in several areas around the Rukam-1, Kemang-1, Lion-1
and Tepus-1 wells. Generally, thermal modeling results indicates early maturity of oil on the value of
Ro = 0.6% at about 2000 m depth (h), the formation of oil on the value Ro = (0.7-0.9)% at between
(2200 h <3100) m depth and formation of gas at Ro values between (0.9-1.2)% at a depth between
(3100-3500)m. Talang Akar and Lahat/Lemat Formations have a shallow marine depositional environment
with Type II/III kerogen and lacustrine with Type III kerogen. Based on advanced seismic data processing
(a method of seismic attributes and spectral decomposition) these areas are expected to have a TOC>
2% value that qualifies as shale HC. The assessment (P-50) of potential non-conventional oil and gas
resources at Talang Akar and Lahat/Lemat Formations is estimated to be fairly large (up to 4200 MMBOE).
Keywords: Shale hydrocarbon, Talang Akar Formation, Lemat/Lahat Formation, TOC, Unconventional
oil and gas

213
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 213 - 223

I. INTRODUCTION limestone from Baturaja Formation (Bishop, 2001).

South Sumatra basin consists of 4 sub-basins,
specifically South, North, Central Palembang and
Jambi Sub-basins (LEMIGAS, 2001). Several
previous studies such as Sarjono and Sardjito (1989),
Suseno et al. (1992), Argakoesoesmah et al. (2004),
Ginger - Fielding (2005) and Yuliandri et al (2013)
have noted the existence of shale/shale derived
TAF and LEF/LAF as source rock that produces
conventional oil and gas. Some authors stated that
both these formations are mature in terms of capacity
to produce oil and gas. Conversely, however, some
also state that both formations (mainly TAF) tend
to be immature.
For decades, this basin produced oil and gas
in large quantities derived from the conventional
sandstone reservoir of Talang Akar Formation or
In fact nowadays, many oil and gas fields in this basin
are less productive or even are no longer productive.
In the future it is expected that South Sumatra Basin
has huge potential for non-conventional oil and gas,
which is derived from shale hydrocarbon.
HC Shale is a hydrocarbon which is generated
directly from the shale. These kind of shale are
known as source rock reservoir (SRR) because it is
not only found as host rock (source rock) but also as
reservoir (Chopra et al. 2013). Shale in the basin that
produces oil and gas are proven to actively produce
hydrocarbons (Jarvie, 2008), including South
Sumatra Basin. Oil and gas in shale is taken with
hydraulic fracking methods (Chopra et al. 2013).
HC shale development in South Sumatra Basin is
expected to follow the results of development of
shale HC in the United States.

Figure 1
Figure1Workflowsweetspotmapping
Workflow sweet spot mapping.

214
 4. Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talangakar and Lahat Formation on South and Central Palembang Sub Basin
(Julikah et al.)

Figure 2
Figure2Correlationbetweenwellsofstudyarea,showingthepresencedepthare
Correlation between wells of study area, showing the presence
identifiedasshaleplay depth are identified as shale play.

This study examined the potential of shale HC in
the two formations based on secondary and primary
data utilizing field data and the sub surface data
(seismic and wells). Seismic data and wells use 150
tracks and 22 wells approximately. The seismic data
is the data post stack migration of 1970-2007, the
dominant period being between 1970 and 1980. Most
of these vintage seismic data are vector data, with
the result that the further processing of geophysical
data such inversion could not be applied in this study.
II. METHODOLOGY
The methodology used to determine the sweet
spot (high graded area) can be seen in Figure 1.
Successful identification of the sweet spot area
will determine the amount of potential HC shale
in the research area. Theoretically, data processing
using inversion, seismic attributes and geochemical
modeling can produce several physical parameters
and geo chemistry distribution maps like V-shale,
porosity, Sw, TOC, index of brittleness and maturity
maps. However, due to limitations of the data (data
that is not preserved seismic amplitude, no S wave
log data and at least geochemical data, especially
the data Vr), not all of these maps have been made.
Processing geophysical CWT (Continuous
Wavelet Transform) and attributes of sweetness were
conducted to determine the potential of HC shale
play. Sweet spot area identification was conducted
by taking account of geometry (thickness and depth)
of the structure of the source rock reservoir (SRR)
and the limit of the maturity of oil and gas (oil/gas
window). Furthermore, the resource potential of
shale HC was undertaken by inserting the values of
petro-physical parameters (porosity, Sw and density)
with a certain cut off.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY ANALYSIS
Sequence boundary (SB) correlation was carried
out in several wells starting with the KPG-1 well
(the southeast) to Jelapang-1 (Southwestern) which
has shown shale play relatively more deeper around
the Kemang and Tepus wells (Figure 2). Moreover,
there are images of sequence stratigraphic correlation

215
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 213 - 223

Figure 3
Chronostratigraphy Cross sectional 0f North West-South Eastwards.
Figure3ChronostratigraphyCrosssectional0fNorthWestSouthEastwards

Figure 4
Figure4SchematicChronostratigraphy wells
Schematic Chronostratigraphy wells alongwiththe
along penetrated
with the penetrated litostratigraphyunit
litostratigraphy unit.

216
 4. Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talangakar and Lahat Formation on South and Central Palembang Sub Basin
(Julikah et al.)

of lithological units penetrated by wells and the
relationship between the unit sequence stratigraphy
with stratigraphic unit sequentially ( Figure 3 and 4).
B. Seismic and Geophysics Advanced Processing
Interpretation (Cwt And Sweetness)
Based on a basement structure map (BEICIP,
1985 and Pertamina-BPPKA, 1997) of several
depth locations that were known (see Figure 5),
there is an indication of the presence of source rock.
Some seismic interpretation (Figure 6 and 7) shows
the depth in the sequence 1, 2 and 3. Generally,
sequence-1 is limited by SB-1 and USB-1.1; while
the sequence-2 is limited by SB-1.1 and SB-2, then
sequence-3 is limited by SB-2 and SB-3. SB-1 is the
top basement and SB-3 equivalents top TAF. Lemat/
Lahat formation are mostly part of Sequence-1
and 2, while the formation Talang Akar tend to be
sequence-3.
CWT and sweetness processing was applied to
some tracks (see Figures 8 and 9). Sequence 1, 2 and
3 in some wells show a reddish yellow color, which
is a good indication of shale play as a source rock
reservoir (SRR) -hydrocarbon. KPG-1 wells in these
sequences have a fairly large TOC, which is about
2-7%. Unfortunately, in these wells SRR sequence
is not yet mature enough, for VR is around 0.6%.

Sub basin
border

Estimated
area=the prospect
area as source
rock reservoir

Figure5FourPointsarea(red)estimatedpotentialasasourcerockreservoirofSouthandCentral
Figure 5
Four Points area (red) estimated potential as a source rock reservoir
PalembangSubbasin of South and Central Palembang Sub-basin.
Keterangangambar:
Batasantarasubcekungan:Subbasinborder

Estimatedarea=theprospectareaassourcerockreservoir 217
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 213 - 223

Figuresubsidence
Figure 6 seismic cross-sectional indicates 6 filled by Lahat / Lemat and
Seismic cross-sectional indicates subsidence filled by Lahat/Lemat and Talangakar
Talangakar Formations around The Kemang Bingin,
Formations around The Kemang Bingin, Teluk and Teluk and wells.
Kemang Kemang wells

Figure 7
Figure7subsidencearoundSingawellofhighlysedimentationareaofLahat/LematFormation
Subsidence around Singa well of highly sedimentation area of Lahat/Lemat Formation.

218
 4. Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talangakar and Lahat Formation on South and Central Palembang Sub Basin
(Julikah et al.)

Kemang-1 well on the track of M85-C14

Figure 8
Sweetness and CWT Application on the M85-C14
Figure8SweetnessandCWTApplicationontheM85C14trackneartheKemang1well
track near the Kemang-1 well
Keterangangambar:Kemang1wellonthetrackofM85C14

Figure 9
Figure9SweetnessandCWTApplicationonthe93PB280trackneartheKPG1well
Sweetness and CWT Application on the 93PB-280
track near the KPG-1 well.

219
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 213 - 223

Figure 10thecrosssectional thatpassesthroughthe

Figure10Thermalmaturitydeploymentmodelin
Thermal maturity deployment model in the cross sectional that passes through
Mendarai1,TalangGendum1,andTasim1wells
the Mendarai-1, Talang Gendum-1, and Tasim-1 wells.

