Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. IN GENERAL
1. Laws, generally
2. Statutes, generally
3. Permanent and temporary statutes
4. Other classes of statutes
5. Manner of referring to statutes
B. ENACTMENT OF STATUTES
1. Generally
2. Legislative power of Congress
3. Procedural requirements in enacting a law, generally
4. Steps in the passage of bill into law
C. PARTS OF STATUTES
Cases:
Ayson vs. Provincial Board of Rizal G.R. No. 14019. July 26, 1919
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Casco Phil Chem v Gimenez G.R. No. L-17931, February 28, 1963
1. Presidential issuances
2. Administrative rules and regulations
3. Illustrative cases on validity of executive orders, rules and regulations
4. Administrative rule and interpretation distinguished
5. Supreme Court rule-making power
6. Legislative power of local government units
7. Barangay ordinance
8. Municipal ordinance
9. City ordinance
10. Provincial ordinance
Cases:
E. VALIDITY OF STATUTE
1. Presumption of constitutionality
2. Requisites for exercise of judicial power
3. Appropriate case
4. Standing to sue
5. When to raise constitutionality
6. Necessity of deciding constitutionality
7. Summary of Essential Requisites for Judicial Review
8. Test of constitutionality
9. Effects of constitutionality
10. Invalidity dues to change of conditions
11. Partial invalidity
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Cases:
Cases:
Chapter II
1. Construction defined
2. Construction and interpretation distinguished
3. Rules of construction, generally
4. Purpose or object of construction
5. Legislative intent, generally
6. Legislative purpose
7. Legislative meaning
8. Graphical illustration
9. Matters inquired into in construing a statute
10. Where legislative intent is ascertained
Cases:
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B. POWER TO CONSTRUE
Cases:
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Davao Light v. Commissioner of G.R. Nos. L-28739 & L-28902 March
Customs 29, 1972
Ramos v. CA (1981) G.R. No. L-53766 October 30, 1981
Floresca v. PhilEx G.R. No. L-30642 April 30, 1985
Enrile v Salazar G.R. No. 92163 June 5, 1990
Manikad v. Tanodbayan G.R. No. L-65097 February 20, 1984
Senarillos v. Hermosisimo G.R. No. L-10662 December 14, 1956
People v. Macarandang G.R. No. L-12088 December 23, 1959
People v. Mapa G.R. No. L-22301 August 30, 1967
Co v. CA G.R. No. 100776 October 28, 1993
People v. Ferrer G.R. Nos. L-32613-14 December 27,
1972
daong v. Municipal Judge of San G.R. No. L-34568 March 28, 1988
Nicolas
Sumulong v COMELEC G.R. No. 48609 October 10, 1941
Central Capiz v. Ramirez G.R. No. 16197 March 12, 1920
Eugenio vs. Exec Sec. Drilon G.R. No. 16197 March 12, 1920
Chapter III
AIDS TO CONSTRUCTION
A. IN GENERAL
1. Generally
2. Title
3. When resort to title not authorized
4. Preamble
5. Illustration of rule
6. Context of whole text
7. Punctuation marks
8. Illustrative examples
9. Capitalization of letters
10. Headnotes or epigraphs
11. Lingual text
12. Intent or spirit of law
13. Policy of law
14. Purpose of law or mischief to be suppressed
15. Dictionaries
16. Consequences of various constructions
17. Presumptions
B. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY
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1. Generally
2. What constitutes legislative history
3. Presidents message to legislature
4. Explanatory note
5. Legislative debates, views and deliberations
6. Reports of commissions
7. Prior laws from which statute is based
8. Change in phraseology
9. Amendment by deletion
10. Exceptions to the rule
11. Adopted statutes
12. Limitations of rule
13. Principles of common law
14. Conditions at time of enactment
15. History of the times
C. CONTEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION
1. Generally
2. Executive construction, generally; kinds of
3. Weight accorded to contemporaneous construction
4. Weight accorded to usage and practice
5. Construction of rules and regulations
6. Reasons why contemporaneous construction is given much weight
