Abrasion (Mechanical)

Abrasion
(mechanical)
Abrasion is the process of scufng,

scratching, wearing down, marring, or
rubbing away. It can be intentionally
imposed in a controlled process using an
abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable
effect of exposure to normal use or
exposure to the elements.
In stone shaping
Ancient artists, working in stone, used
abrasion to create sculptures. The artist
selected dense stones like carbonite and
emery and rubbed them consistently
against comparatively softer stones like
limestone and granite. The artist used
different sizes and shapes of abrasives, or
turned them in various ways as they
rubbed, to create effects on the softer
stone's surface. Water was continuously
poured over the surface to carry away
particles. Abrasive technique in stone
shaping was a long, tedious process that,
with patience, resulted in eternal works of
art in stone.
Models
The Archard equation is a simple model
used to describe sliding wear and is based
on the theory of asperity contact.
Abrasion resistance
The resistance of materials and structures
to abrasion can be measured by a variety
of test methods.[1] These often use a
specied abrasive or other controlled
means of abrasion. Under the conditions
of the test, the results can be reported or
can be compared items subjected to
similar tests.
Such standardized measurements can

produce two quantities: abrasion rate and
normalized abrasion rate (also called
abrasion resistance index). The former is
the amount of mass lost per 1000 cycles
of abrasion. The latter is the ratio of
former with the known abrasion rate for
some specic reference material.[2]
One type of instrument used to get the

abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate
is the abrasion scrub tester, which is made
up of a mechanical arm, liquid pump, and
programmable electronics. The machine
draws the mechanical arm with attached
brush (or sandpaper, sponge, etc.) over the
surface of the material that is being
tested. The operator sets a pre-
programmed number of passes for a
repeatable and controlled result. The liquid
pump can provide detergent or other
liquids to the mechanical arm during
testing to simulate washing and other
normal uses.[3]
The use of proper lubricants can help

control abrasion in some instances. Some
items can be covered with an abrasion-
resistant material. Controlling the cause of
abrasion is sometimes an option.
Standards
ASTM
ASTM B611 Test Method for Abrasive

Wear Resistance of Cemented
Carbides[4]
ASTM C131 Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and
Impact in the Los Angeles Machine[5]
ASTM C448 Standard Test Methods for
Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain
Enamels
Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and
Impact in the Los Angeles Machine[6]
Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or
Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating-Cutter
Method
Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance
of Glazed Ceramic Tile
Abrasion Resistance of Dimension
Stone Subjected to Foot Trafc Using a
Rotary Platform, Double-Head Abraser
ASTM D968 Standard Test Methods for
Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
ASTM D1630 Standard Test Method for
Rubber Property Abrasion Resistance
(Footwear Abrader)[7]
ASTM D 2228 Standard Test Method for
Rubber Property - Relative Abrasion
Resistance by the Pico Abrader
Method[8]
Coated Fabrics Abrasion Resistance
(Rotary Platform Abrader)[9]
Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by the Taber Abraser[10]
ASTM D4158 Standard Guide for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics],[11]
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
Abrasion Resistance of Printed Matter
by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion
Tester
ASTM D5264 Standard Practice for
Abrasion Resistance of Printed
Materials by the Sutherland Rub
Tester[12]
Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resistance
(Rotary Drum Abrader)[13]
Rub Abrasion Mar Resistance of High
Gloss Coatings
Resistance of Fine Aggregate to
Degradation by Abrasion in the Micro-
Deval Apparatus
ASTM F1486 Standard Practice for
Determination of Abrasion and Smudge
Resistance of Images Produced from
Ofce Products
ASTM G56 Standard Test Method for
Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric
Printer Ribbons and Other Web
Materials[14]
Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry
Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus[15]
Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (Miller
Number) and Slurry Abrasion Response
of Materials (SAR Number)[16]
Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test[17]
Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel
Abrasion Tests[18]
Pin Abrasion Testing[19]
Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a
Diamond Stylus[20]
Measuring Abrasion Resistance of
Materials by Abrasive Loop Contact[21]
DIN
DIN 53516 Testing of Rubber and

Elastomers; Determination of Abrasion
Resistance[8]
ISO
ISO 4649 Rubber, vulcanized or

thermoplastic -- Determination of
abrasion resistance using a rotating
cylindrical drum device[22]
ISO 9352 Plastics -- Determination of
resistance to wear by abrasive
wheels[23]
ISO 28080 Hardmetals -- Abrasion tests
for hardmetals[24]
ISO 23794 Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic -- Abrasion testing --
Guidance[25]
ISO 21988:2006 Abrasion-resistant cast
irons. Classication
ISO 28080:2011 Hardmetals. Abrasion
tests for hardmetals
ISO 16282:2008 Methods of test for
dense shaped refractory products.
Determination of resistance to abrasion
at ambient temperature
JSA
JIS A 1121 Method of test for resistance