B MATURITYMODELING T

Jelapang1 Rukam1 GajahBesar1

SB8

PresentDay(0Ma)

Figure 11
Figure11Thermalmaturitydeploymentmodelinthecrosssectional2thatpassesthroughthe
Thermal maturity deployment model in the cross sectional-2 that passes through
theJelapang1,Rukam1,andGajahBesar1wells
Jelapang-1, Rukam-1, and Gajah Besar-1 wells.

220
 4. Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talangakar and Lahat Formation on South and Central Palembang Sub Basin
(Julikah et al.)

C. Geochemical Modelling
Geochemical data analysis from several wells
in South and Central Palembang sub-basin are
producing Type II/III kerogen for TAF on the
contrary Type III kerogen to LAF/LEF. On the other
hand, VR / Ro data is very limited and relatively
small (except Tepus, large elephant-1 and banyan-7
wells), but from the data Tmax, TAF and the LAF
show a mature stage in all three wells. However,
there was no well data found in the surrounding
subsidence area.
Geochemical modeling was used to determine
the maturity level of SRR performed at two of
combined seismic tracks (see Figure 10 and 11).
Results of geochemical modeling / thermal modeling
showed that the average early mature oil at Ro =
0.6% and oil generation (Ro = 0.7-0.9) occurred at
a depth of 2200 to less than 3100 m and maturity at
the rate of late mature oil (0.9% <Ro <1.2%) was
found in the depth range between 3100 s/d 3500 m.
Areas that have a maturity level of late mature oil
have potential for shale gas formation.
D. Petro-Physical And Sweet Spot Map Analysis
Petro-physical analysis that was performed is not
supported by core data as validation, and the results
are still considered to be less worthy (less degree of
trust). The combined results of the petro-physical
analysis of primary data and secondary data is used
to predict the values of petro-physical like Vshale,
density, porosity, Sw and also the value of the gas
content.
This research has produced 9 area sweet spot
maps of three sequences that exist in some areas
(around Jelapang-Rukam, Kemang-1, Singa-1 and
Tepus-1 wells). Areas near the Singa-1 well, are also
known as the Benakat Gully area. Figure 12 and
13 respectively are two examples of computation
(P-50) of shale gas resource potential (combined ab-
sorbed and free gas) and shale oil (using the formula

Isopach Map
SB-1.1 SB-2;
Depth
Contour
Structure
Interval
SB-2
25 m

P-50 assessment of Original Gas In Place (OGIP) based on sweet spot

are interpretation Sequence 2 amongst SB-1.1 SB-2 Kemang area and
around it based on criteria:
Tends to be Kerogen Type III
Gas Window (Ro 1.0 approximately on around 3100m depth
(red border)
P-50 computation of Original Gas In Place (OGIP), yellow border
Thickness 30m and 4000 m

Figure 12
Sweet spot area interpretation and shale gas assessment of sequence-2
in Kemang well area and surrounding area.

221
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 213 - 223

Downey et al. (2011)). The assessment of free gas
is using the formula derived by Lewis et al. (2010).
Total computation (P-50) HC resource potential of
shale (shale gas and oil) from 9 sweet spot maps are
expected to reach 4200 MMBOE.
E. Discussion
Earlier research did not declare that there was
any potential source rock in Lemat/Lahat and
Talang Akar formations in South Sumatra Basin.
Argakoesoemah et al. (2004) focused his research
in Middle Palembang Sub-basin, while Sarjono and
Sardjito (1989) and Yuliandri et al. (2013) in South
Palembang Sub-basin. The Authors (except Yuliandri
et al. 2013) did not describe in detail regarding the
sweet spot map and how much hydrocarbon potential
is in the area of South Palembang and the Middle
Palembang Sub-basins. In general, the reference that
has been written concluded source rock maturity in
Lahat/Lemat Formation and partly in Talang Akar
Formation.
Previous results of studies did not show a
significant difference. However, they are very
supportive in getting information on the depositional
environment in both these formations. This is
slightly different from the study results of Sarjono
and Sardjito (1989), because Tasim-1 well (TSM-
1) Gumai, TAF and the LAF/LEF Formations are
considered to be already matured, while according
to this study, which is based on modeling of
geochemical (thermal modeling) and Ro data, these
formations were assessed as less mature source rock.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
South Sumatra basin in the regional South
and Central Palembang Sub-basin, has identified
non-conventional oil and gas potential of shale
hydrocarbons in the Talang Akar (TAF) and lemat/
Lahat (LEF/LAF) Formations. In general, Lahat/
Lemat Formation was included in sequence-1 (SB-1
- SB-1.1) and sequence-2 (SB-1.1 - SB-2), whereas
the sequence-3 is equivalent to the Talang Akar
Formation. There are four target areas for mapping
hydrocarbon shale (HC shale), which are Jelapang-
Rukam, Kemang, Singa and Tepus wells. Seismic
attributes processing (sweetness and CWT) on

Depth
Structure
SB-2

Isopach
Map SB-2 SB-3;
Contour
Interval 25

P-50 computation of Original Gas In Place (OGIP) based on sweet spot area
interpretation Sequence III amongst SB-2 SB-3 Kemang and surrounding area
based on criteria:
- Tends to be Kerogen Type II/III
- Oil Window (Ro 0.7 0.8 approximately) on around 2500m depth
- (red border)
- The estimation of P-50 bordered in yellow line border
- Thickness 30m and 4000 m
- For Oil generation TOC 1

Figure 13
Sweet spot area interpretation and shale oil potential assessment of sequence-3
in Kemang well and surrounding area.

222
 4. Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talangakar and Lahat Formation on South and Central Palembang Sub Basin
existing seismic wells showed the attractive HC shale
play in some target sequences, however attribute
mapping was not conducted because the seismic
data was dominated by seismic vectorization results.
The sweet spot map for HC shale resource
assessment was conducted by considering the
elements of geometry/dimensions of the structure
of the source rock reservoir (SRR), specifically the
thickness (> 30m) and (<4000m) depth; limitation
of P-50 and the approximate depth of the oil/gas
window derived from modeling the thermal maturity.
Results of geochemical modeling/thermal modeling
carried out on some tracks showed that the average
early mature oil at Ro = 0.6% and oil generation (Ro
= 0.7-0.90) occurred at a depth of 2200 to less than
3100 m and maturity level at the rate of late mature
oil / Early gas window (0.9% <Ro <1.2%) was found
in the depth range between 3100 to 3500 m. Areas
that have a mature level of late maturity are potential
areas for shale gas formation.
Based on the sweet spot map (there are nine
sweet spot maps) and petro-physical cut off,
computation (P-50) HC shale resource potential in
some sequence in each targeted area is estimated
to produce a total OGIP of shale gas = 15.600 TCF
(about 2650 MMBOE) and OOIP total of shale oil
= 1 550 MMBOE. Therefore, the total potential of
non-conventional oil and gas resources from HC
shale in South and Central Palembang Sub-basin is
4200 MMBOE.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the whole of the
shale gas/HC LEMIGAS team which has assisted
in completing these studies. The authors also would
like to thank the Data and Information Center/PND
team for their support with respect to the data used
in this study.
REFERENCES
Argakoesoemah, R. M. I. and Kamal, A., 2004.
Ancient Talang Akar Deepwater Sediments in South
Sumatra Basin: A New Exploration Play. Indonesian
Petroleum Association, Proceedings, Deepwater and
Frontier Exploration In Asia & Australia Symposium,
pp 251-268.
BEICIP, 1985. Hydrocarbon potential of western
Indonesia, pp 93-113.
Bishop, M. G., 2001. South Sumatra Basin Province,
(Julikah et al.)
Indonesia: The Lahat/Talang Akar-cenozoic Total
PetroleumSystem.
Chopra S., Sharma R., and Marfurt K., 2013, Shale
Gas Reservoir Characterization Workflows, AAPG
Annual Convention and Exhibition.
de Coster, G.L., 1974. The Geology of the Central and
South Sumatra Basins. Proceedings Indonesian
Petroleum Association 3rd Annual Convention, pp.
77- 110.
Downey M.W., J. Garvin, R.C. Lagomarsino, and D.F.
Nicklin, 2011, Quick Look Determination of Oil-in-
Place in Shale Oil Resources Plays: AAPG Annual
Convention and Exhibition.
Ginger, D. and Fielding, K., 2005. The Petroleum
Systems and Future Potential of the South Sumatra
Basin. Indonesian Petroleum Association 18th
Annual Convention, August, 2005, pp 67-89.
Jarvie, D.M., 2008, Unconventional Shale Resource
Plays: Shale-Gas and Shale-Oil Opportunities,
Fort Worth Business Press meeting.
LEMIGAS, 2001. Studi Intregrasi Paleogen Synrift
Sedimen Cekungan Sumatra Selatan ; Pendekatan
Analisis Palinologi/Palinofasies Dan Petrografi.
Studi Intregrasi Paleogen Synrift Sedimen Cekungan
Sumatra Selatan ;Pendekatan Analisis Palinologi/
Palinofasies Dan Petrografi.
Sarjono, S. and Sardjito, 1989. Hydrocarbon Source Rock
Identification in the South Palembang Sub-basin:
Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 18th
Annual Convention, pp 427-467
Sondergeld, C.H., Newsham, K.E., Comisky, J.T.,
Rice, M.C. and Rai, C.S., 2010, Petrophysical
Considerations in Evaluating and Producing Shale
Gas Resources, SPE Unconventional Gas Conference.
Suseno, P.H., Zakaria, Mujahidin N., Nizar, Eddy
A. S., 1992. Contribution Of Lahat Formation As
Hydrocarbon Source Rock In South Palembang Area,
South Sumatera, Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum
Association, pp 325 -337.
Pertamina-BPPKA, 1997. Petroleum geology of
Indonesian basins: principles, methods and
applications, volume X, South Sumatra Basin,
Pertamina BPPKA, 81 p.
Yuliandri I., Melianie A., Dedy Y., Medy K., dan
Musalam L., 2013, Shale Gas Resources of Lahat
Formation at Topaz Area, Indonesia, International
Conference and Exhibition, Cartagena, Colombia,
September 8-11, 2013.
223
224
 SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS OIL AND GAS
Vol. 38, Number 3, December 2015: 5 of 5
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR OIL & GAS TECHNOLOGY
LEMIGAS
Journal Homepage:http://www.journal.lemigas.esdm.go.id