7. When contemporaneous construction is disregarded
8. Erroneous contemporaneous construction does not preclude correction
nor create rights; exceptions
9. Legislative interpretation
10. Legislative approval
11. Reenactment
12. Stare decisis
Cases:
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Employee's Club Inc. v China G.R. No. L-40188 July 27, 1934
Bank Corp. (1934)
McMicking v. Lichauco G.R. No. L-7896 March 30, 1914
Alonzo v. IAC G.R. No. 72873 May 28, 1987
Macabenta v. Davao G.R. No. L-27489. April 30, 1970
Stevedoring Terminal
Tinio v. Frances G.R. No. L-7747 November 29, 1955
Home Ins. v. Eastern G.R. No. L-34382 July 20, 1983
Shipping Lines
Luzon Stevedoring Co. v. G.R. No. 18316. September 23, 1922
Trinidad
Go Chico v. Martinez G.R. Nos. 19684 & 19685. October
17, 1923
US v. De Guzman G.R. No. L-9144 March 27, 1915
Basiana v. Luna G.R. No. L-34135-36 February 24,
1981
Baga v. PNB G.R. No. L-9695 September 10,
1956
De Villa v. CA G.R. No. 87416 April 8, 1991
NAPOLCOM v. De Guzman G.R. No. 106724 February 9, 1994
China Banking V. Ortega G.R. No. L-34964 January 31, 1973
Mayon Motors v, Acting CIR G.R. No. L-15000 March 29, 1961
KilosbayanInc v Morato G.R. No. 118910 November 16, 1995
Luzon v. Marine Dept. Union G.R. No. L-9265 April 29, 1957
Song Kiat v. Central Bank G.R. No. L-8888 November 29, 1957
People v. Manantan G.R. No. L-14129. July 31, 1962
Director of Lands v Abaja G.R. No. L-42134 October 21, 1936
Com of Customs v CTA G.R. No. L-29059 December 15, 1987
Buenaseda v. Flavier G.R. No. 106719 September 21, 1993
Carolina v. CMS Stock G.R. No. 46908, 17 May 1980
Brokerage
Tamayo v.Gsell G.R. No. 10765 December 22, 1916
People v. Yadao G.R. No. L-6835. March 30, 1954
Chapter IV
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A. LITERAL INTERPRETATION
C. IMPLICATIONS
Cases:
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Solid Homes v. Tan 465 SCRA 137 (2005)
Tanada v. Cuenco 103 Phil 1051 (1957)
People v. Lacson G.R. No. 149453, 7 October 2003
King v. Hernandez 114 Phil 730 (1962)
US v. Toribio 15 Phil. 85 (1910)
Ramirez v. Court of Appeals G.R. No. 23587, 10 June 1967
Matabuena v. Cervantes G.R. No. 28771, 31 March 1971
Ryfino Lopez v. Court of Tax 100 Phil 850 (1957)
Appeals
Largado v. Masaganda 115 Phil 519 (1962)
Automative Parts and G.R. No. 26406, 30 October 1969
Equipment v. Lingad
Amatan v. Aujero 248 SCRA 511 (1995)
Pitchard v. Republic 81 Phil 244 (1948)
Teehankee v. Director of 76 Phil 756 (1943)
Prisons
Demafiles v. COMELEC G.R. No. 28396, 29 December 1967
Munoz v. Hord 12 Phil 624 (1909)
People v. Gutierrez 36 SCRA 172 (1970)
Reyes v. Republic 104 Phil 889 (1958)
Santillon v. Miranda G.R. No. 19281, 30 June 1965
Chua v. CSC 206 SCRA 65 (1992)
Felipe v. Leuterio 91 Phil 482 (1952)
People v. Palana G.R. No. 44113, 31 March 1977
Angara v. Electoral 63 Phil 139 (1936)
Commission
Chapter V
INTERPRETATION OF WORDS
AND PHRASES
A. IN GENERAL
1. Generally
2. Statutory definition
3. Qualifications of rule
4. Words construed in their ordinary sense
5. General words construed generally
6. Application of rule
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7. Generic term includes things that arise thereafter
8. Words with commercial or trade meaning
9. Words with technical or legal meaning
10. How identical terms in same statue construed
11. Meaning of word qualified by purpose of statute
12. Word or phrase construed in relation to other provisions
13. Meaning of term dictated by context
14. Where the law does not distinguish
15. Illustration of rule
16. Disjunctive and conjunctive words
B. ASSOCIATED WORDS
1. Noscitur a sociis
2. Application of rule
3. Ejusdem generis
4. Illustration of rule
5. Limitations of ejusdem generis
6. Expressio unius est exclusion alterius
7. Negative-opposite doctrine
8. Application of expression unius rule
9. Limitations of rule
10. Doctrine of casus omissus
11. Doctrine of last antecedent
12. Illustration of rule
13. Qualification of the doctrine
14. Reddendo singular singulis