to abrasion of coarse aggregate by use
of the Los Angeles machine[26]
JIS A 1452 Method of abrasion test for
building materials and part of building
construction (falling sand method)[27]
JIS A 1453 Method of abrasion test for
building materials and part of building
construction (abrasive-paper method)[28]
JIS A 1509-5 Test methods for ceramic
tiles -- Part 5: Determination of
resistance to deep abrasion for
unglazed floor tiles[29]
JIS A 1509-6 Test methods for ceramic
tiles -- Part 6: Determination of
resistance to surface abrasion for
glazed floor tiles[30]
JIS C 60068-2 Environmental testing --
Part 2: Tests -- Test Xb: Abrasion of
markings and letterings caused by
rubbing of ngers and hands[31]
JIS H 8682-1 Test methods for abrasion
resistance of anodic oxide coatings on
aluminium and aluminium alloys -- Part
1: Wheel wear test[32]
2: Abrasive jet test[33]
3: Sand-falling abrasion resistance
test[34]
JIS K 5600-5-8 Testing methods for
paints -- Part 5: Mechanical property of
lm -- Section 8: Abrasion resistance
(Rotating abrasive-paper-covered wheel
method)[35]
JIS K 7204 Plastics -- Determination of
resistance to wear by abrasive
wheels[36]
See also
Abrasion (geology)
Abrasive
Abrasive blasting
Archard equation
Erosion
Wear
References
1. "Archived copy" . Archived from the
original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved
2012-10-20.
2. S. Grynko, "Material Properties
Explained" (2012), ISBN1-4700-7991-7, p.
2.
3. "Abrasion Scrub Tester for testing the
resistance to abrasion of coated
surfaces" . www.byk.com. Retrieved
18 May 2017.
4. "ASTM B611 - 13 Standard Test Method
for Determining the High Stress Abrasion
Resistance of Hard Materials" .
www.ASTM.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
5. "ASTM C131 / C131M - 14 Standard Test
Method for Resistance to Degradation of
Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion
and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine" .
6. "ASTM C535 - 16 Standard Test Method
for Resistance to Degradation of Large-Size
Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact
in the Los Angeles Machine" .
7. "ASTM D1630 - 16 Standard Test Method
for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resistance
(Footwear Abrader)" . www.ASTM.org.
Retrieved 18 May 2017.
8. "Abrasion Methods Available at ARDL" .
Archive.org. 20 January 2013. Archived
from the original on 20 January 2013.
9. "ASTM D3389 - 16 Standard Test Method
for Coated Fabrics Abrasion Resistance
(Rotary Platform Abrader)" .
10. "ASTM D4060 - 14 Standard Test
Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by the Taber Abraser" .
11. "ASTM D4158 - 08(2016) Standard
Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)" .
12. "ASTM D5264 - 98(2011) Standard
Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed
Materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester" .
13. "ASTM D5963 - 04(2015) Standard Test
Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion
Resistance (Rotary Drum Abrader)" .
14. "ASTM G56 Standard Test Method for
Abrasiveness of Ink-Impregnated Fabric
Printer Ribbons and Other Web Materials" .
astm.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
15. "ASTM G65 - 16 Standard Test Method
for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry
Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus" .
for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity
(Miller Number) and Slurry Abrasion
Response of Materials (SAR Number)" .
17. "ASTM G81 - 97a(2013) Standard Test
Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion
Test" . www.ASTM.org. Retrieved 18 May
2017.
for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel
Abrasion Tests" . www.ASTM.org.
19. "ASTM G132 - 96(2013) Standard Test
Method for Pin Abrasion Testing" .
20. "ASTM G171 - 03(2009)e2 Standard
Test Method for Scratch Hardness of
Materials Using a Diamond Stylus" .
21. "ASTM G174 - 04(2009)e1 Standard
Test Method for Measuring Abrasion
Resistance of Materials by Abrasive Loop
Contact" . www.ASTM.org. Retrieved
18 May 2017.
22. "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archive.org.
21 October 2012. Archived from the original
on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 18 May
2017.
23. "ISO 9352:2012 - Plastics --
Determination of resistance to wear by
abrasive wheels" . www.ISO.org. Retrieved
18 May 2017.
24. "ISO 28080:2011 - Hardmetals --
Abrasion tests for hardmetals" .
www.ISO.org. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
25. "ISO 23794:2003 - Rubber, vulcanized or
thermoplastic -- Abrasion testing --
Guidance" . www.ISO.org. Retrieved 18 May
2017.
26. "JSA Web Store - JIS A 1121:2007
Method of test for resistance to abrasion of
coarse aggregate by use of the Los
Angeles machine" .
www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. Retrieved 18 May
2017.
27. "JSA Web Store-Message" .
2017.
2017.
2017.
2017.
31. "JSA Web Store - JIS C 60068-2-
70:2007 Environmental testing -- Part 2:
Tests -- Test Xb: Abrasion of markings and
letterings caused by rubbing of ngers and
hands" . www.webstore.JSA.or.jp. Retrieved
18 May 2017.
2017.
2017.
2017.
35. "JSA Web Store - JIS K 5600-5-8:1999
Testing methods for paints -- Part 5:
Mechanical property of lm -- Section 8:
Abrasion resistance (Rotating abrasive-
paper-covered wheel method)" .
2017.
36. "JSA Web Store - JIS K 7204:1999
Plastics -- Determination of resistance to
wear by abrasive wheels" .
2017.
Further reading
Wear Processes in Manufacturing,
Badahur and Magee, ASTM STP 1362,
1999
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Abrasion_(mechanical)&oldid=796600469"
Last edited 4 months ago by Green
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

otherwise noted.

Abrasion (Mechanical)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abrasion (Mechanical)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abrasion

Abrasion is the process of scufng,

Such standardized measurements can

One type of instrument used to get the

The use of proper lubricants can help

ASTM B611 Test Method for Abrasive

DIN 53516 Testing of Rubber and

ISO 4649 Rubber, vulcanized or

JIS A 1121 Method of test for resistance

Last edited 4 months ago by Green

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless

You might also like