THE INFLUENCE OF MEDIA COMPOSITION

TO THE GROWTH OF SCENEDESMUS SP.
MICROALGAE IN VARIED MEDIA
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TERHADAP
PERTUMBUHAN MIKROALGA SCENEDESMUS SP.
PADA BERBAGAI VARIASI MEDIA
Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan
LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Kav. 109, Cipulir, Kebayoran Lama, P.O. Box 1089/JKT, Jakarta Selatan 12230 INDONESIA
Tromol Pos: 6022/KBYB-Jakarta 12120, Telephone: 62-21-7394422, ext. 1325 and +6221-7230046;
Fax: +6221-7230046 Faxsimile: 62-21-7246150,
E-mail: E-mail : fierdaus@lemigas.esdm.go.id; E-mail: oniek@lemigas.esdm.go.id
First Registered on November 24th 2015; Received after Correction on November 28th 2015
Publication Approval on: December 31st 2015

ABSTRAK
Media kultur merupakan salah satu faktor yang penting dalam pertumbuhan mikroalga. Media kultur
mengandung nutrisi makro dan nutrisi mikro yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan mikroalga. Komposisi
nutrisi yang lengkap dan konsentrasi nutrisi yang tepat menentukan produksi biomassa dan kandungan gizi
mikroalga. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi media terhadap pertumbuhan
mikroalga Scenedesmus sp pada skala laboratorium. Pada skala laboratorium dilakukan uji variasi media
pertumbuhan mikroalga. Media uji ini digunakan untuk melihat pertumbuhan mikroalga. Media-media
pertumbuhan yang digunakan yaitu : media BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, dan Sederhana 2. Mikroalga
yang digunakan adalah mikroalga Chlorophyceae mixed culture yang didominasi oleh Scenedesmus sp.
Percobaan dilakukan secara batch dengan tiga kali pengulangan (triplo). Parameter yang diamati adalah
pH, optical density (OD), kepadatan sel dan temperatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 6
variasi media pertumbuhan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ternyata media M4N adalah media yang
paling baik untuk pertumbuhan mikroalga. Nilai kepadatan sel pada media M4N di akhir operasi mencapai
306,83 x 106 sel/mL dengan warna kultur hijau pekat yang masih bertahan hingga akhir operasi. Nilai
koefisien pertumbuhan Scenedesmus sp. yang ditumbuhkan pada media M4N adalah 0,36. Hal tersebut
kemungkinan diakibatkan komposisi nutrisi pada media M4N lebih lengkap dibandingkan media lainnya.
Kata Kunci: mikroalga, media pertumbuhan, scenedesmus sp.
ABSTRACT
Media culture is one of the important factors in the growth of microalgae. Culture medium contains
macro and micro nutrition required for the growth of microalgae. Composition of nutrition and nutrition
concentrations determine the production of microalgae biomass and nutrient content. The aim of this study
is to evaluate the effect of medium composition variation to Scenedesmus sp growth in laboratory-scale in
order to get the optimized composition of media for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. This study was conducted
in a laboratory scale. The growth medium that were used in this study were: BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N,
Sederhana 2, and Sederhana 3 medium. The microalgae that were used in this study were mixed culture
Chlorophyceae microalgae which is dominated by Scenedesmus sp. The parameters observed were pH,
optical density (OD), cell density and temperature. The results show that of the 6 variations of the growth
medium used in this study M4N medium is the best medium for the growth of microalgae. At the end of
the operation, cell density of Scenedesmus sp. from M4N medium was 306.83 x 106 cell/mL with a dark
green color for the culture. The coefficient growth of Scenedesmus sp. which is grown in M4N medium

225
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 225 - 232
was 0,36. This is likely to be due to the composition of nutrients in the medium M4N which were more
complete than other media.
Keywords: Microalgae, Growth Medium, Scenedesmus sp.
I. INTRODUCTION
The global energy crisis today must be handled
soon. Continued exploitation of fossil fuel as
unrenewable energy for the consumption of industry,
transportation and households depletes it existence
in nature. Many countries, including Indonesia, have
been looking for alternative fuel resources which
are categorized as renewable and environmentally
friendly materials.
One of the basic materials that has potential
to be developed is the biomass of microalgae
Chlorophyceae aquatic species, which is a group cells
of microalgae that contain quite a lot of algae oil.
Microalgae are single-celled plant microorganisms,
which multiplies very quickly with a relatively short
life cycle. Microalgae are part of photosynthetic
eukaryotes group with a simple cell structure from
unicellular to multicellular forms. As long as there
are water and sun, microalgae can be found in
various environments, including land, ice, lakes,
rivers, craters and seas. Microalgae have an ability
to capture CO2 which may convert the energy of
sunlight into chemical energy (Deng et al. 2009).
Microalgae production fields are smaller than the
tall plants and produce more biomass per unit of
time. Some species of microalgae are known to
have oil content which is quite varied. They include
Botryococcus braunii 25%-75%, Chlorella sp 28%-
32%, Spirulina platensis 4%-16,6%, Scenedesmus
obliquus 11%-55%, Scenedesmus sp. 19,6%-21,1%
(Chisti 2007; Mata et al. 2010). Scenedesmus sp.
contains 8-56% protein, 10% -52% carbohydrates,
2% -40% fat and 3%-6% nucleic acid (Kawaroe et
al. 2010).
Scenedesmus is cosmopolitan microalgae. Most
Scenedesmus sp.can live in aquatic environments
such as freshwater and brackish water. Scenedesmus
sp. colonies consisting of 2,4,8, or 16 cells arranged
laterally (Graham et al. 2000). Media culture is one
important factor in the growth of microalgae. The
culture medium contains macro nutrients and micro
nutrients required for the growth of microalgae.
Complete nutrient and proper nutrient concentrations
determine the production of microalgae biomass
and nutrient content (Prihantini et al. 2007). The
objective of this study is to evaluate the effect
226
of medium composition variation to microalgae
Scenedesmus sp growth in laboratory-scale and in
order to identify the most optimized composition of
media for microalgae growth.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. The source and Microalgae Species type.
Microalgae cultures used are mixed cultures
dominated by Scenedesmus sp. obtained from the
microalgae species collection which are available
in biotechnology laboratory of Process Technology,
PPPTMGB LEMIGAS.
B. Media Growth
The growth media used in this study are media
BBL sm, SS, MN, M4N, Sederhana 2, and
Sederhana 3. Sterile distilled water was used as
control without any addition of other fertilizers.
Before use, the medium was sterilized using an
autoclave at 121C temperature for 15 minutes. The
composition of the growth media conducted in this
study are shown in Table 1.
C. Parameter Test and Analysis Laboratory
An observation process was carried out for 17
days. Parameters measured included pH, OD680,
temperature, and cell density. Measurement of pH
was carried out using a pH meter, on the other hand
OD was determined using a spectrophotometer
at wavelength of 680 nm. The temperature was
measured using a calibrated thermometer. The cell
density was calculated based on a linear regression
graph of the relationship between OD and cell density
for microalgae Scenedesmus sp. The regression
equation is: y = 136.5 x - 0.799, where y is the cell
density, and x is OD.
D. Operating Conditions
This experiment was carried out in 500 ml
Erlenmeyer and conducted in a batch with 3
repetitions. Comparison of microalgae seeding and
growth medium was 1: 10. During the experiment,
the erlenmeyer was aerated with filtered air and
illuminated with artificial white light fluorescent
continuously. Aeration was performed by an air
pump, producing aeration which supplied CO2 gas
required for the growth of microalgae, stabilize
 5. The Influence of Media Composition to the Growth of Scenedesmus sp. Microalgae in Varied Media
(Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan)

Table 1
Tabel-1. The composition of growth media (in 1000 ml)
The composition of growth media (in 1000 ml)
Media
Media
Media BBL sm Media SS Media MN Media M4N Sederhana
Sederhana 2
3
NaNO3- 50 g Solution A - 9 ml : Na2EDTA-0,016 g CaCl2-0,01 g Urea-0,1 g Urea-0,3 g
FeCl3- 1 g MgSO4.7H2O-0,25 g MgSO4.7H2O- TSP- 0,05 g TSP- 0,1 g
NaNO3- 10 g 2,5 g
Na2-EDTA- 5 g Na2HPO4.12H2O- KNO3-1 g FeSO4.7H2O- ZA- 0,025 g ZA- 0,3 g
1g 0,003 g
Na2HPO4- 10 g NaHCO3- 16,8 g FeSO4.7H2O-0,002 g KNO3-5 g Na2EDTA-
0,0005 g
Urea- 40 g Trace element - 1ml : KH2PO4-1,25 g Trace element-1
ZA- 30 g Solution B-1 ml : Solution A5-1 ml :
Trace metal-0,5 ml : H3BO3-2,86 g ml :
Na2-EDTA- 3 g Na2MoO4-0,021 g FeCl3.6H2O-
ZnCl2- 2,1 g/100 ml CuSO4. 5H2O CuSO4-1,8 g H3BO3- 2,86 g H3BO3-
CuSO4.5H2O- 2 0,0004 g MnSO4.4H2O-1,3 g MnCl2.4H2O- ZnCl2-
g/100 ml CoCl2. 6H2O- ZnSO4.7H2O-0,22 g 1,81 g Na2MoO4.2H2O-
CoCl2.6H2O-2 g/100 0,0008 g Na2MoO4- 0,21 CoCl2.6H2O-
ml MnCl2. 4H2O- 0,27 g MnCl2.4H2O-
(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O g CuSO4.5H2O- CuSO4.5H2O-
-0,9 g/100 ml FeCl3. 6H2O- 0,24 0,08 g
g ZnSO4.7H2O-
ZnCl2- 0,03 g 0,22 g
H3BO3- 3,44 g H2SO4
concentrated-
1 drop

Source : Chang and Yang (2003) and Harrison and Berges(2005)

pH and homogenize the nutrients contained in the

growth medium. The room temperature ranged
between 24-26C, while the culture temperature is
23-25C. The initial OD of microalgae was 0.344.
The configuration of the experiment equipment is
exhibited in Figure 1.
E. Data Analysis
The quantitative data obtained was then
transformed into a graph. Cell growth coefficient (k)
calculated using a formula (Valderrama et al. 2002):

Figure 1configuration
Figure-1. Experiments
 Experiments configuration

 
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

where: N0 = initial cell population density, Nt = the Growth of Scenedesmus sp.

cell density at time t; T0 = initial time, Tt = time of 1. Optical Density
observation; 3,22 = a constant value. Microalgae growth mainly depends on the
nutrients that are given. Selection of the appropriate

227
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 225 - 232

2.5

2
OpticalDensity

1.5

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Waktu(hari)
Periode (day)

MediaM4N MediaMN MediaSS MediaSederhana2

MediaSederhana3 MediaBBLsm Kontrol
Control

Figure-2. Scenedesmus sp. Growth at each variation of the growth media.

Figure 2
Scenedesmus sp. Growth at each variation of the growth media.

350

300
sel/mL
(x10^6)cell/mL

250
sel(x10^6)

200

150
Cell density
Kepadatan

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Waktu (hari)
Periode (day)
Media M4N Media MN Media SS Media Sederhana 2
Media Sederhana 3 Media BBL sm Kontrol
Control

Figure
Figure-3. Scenedesmus sp. growth 3 variation of the growth media
at each
Scenedesmus sp. growth at each variation of the growth media

228
 5. The Influence of Media Composition to the Growth of Scenedesmus sp. Microalgae in Varied Media
nutrients for the growth of microalgae which consists
of macro nutrients and micro nutrients will certainly
be required. Complete composition and appropriate
concentration will be crucial in the production of
microalgae and the nutrient content of microalgae
(Chrismadha and Nofdianto in Prihantini et al. 2007).
Microalgae growth always shows a sigmoid curve.
The sigmoid curve is a growth average representing
all organisms, where young organisms experience
adaptation phase and then rapid accelerating
growth to cope with their environment, followed by
continuous steady growth. Towards maturity, the
growth rates of organisms slow down until no growth
occurs. At the beginning, microalgae need adaptation
in all media types, but after 10 days microalgae with
media M4N grow faster than the others. Fig.2. shows
that each of nutrient media variation have similar
trends, with the microalgae still on the exponential
phase at the end of experiments, except for BBL
sm media which shows steady growth from the
beginning until the end of the experiments. Based
on the experiments microalgae growth in 6 different
nutrient medium, the highest growth is microalgae
that used M4N media, followed by SS media
second, then MN, Sederhana 3 and Sederhana 2
medium. The M4N media brought the best growth
for Scenedesmus.sp because it contains nutrient that
fit for Scenedesmus.sp growth. Scenedesmus.sp can
absorb M4N culture media better than other nutrient
media. Good nutrient absorption of Scenedesmus.sp
is shown by optical density (see Fig 2, the optical
density of microalgae measured). M4N media in the
end of observation gave OD value: 2.64, SS media:
1.31, MN media: 1.19, Sederhana 3 media: 0.66,
Sederhana 2 media: 0.60 and BBL sm media: 0.14
2. Cells Density
Culture medium is an important factor for
microalgae growth. A better media produces a better
growth of microalgae. Good growth of microalgae
can be identified from total cells density. Figure 3
shows that, in general, algae have grown since the
first days of observation. During the first 4 days of
operation, the value of the cell density of M4N media
is lower compared to media MN, SS, Sederhana 2
and Sederhana 3. From day 5 to day 7 the M4N
media cell density value is still smaller than the media
SS. From day 9 until the end of the operation, M4N
media become the highest cell density values with
dark green color media. In general, the exponential
phase of the growth of microalgae in M4N media,
MN, SS and Sederhana 3, were longer than the
(Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan)
media Sederhana 2 (4 days) and BBLsm (1 day).
It is in line with research conducted by Mandal and
Mallick (2009) who used Scenedesmus obliquus
grown on N 11 medium and found that the species is
able to grow in exponential phase of up to 18 days.
The color of microalgae culture coming from the
primary pigment colors contained in the cytoplasm
of chlorophyll. Figure 4 shows that the observation
day 0 (time of inoculation), mixed culture dominated
by Scenedesmus sp grown in media M4N, MN, SS,
Sederhana 2, 3 Sederhana , BBLsm and distilled
water looks clear. The condition is caused by the
number of inoculum cell which is not proportional
to the total volume of media. Besides that, the ratio
between the volume of media with chlorophyll
content cannot provide color on the culture.
On day 1 observations, the color of the culture
grown on media M4N, MN, SS, Sederhana 2 and
Sederhana 3 started to appear a pale green color,
while the media BBLsm only has a slight change of
green color and is not much different than on day 0.
On the 3rd day of observation, the color of the culture
in the media MN, SS and Sederhana 2 looks like
green apple. Shades of green in the culture, besides
showing an increase in the population of cells, also
indicates the levels of chlorophyll contained in
cells. But according to Prihantini et al. (2007), high
levels of chlorophyll are not always followed by
high cell density as well. On day 15, the media MN
(2 erlenmeyers), SS, Sederhana 2 and Sederhana
3 culture begins to change color to yellow (at
Sederhana 3 the yellow color is not too flashy)
caused by Mg elements deficiency that are useful for
the formation of chlorophyll. Among the MN, SS,
Sederhana 2 and Sederhana 3 media, visually
the color of culture media Sederhana 3 still endure
until the end of the operation, with a light green color.
The color conditions of microalgae culture media at
day-0 and day-17 as the last experiment day can be
see in Figure 4.
The growing cell will cause increased demand
for nutrients, while the amount of nutrient inventory
in culture media was constant. This condition would
lead to a decrease in population which indicates the
culture medium is in a limited state, both in terms
of the volume and nutritional content. After the
nutrients N, P and Fe decreased, cells multiplication
declined and media color visually turned to yellow
at the end of the experiment. SS Media is a media
culture that had the most rapid growth of algae in the
first week. This rapid grow can happen because the
229
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 225 - 232

Day-0 Day-17

Figure-4. Microalgae color at theFigure

beginning
4 and end of the experiment
Microalgae color at the beginning and end of the experiment

composition of the nutrient content contained in SS

media was better than other media with goodTable-2.
acidity. Value of growth coefficient
Table 2 (k) at each variation of media
Value of growth coefficient (k)
These conditions also happen in media Sederhana at each variation of media
2 and Sederhana 3 which gave nearly the same
growth pattern. Cells Density
Media K
(x 106) sel/mL
Culture media with M4N media were the best
media for Scenedesmus sp, with the cells density M4N 306,83 0,36
up to 306.83 x 10 sel/mL with dark green culture
6
MN 138,80 0,32
color and remaining until the end of the experiment. SS 152,67 0,34
Dark green color microalgae that endure in M4N 70,41
Sederhana 2 0,26
media could be caused by Mg element content in
Sederhana 3 77,32 0,27
M4N which is the highest among other media, thus,
chlorophyll synthesis of microalgae in media M4N BBL sm 16,35 0,15
is also high. Kontrol 39,06 0,19
3. Coefficient of growth (k)
During 17 days of experiment, microalgae growth compared to other media and even smaller
growth indicates the highest cells density is in than the control. This indicates that BBL sm media
M4N media. On these media, Scenedesmus sp. is not suitable for Scenedesmus sp to grow. The high
was growing faster than other growth media. At growth coefficient of Scenedesmus sp. can be caused
the end of the experiment, the growth coefficient by the composition of the medium used. That means
microalgae grown on media M4N was 0.36 followed the composition of nutrients in the media M4N were
by SS media, which is 0.34 (Table 4). Although the more complete than other media. According to Hu
difference in the coefficient of microalgae growth and Gao (2006), the availability of nutrients will
in media M4N and SS are slight, the density of cells generate cells growth and high cells density values
in media M4N was relatively much higher than SS that influence the speed of growth.
media.
B. pH conditions Culture
The coefficient of growth in media Sederhana
2 was higher only 0.01 of differences compared to According to Dori (2011), the pH value is a factor
media Sederhana 3, and the relative value of the that controls and determines the biological ability of
cell density is also not much different. But the media microalgae in utilizing nutrients. The average pH for
Sederhana 3 is better in growing Scenedesmus sp. most species of microalgae cultivation is between
compared to media sederhana 2. On the other hand, 7-9, with an average optimum pH range between
media BBL sm has the smallest coefficient value of 7.8-8.5 (Fachrullah, 2011). Figure 5 illustrates that

230
 5. The Influence of Media Composition to the Growth of Scenedesmus sp. Microalgae in Varied Media
(Moch. Fierdaus and Onie Kristiawan)

the pH value until the 8th day of experiments on each
media tended to fluctuate. The highest pH values
found in the culture was using SS media, which is
10.53 on the 3rd day of experiments. High pH values
will reduce the photosynthetic activity of microalgae.
Photosynthesis is the process of taking the CO2
dissolved in water, and the result is a decrease of
CO2 dissolved in water. And CO2 reduction will
increase the pH. Based on the density of the cells in
Figure-3, culture microalgae that used media SS was
still in good condition although it had the highest pH
value among the others. It is likely the culture buffer
ability of the culture media can be overcome at pH
fluctuations that had reached 10.53.
In the culture media using BBL sm media, the pH
value until the 6th day tended to be more acidic than
other growth media. Even on day1 of experiments,
the pH value is less than 5. The value of pH below
5 means only free CO2 has the role in the system,
between pH 7-9 bicarbonate are the most signifi-
cant elements and above pH 9.5, carbonate will be
important. Based on Boyd (1990) in Kawaroe et al.
(2010), carbonate equilibrium will act as a buffer pH.
In the alkaline condition, bicarbonate ion will form
carbonate ions and release hydrogen ions which are
acidic, that neutralized the system. Instead if the state
is too acidic, carbonate ions will through a hydrolysis
and become bicarbonate ions and release hydrogen
ions alkaline oxides, so that the situation returns to
neutral. Neutral pH conditions occurred on day 9,
and the pH value reached 6.93. Although neutral
pH values can be achieved, the microalgae growth
in BBL sm media is smaller than the other media.
IV. CONCLUSION
The results show that among six variations of
the growth media used in this study, M4N media is
excellent for the growth of microalgae Scenedesmus
sp. The value of the cell density of microalgae grown
on M4N media reached up to 306.83 x 106 cells/mL
with a dark green color culture that remained until
the end of the experiment. The growth coefficient of
Scendesmus sp. in M4N media is 0.36. This is likely
because the composition of nutrients in M4N media
were more appropriate for microalgae Scenedesmus
sp than other media. Although M4N media is a good
medium for the growth of microalgae Scendesmus
sp.,further study is still needed to obtain the most
economic use of the media for mass production.

Perubahan nilai Ph
Ph value changes
11

10

8
pH

4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Waktu (hari)
Periode (day)
Media M4N Media MN Media SS Media Sederhana 2
Media Sederhana 3 Media BBLsm Control
Kontrol

Figure-5. pH fluctuation in the culture of each variation of the growth media

Figure 5
pH fluctuation in the culture of each variation of the growth media.

231
Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 38. No. 3, December 2015: 225 - 232

REFERENCES Harrison, P.J and Berges, J.A., 2005, Marine culture

media. In : Andersen, R.A (ed) Algal Culturing
Chang Ed-Haun dan Yang Shang-Shyng, 2003, Some
Techniques. Phycological Society of America,
characteristics of microalgae isolated in Taiwan for
Elsevier, Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 21-34.
biofixation of carbon dioxide, Botanical Bulletin of
Academia Sinica 44, p.43-52. Hu, H., & Gao, K., 2006. Response of Growth and
Fatty Acid Compositions of Nannochloropsis sp.
Chisti, Y., 2007, Biodiesel from microalgae,
to Environmental Factors Under Elevated CO2
Biotechnology Advances 25:294-306.
Concentration. Biotechnol. Lett, 28, 987992.
Deng, X., Li, Y., & Fei, X., 2009, Microalgae: Promising
Mandal, Shovon., & Mallick, Nirupama., 2009,
Feedstock for Biodiesel, African Journal of
Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus as a potential
Microbiology Research, Vol 3(13):1008-1014.
source for biodiesel production, Appl Microbiol
Dori, I., 2011, Pemanfaatan Mikroalga Laut Scenedes- Biotechnol, 8: pp 281-291
mus Sp. Sebagai Penyerap Bahan Kimia Berbahaya
Mata, T.M., Martins, A.A., & Caetano, S.N., 2010,
Dalam air Limbah Industri, Departemen Ilmu Dan
Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
Teknologi Kelautan Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu
applications: A review, Renewable and Sustainable
Kelautan Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Energy Reviews 14, pp 217232.
Fachrullah, R., 2011, Laju Pertumbuhan Mikroalga
Prihantini, B.N., Damayanti, D., & Yuniati, R., 2007,
Penghasil Biofuel Jenis Chlorella sp dan
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Medium Ekstrak Tauge
Nannochloropsis sp yang Dikultivasi Menggunakan
(MET) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Scenedesmus Isolat
Air Limbah Hasil Penambangan Timah Di Pulau
Subang, Makara Sains, Vol 11, No.1: pp 1-9.
Bangka. Bogor: Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu
Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Valderrama, Luz T., Del Campo, Claudia M.,
Rodriguez, Claudia M., de- Bashan, Luz E.,
Kawaroe, M., Prartono, T., Sunuddin, A., Wulan, S.
and Bashan, Yoav, 2002, Treatment of recalcitrant
D., & Agustine, D., 2010, Mikroalga Potensi dan
wastewater from ethanol and citric acid production
Pemanfaatannya untuk Produksi Bio Bahan Bakar,
using the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and the
IPB Press, Bogor.
macrophyte Lemna minuscula, water research, vol
Graham, L.E. dan Wilcox, L.W., 2000, Algae, Prentice
36, pp 4185-4192.
Hall, Inc., New Jersey.

232
 SUBJECT INDEX
A I

Air injeksi 153 Identifikasi mineral 181

Acoustic impedance 194, 198, 205, 211 Indeks kerapuhan 193
Impedansi akustik 193
B

Brittleness index 193 K

Baong Formation 194, 196, 197, 202, 204, 205, Kerusakan formasi 153
206, 208, 209, 211, 212
Kompatibilitas air-batuan 153
Bampo Formation 194, 196, 198, 202, 204, 205,
206, 207, 208, 209, 211 Kecepatan 181
Belumai Formation Kandungan total karbon organik 193

C L

Cekungan Sumatra Utara 193 Lempung yang berpartikel migrasi 153

CWT 193, 195, 198, 205 Lempung yang mengembang 153
Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) 194, 195, Log gamma ray 181
198, 205
Lemat/Lahat formation 213, 217
D
M
Disposed produced water 154
Mineral identification 182, 183, 185, 186, 188,
191
F
Migas non-konvensional 213
Formation damage 153, 154, 155, 164, 170, Mikroalga 225, 232
178, 179
Media pertumbuhan 225
Fine migration clay 154
Microalgae 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232
Formasi Baong 193
Formasi Bampo 193 N
Formasi Belumai 193
North Sumatra Basin 193, 194, 195, 196, 202,
Formasi Talangakar 213 211, 212
Formasi lemat/Lahat 213
P
G
Pembuangan air produksi 153
Gamma ray log 181, 182, 185
Pengolahan air 153
Gas serpih 193
Gas speculative resouces 194
Growth Medium 225, 226, 227

233
S T

Swelling clay 154, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, Total organic carbon 194, 212
175, 178, 179
TOC 213, 215, 217, 222
Spectral gamma ray 181, 182, 183, 185
Talang Akar formation 213, 214, 221, 222
Speed 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191
Smektit 193
U
Sweet spots 193, 194, 198, 200, 206, 207, 209
Sumberdaya gas spekulatif 193 Unconventional oil and gas 213
Shale gas 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 20o, 202,
205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212 W
Smectite 194, 201, 202, 209, 211 Water injection 154
Sweet spots 193, 194, 198, 200, 205, 206, 207, Water treatment 154, 155,
209
water-rock compatibility 154
Shale hydrocarbon 213, 214, 222
Scenedesmus sp. 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232

234
 AUTHORS INDEX
A

Anggarani, Riesta, The Influence of Biodiesel Blends (UP to B-20) for Parts of Diesel Engine
Fuel System By Immersion Test, 38 (1) 39 - 45
Anggraeni, Septi, A Case Study of Formation Damage Mitigation on X Field, Sumatera, 38 (3)
153 - 179

Bismo, Setijo, see, Syafrizal, 38 (2) 61 - 70

Durahman. Yudhi, see, Tribuana, Irawan Y., 38 (3) 181 - 191

Fierdaus, Moch., "The Influence of Fungi Contamination on the Aviation Fuel and Biocide Inhibitor",
38 (2) 159
Fratama, Fami Adetyas Maulana, see, Syafrizal, 38 (2) 61 - 70
Fierdaus, Moch., "The Influence of Media Composition to the Growth of Scenedesmus Sp. Microalgae
in Varied Media", 38 (3) 225 - 232

Fierdaus, Iskandar, see, Setyaningsih, Christina Ani, 38 (1) 1 - 12

Hanifuddin, M., "The Influence of Molybdenum Disulphide-Friction Modifier (FM) Additive Increment
on the Friction and Wear Prevention Behaviour of HVI 60 Base Oil", 38 (2) 71 - 82

Julikah, "Hydrocarbon Shale Potential in Talang Akar and Lahat Formations on South and Central
Palembang Sub Basin", 38 (3) 213 - 223
Jonathan, see, Julikah, 38 (3) 213 - 223

Kristiawan, Onie, see, Fierdaus, Moch., 38 (3) 225 - 232

Lelono, Eko Budi, see, Setyaningsih, Christina Ani, 38 (1) 1 - 12

235
M

Musu, Junita Trivianty, "Determination of Shale Gas Potential of North Sumatra Basin: An Integration
of Geology, Geochemistry, Ptrophysics and Geophysics Analysis", 38 (3) 193 - 212

Prabowo, Ade, see, Tribuana, Irawan Y., 38 (3) 181 - 191

Purba, Humbang, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 38 (3) 193 - 212
Panuju, see, Julikah, 38 (3) 213 - 223

Rosmayati, Lisna, "Effect of Activation Temperature and ZnCl2 Concentration for Mercury Adsorption
in Natural Gas By Activated Coconut Carbons", 38 (1) 47 - 52
Ruswandi, Andi, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 38 (3) 193 - 212

Setyaningsih, Christina Ani, "Palynological Study of the Jambi Sub-Basin, South Sumatra", 38 (1)
1 - 12
Suliantara, Hydrocarbon Potential of Tolo Bay Morowali Regency: Qualitative Analysis, 38 (1) 13 - 24
Susantoro, Trimuji, see, Suliantara, 38 (1) 13 - 24
Syafrizal, Biodegradation Enhancement of Oily Wastewater By Ozonation Method, 38 (2) 61 - 70
Sofyan, Nofrijon, see, Hanifuddin, M., 38 (2) 71 - 82
Sudija, Puteri, see, Tribuana, Irawan Y., 38 (3) 181 - 191
Sutanto, Himawan, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 38 (3) 193 - 212

T
Tribuana, Irawan Y., Optimation of Measurement Speed for Spectral Gamma Ray Clay Mineral
Identification, 38 (3) 181 - 191

Usman, "Investigation of the Risks of Introducing Produced Water Into Freswater Injection System",
38 (1) 25 - 37
Usman, "Peptide Surfactant for EOR Application". 38 (2) 83 - 94

Wibowo, Cahyo S. see, Anggarani, Riesta, 38 (1) 39 - 45

Wibowo, Andy S., see, Tribuana, Irawan Y., 38 (3) 181 - 191
Widarsono, Bambang, see, Musu, Junita Trivianty, 38 (3) 193 - 212

Yuliarita, Emi, see, Anggarani, Riesta, 38 (1) 39 - 45Yogi, Ade, see, Tribuana, Irawan Y., 38 (3)
181 - 191

236
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Chief Editor : Prof. Dr. Maizar Rahman (Chemical Engineering, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)

Language Editor : 1. David Lloyd Hickman, M.M. Ec. (Economic Management - Australia)
2. Ferry Imanuddin Sadikin, S.T., M.E. (Electrical Engineering, LIPI)
3. Wiwin Winarsih, S.H., M.Hum. (Economic and Technology Law/Bussiness Law -
LEMIGAS)

Editorial Boards : 1. Dr. Mudjito (Petroleum Geologist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)

2. Prof. M. Udiharto (Biologist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
3. Prof. Dr. E. Suhardono (Industrial Chemist, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
4. Dr. Adiwar (Separation Process Engineer, Scientific Board - LEMIGAS)
5. Dr. Oberlin Sidjabat (Chemical Engineering and Catalyst, LEMIGAS)

Scientific Editors : 1. Dr. Ir. Usman, M.Eng. (Petroleum Engineering, LEMIGAS)

2. Ir. Sugeng Riyono, M.Phil. (Petroleum Engineering, LEMIGAS)
3. Dr. Ir. Eko Budi Lelono (Palynologist, LEMIGAS)
4. Ir. Bambang Wicaksono T.M., M.Sc. (Petroleum Geologist, LEMIGAS)
5. Drs. Chairil Anwar, M.Si. (Industrial Chemist, LEMIGAS)
6. Abdul Haris, S.Si., M.Si. (Chemistry and Environmental Chemist, LEMIGAS)
7. Ratu Ulfiati, S.Si., M.Eng. (Chemical Engineering, LEMIGAS)

Peer Reviewer : 1. Prof. Dr. Ir. Septoratno Siregar (Petroleum Engineering, ITB - Indonesia)
2. Prof. Dr. R.P. Koesoemadinata (Geologist Engineering, ITB - Indonesia)
3. Prof. Dr. Ir. M. Kholil, M.Kom. (Management of Environment, USAHID/
IPB - Indonesia)
4. Ir. Bagas Pujilaksono, M.Sc., Lic.Eng., PhD. (Physical-Chemical Engineers,
UGM - Indonesia)
5. Prof. Dr. Renanto, M.Sc., PhD. (Chemical Engineering, ITS - Indonesia)
6. John G. Kaldi, M.Sc., PhD. (Geologist/Petrophysicist - Australia)
7. Dr. Robert John Morley (Palinologist and Stratigrapher - Inggris)
8. Dr Ulrike Schacht (Geo Marine Chemist - Germany)

237
238
 THE SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS FOR OIL AND GAS

POLICY AND GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS

The Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas is the official journal of the Research and Development Center for
Oil and Gas Technology (LEMIGAS). Manuscripts in English are accepted from scientist/researchers in any
institutions throughout the country and overseas.
POLICY
Conditions of acceptance
Manuscripts are received by Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas with the understanding that:
1) all authors have approved submission;
2) the results or ideas contained therein are original;
3) the work has not been published previously;
4) the paper is not under consideration for publication else-where and will not be submitted elsewhere unless
rejected by the Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas or withdrawn by written notification to the editor of
the Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas;
5) if accepted for publication and published, the article, or portions thereof, will not be published elsewhere
unless consent is obtained in writing from the editor of the Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas;
6) reproduction and fair use of articles in the Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas are permitted in
accordance with the Indonesia Copyright Revision Law, provided the intended use is for nonprofit
educational purposes. All other use requires consent and fees where appropriate;
Return of materials
Rejected papers: When the decision is made not to publish a paper, the original typescript and illustrations
are returned to the author with the authors copy of the reviews and a cover letter.
Papers returned for revision: Materials necessary for reference or to be revised are returned to the author
at the time a revision is requested. If the revision is not received within 1 month or if other arrangements have
not been made with the editor, the manuscript is considered to have been withdrawn.
Forms of publication
Articles: The Journal publishes articles reporting original research, primarily on oil and gas technology.
Review articles: Only scientific reviews are published. Unsolicited reviews should not be submitted, but
topics may be suggested to the editor or members of the editorial board.
Critical comments: Critical comments are for correcting errors of published fact, providing alternative
interpretations of published data, or presenting new theories based on published information.
Hard copy submission
All manuscripts must be prepared and submitted according to the guidelines of this section and those of the
subsequent section appropriate for the category of the report.
Paper: Manuscripts are to be typed on one side only of good quality, white paper, size A4.
Typing: All parts of original manuscripts are to be typed one-and-a-half-spaced. Type should be 12 point
(Times New Roman). Photo reduction, even in tables, is not acceptable. Proportional spacing and
hyphenation should not be used, i.e., do not justify right-hand margin. Do not leave extra space between
paragraphs in the text. Only a single font should be used.
Submission: For a new manuscript, submit the original and 3 copies prepared according to the Policy and
Guidelines contained herein. When a manuscript has been accepted for publication by the editor, specific
instructions for preparation of the revision will be supplied. It remains the responsibility of the author to retain
a copy of the manuscript for reference and to protect against loss. Manuscripts should be addressed to: the
Chief Editor of Scientific Contributions for Oil and Gas.

239
1|P a g e

Articles
Manuscripts are to be organized in the following format and sequence, with all pages, beginning with that for
the running head, numbered consecutively.
Running head: Provide the last names of authors (use et al. for more than 2) and a shortened title. The
entire running head may not exceed 60 characters and spaces.
Title: Immediately after the running head give the title of the article, names of authors, and address of the first
author. Include the email address, in italics, of the corresponding author only. The title and authors names
should be in bold type, and the same font size as the text. All other information should be in Times New
Roman type. Titles should be short and descriptive, and should be written in Bilingual (English and
Indonesian).
Abstract: This should follow directly after the authors address with no additional spacing between them. You
should provide an abstract of the paper that does not exceed 200 words. The abstract should be factual (as
opposed to indicative) and should outline the objective, methods used, conclusions, and significance of the
study. The abstract is headed with the word abstract, indented, and typed in bold capital letters, ending with a
colon also in bold type. Text is run in after the colon, is not subdivided, and does not contain literature
citations and should be written in Bilingual (English and Indonesian).
Introduction: The introduction should follow the abstract and should be un-headed. The introduction should
establish the con-text of the paper by stating the general field of interest, presenting findings of others that will
be challenged or developed, and specifying the specific question to be addressed. Accounts of previous work
should be limited to the minimum information necessary to give an appropriate perspective. The introduction
may not be subdivided and extra spacing between paragraphs is not permitted here or throughout the text.
Methodology: This section should give sufficient information to permit repetition of the study by others.
Methods and apparatus used should be indicated, but specific brand names and models need to be
mentioned only if significant. The source, e.g., city and state, both spelled in full, of special equipment or
chemicals should also be given. Previously published or standard techniques are to be referenced, but not
detailed. Generic descriptions should be given for unusual compounds used.
The primary heading for this section should be typed in all bold capital letters and started at the left-hand
margin of the page. The heading is unnumbered and ends without punctuation. Second-level headings in
bold type should be on a separate line beginning at the left-hand margin. The initial letter of the first word is
the only capital letter except capitals needed for proper nouns. These headings are unnumbered and end
without punctuation. Third-level headings are indented for a paragraph, italicized, and end with a colon, also
italicized. The initial letter of the first word is the only capital letter, except capitals needed for proper nouns.
Text is run in immediately following this heading. Further subdivision should not be needed. If the materials
and methods section is short, it should not be subdivided; it is unnecessary to provide headings, beyond the
primary head, for a series of subsections comprising single paragraphs.
Results: This section should contain a concise account of the new information. Tables and figures are to be
used as appropriate, but information presented in them should not be repeated in the text. Avoid detailing
methods and interpreting results in this section. The results section may be subdivided and headed as for the
materials and methods section.
Discussion: An interpretation and explanation of the relationship of the results to existing knowledge should
appear in the discussion section. Emphasis should be placed on the important new findings, and new
hypotheses should be identified clearly. The primary heading and subdivisions, if needed, in this section are
as described for the materials and methods section.
Conclusions: They must be supported by fact or data. Conclusions are presented in brief considering the
topic of the article, the purposes and objectives. They must not be presented in pointers.
Acknowledgments: These should be concise. Ethics require that colleagues be consulted before being
acknowledged for their assistance in the study. The heading for this section is as for the primary head
described for the materials and methods section. Subdivisions are not used in this section.
Tables: Tables are used only to present data that cannot be incorporated conveniently into the text.
Ordinarily values from statistical tests are not published as tables; tests employed and probability accepted
for significance can be stated in the materials and methods section with significant differences indicated in
tables by footnotes or in the text by a statement.
Tables must be designed to fit in 1 or 2 columns. Only rarely may they be designed to fit the height of a
printed page. Generally, if the width does not fit the height of a typed page, the table is too wide. Tables may
2|P a g e

240
be continued on following pages to accommodate length, but pages may not be taped together, photo-
reduced, single-spaced, oversized, or otherwise modified to contain more material.
Tables are numbered with Roman numerals in a continuous series and so referenced, in sequence, in the
text. Captions are typed above the data on the same page. All columns in a table must have headings, with
the first letter of the first word and proper nouns capitalized, e.g., Number sampled, % Recaptured.
Horizontal lines should be avoided in the body of the table; vertical lines are not permitted. If such symbols
are necessary, the table must be prepared as a line drawing and treated as a figure. Use of letters and
numbers as superscripts or subscripts is not permitted. Table designations must be used in the obligate
sequence.
Figures: All figure captions are to appear consecutively, in sequence, directly after the literature cited
section. Do not place figure captions on the same page as the figures. Each figure or plate of figures must
have a caption. The caption is written in paragraph style, beginning with the word FIGURE. Captions are
typed in roman. For plates, a summary statement should pre-cede the specific explanation of each figure.
Avoid repeating information for each figure that can be placed in the summary statement. Species names are
spelled out in full the first time used in each caption. The caption must contain an explanation of all
abbreviations used on the figures and indicate the value of lines or bars used to show size (unless the value
is shown directly on the figure). Size should not be indicated by magnification in the caption because the
figure might not be printed at the size calculated.
Figures are numbered consecutively in the sequence mentioned in the text. Non parenthetical references to
figures in the text are not abbreviated, i.e., Figure 1; Figures 1, 2; Figures 13; references to figures in
parentheses in the text are abbreviated, i.e., Fig. 1, Figs. 1, 2; Figs. 13. All symbols used in a figure must be
defined when possible by a key within the body of the figure. Style, including the form of abbreviation, must
be that used in the Journal.
Figures may be used singly or grouped in a plate. In either case, the originals must be mounted on illustration
board with a margin of at least 25 mm on all sides. Photographs and line drawings may not be combined in a
single plate. If such a composition is necessary, the additional expense may be billed to the author. All figures
are to be identified on the back by author name and figure number with the top indicated. Single figures are
not numbered on the front, but each figure in a plate must include a number or letter, applied directly to the
figure and, when possible, without an added background. Figures arranged to form a plate are to be abutted
tightly without space or masking between.
Literature cited: All literatures used as references must be cited in text, and vice versa all literatures cited in
text must be written as references. References should be at least ten sources highly related to the topic with
the following conditions:
80% of the references must be published within the last five years.
80% of the references must be in the category of primary sources (i.e., journal, published proceeding,
thesis, dissertation).
Multiple publications for same author
- Same author; different years Normal conventions (author, year, title, etc).
- Same author; same year More than one reference by an author in the same year: these are distinguished
in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical suffix after the year of publication (eg 1988a,
1988b, 1988c, etc). The same suffix is used to distinguish that reference for the in-text citations.
The List of References is ordered alphabetically by primary authors' surnames.
- Multiple authors. Use the sequence of authors' surnames exactly as given in the publication. The primary
author, i.e., major contributor, is listed first by the publisher.
- Same author: Different years: list the author's references chronologically, starting with the earliest date.
Same year: use an alphabetical suffix (e.g. 1983a, 1983b).

3|P a g e 241

 Examples
1. Book

Type of Book Citing in Text Writing References

Single Author At the end of the Holt, D.H., 1997, Management Principles and Practices,
sentence: (Holt 2010) Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
At the beginning of the
sentence: Holt (2010)
wrote that...
Two Authors (Laudon & Laudon Laudon, K.C. & Laudon, J.P., 2003, Essentials of
2003) Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital
Firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Three Authors In-text: initially Coveney, M., Ganster, S. & King, D., 2003, The Strategy
(Coveney, Ganster & Gap: Leveraging Technology to Execute Winning
King 2003) Strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
In-text: thereafter
(Coveney et al. 2003)
More than (Bond et al. 2011) Bond, W.R., Smith, J.T., Brown, K.L. & George, M., 2011,
Three Authors Management of Small Firms, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
Corporate In-text: initially Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2002,
Author (Department of Foreign Connecting with Asia's Tech Future: ICT Export
Affairs and Trade 2002) Opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth
Government, Canberra.
In-text: thereafter
(DFAT 2002)

2. Journal, Proceeding, Thesis and Dissertation: Citing a journal, proceeding, thesis and
dissertation in text should be written in the same way as citing a book

Type of Source Citing in Text Writing References

Journal Article: In the middle or at the Conley, T.G. & Galeson, D.W., 1998, 'Nativity and
Printed Journal end of the sentence: Wealth in mid-nineteenth Century Cities', Journal of
(Conley & Galeson Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.
1998)
At the beginning of the
sentence: Conley &
Galeson (1998) stated
that...
Journal Article: (Liveris 2011) Liveris, A., 2011, 'Ethics as a Strategy', Leadership
Electronic Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.17-18. Available from:
Database Proquest [23 June 2011].
Conference (Eidenberger, Eidenberger, H., Breiteneder, C. & Hitz, M., 2002, 'A
Proceeding: Breiteneder & Hitz 2002) Framework for Visual Information Retrieval', in S-K.
Print Chang, Z. Chen & S-Y.Lee (eds.), Recent Advances in
Visual Information Systems: 5th International
Conference, VISUAL 2002 Proceedings, Hsin Chu,
Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, pp. 105-116.
Conference (Fan, Gordon & Pathak Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, 'Personalization
Proceeding: 2000) of Search Engine Services for Effective Retrieval and
Electronic Knowledge Management', Proceedings of the Twenty-
first International Conference on Information Systems,
pp. 20-34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital
Library. [24 June 2004].

4|P a g e

242
 Conference (Brown & Caste 2009) Brown, S & Caste, V 2009, 'Integrated Obstacle
Proceeding: Detection Framework'. Paper presented at the IEEE
Unpublished Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, IEEE, Detroit MI.
Thesis or (Hos 2005) Hos, J.P., 2005, Mechanochemically Synthesized
Dissertation: Nanomaterials for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide
Unpublished Fuel Cell Membranes. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Western Australia.
Thesis or (May 2007) May, B., 2007, A Survey of Radial Velocities in the
Dissertation: Zodiacal Dust Cloud. Bristol UK, Canopus Publishing.
Published
Thesis or (Baril 2006) Baril, M., 2006, A Distributed Conceptual Model for
Dissertation: Stream Salinity Generation Processes: A Systematic
Retrieved from a Data-based Approach. WU2006.0058. Available from:
Database Australasian Digital Theses Program. [12 August 2008].

3. World Wide Web

Type of Source Citing in Text Writing References

Document on the According to Greenpeace n.d., The Future Is GE Free, viewed 28
WWW Greenpeace (n.d.), September 2005, from
(author/sponsor genetically modified http://www.greenpeace.org.au/ge/farming/canola.html.
given but not foods are or
Note: The title of a webpage is treated like the title of a
dated)
Greenpeace (n.d.:1 book. It is written in italics in the reference list.
of 2) recommends
that fewer
genetically .
Identifiable, (Arch & Letourneau Arch, A. & Letourneau, C., 2002, 'Auxiliary Benefits of
personal author 2002) Accessible Web Design', in W3C Web Accessibility
Initiative, viewed 26 February 2004, from
http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benefits.html.
E-book (Eck 2002) Eck, D.J., 2002, Introduction To Programming Using Java,
3rd edition., OOPWeb.com, viewed 26 February 2004, from
http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgramm
ingUsingJava/VolumeFr ames.html.
E-journal (Mueller , Mueller, J.K., Heckathorn, S.A. & Fernando, D., 2003,
Heckathorn & 'Identification of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature
Fernando 2003) plants', International Journal of Plant Sciences vol. 164, no.
4, pp. 535-542, viewed on 10 September 2003, from
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/no.s/v164n4/
164053/164053.html.
Maps: Online (maps.com 1999) maps.com, 1999, Bhutan, viewed 11 September 2003, from
http://www.maps.com/cgi-
bin/search/hyperseek.cgi?search=CAT&Category=Asia%3
ABhutanP&Qualifier=

5|P a g e

243
 4. Other Sources

Type of Source Citing in Text Writing References

Maps: Print (Viking O'Neil Viking O'Neil, 1991, Australian Road Atlas, 10th edition.,
1991:32-33) Penguin Books Australia, Melbourne, pp. 32-33.
Government (Department of Department of Education, Science & Training, 2000, Annual
Publication Education, Science & Report 1999-2000, AGPS, Canberra.
Training 2000)
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs 2001,
Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901-2000,
Statistics Section, Business Branch, Department of
Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Canberra.
Government (Presidential Decree Presidential Decree No 55 Year 2012 on Annex National
Regulation and of the Republic of Strategy on Corruption Prevention and Eradication 2012-
Legislation Indonesia No 55 2014 and 2012-2025
Year 2012)
Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No 36
Year 2010 on List of Business Fields Closed to Investment
and Business Fields Open, with Conditions, to Investment
Standards According to the Standards Association of Australia, 1997, Australian
Standards Standard: Pressure EquipmentManufacture, (AS4458-
Association of 1997), Standards Australia, North Sydney.
Australia (1997),
Patents Tan and Arnold Tan, I.S. & Arnold, F.F., (US Air Force) 1993, In-situ
(1993) formalized Molecular Composites Based on Rigid-rod Polyamides, US
and protected their patent 5 247 057.
ideas
Or
Tan and Arnold
(1993, n.p.)
protected their ideas
by

The authors have asserted their right under the Copyright Law Number 19 of 2002 Chapter
XII, Article 72 Paragraph (1) and (2) to be identified as the authors of this journal.

244

6|P a g e


245