C. PROVISOS, EXCEPTIONS
AND SAVING CLAUSES
1. Provisos, generally
2. Proviso may enlarge scope of law
3. Proviso as additional legislation
4. What proviso qualifies
5. Exception to the rule
6. Repugnancy between proviso and main provision
7. Exceptions, generally
8. Exception and proviso distinguished
9. Illustration of exception
10. Saving clause
Cases:
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Santulan v. Executive Secretary G.R. No. 28021, 15 December
1977
Colgate-Palmolive v. Gimenez G.R. No. 14787, 28 January 1961
Gonzales v. COMELEC G.R. No. 28196, 9 November 1967
Caltex v. Palomar G.R. No. 19650, 29 September
1966
Go Tiaco v. Hermanos v. Union 40 Phil 40 (1919)
Insurance
Murphy Morris v. Collector of 11 Phil 456 (1908)
Customs
Commissioner of Customs v. G.R. No. 33741, 31 January 1972
Court of Appeals
Commissioner of Internal Revenue G.R. No. 152609, 29 june 2005
v. American Express
Canlas v. Republic 103 Phil 712 (1958)
Coconut Refiners v. Torres G.R. No. 132527. 29 July 2005
Chung Fook v. White 264 US 443 (1924)
Escribano v. Avila G.R. No. 30375, 12 September
1978
People v. Manantan 115 Phil 657 (1962)
Roldan v. Villaroman 69 Phil 12 (1939)
People v. Tamani G.R. No. 22160, 21 January 1974
Ibanez de Aldecoa v. Hongkong 30 Phil 228 (1915)
and Shanghai Bank
Chapter VI
1. Generally
2. Intent ascertained from statute as whole
3. Purpose or context as controlling guide
4. Giving effect to statute as a whole
5. Apparently conflicting provisions reconciled
6. Special and general provisions in same statute
7. Construction as not to render provision nugatory
8. Reason for the rule
9. Qualification of rule
10. Construction as to give life to law
11. Construction to avoid surplusage
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12. Application of rule
13. Statute and its amendments construed together
Cases:
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Flores v. San Pedro 102 Phil 44 (1957)
Republic v. Asuncion 231 SCRA 211
Lacson v. Roque 92 Phil 456 (1953)
City of Naga v. Agna G.R. No. 36049, 31 May 1976
De Jesus v. People G.R. No. 61998, 22 February
1983
Montelibano v. Ferrer 97 Phil 228 (1955)
Chapter VII
A. IN GENERAL
1. Generally
2. Strict construction, generally
3. Liberal construction, defined
4. Liberal construction applied, generally
5. Construction to promote social justice
6. Construction taking into consideration general welfare or growth of
civilization
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4. Statutes granting taxing power
5. Statutes prescribing prescriptive period to collect taxese
6. Statutes imposing penalties for non-payment of tax
7. Election laws
8. Amnesty proclamations
9. Statutes prescribing prescription of crimes
10. Adoption statutes
11. Veteran and pension laws
12. Rules of Court
13. Other statutes
Cases:
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Quimsing v. Lachica 112 Phil 110 (1961)
Lorenzo v. Posadas 64 Phil 393 (1937)
Ibasco v. Ilao 110 Phil 553 (1960)
Domalanta v. Court 148 SCRA 534 (1987)
of Appeals
Chapter VIII
A. IN GENERAL
1. Generally
2. Mandatory and directory statutes, generally
3. When statute is mandatory or directory
4. Test to determine nature of statute
5. Language used
6. Use of shall or must
7. Use of may
8. When shall is construed as may and vice versa
9. Use of negative, prohibitory or exclusive terms
B. MANDATORY STATUTES
C. DIRECTORY STATUTES
Cases:
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Querubin v. CA 82 Phil 226 (1948)
Diokno v. 91 Phil 608 (1952)
Rehabilitation
Finance Corp.
Legazpi v Estrella 189 SCRA 58 (1990)
De Mesa v. G.R. no. 24583, 29
Mencias October 1966
Valdez v. Tuazon 40 Phil 943 (1920)
Brehn v. republic 118 Phil 1442 (1963)
Mendoza v. Caya 98 Phil 107 (1955)
Palisoc v. 43 Phil 789 (1922)
Tamondong
Miranda v. 92 Phil 168 (1952)
Guanzon
Gachon v. De 274 SCRA 540 (1997)
Vera
Gabriel v. 94 Phil 917 (1954)
Encarnacion
Lina Luna v. 39 Phil 208 (1918)
Rodriguez
Gafor v. G.R. No. 52365, 22
COMELEC January 1980
Tecson v. G.R. No. 52451, 31 March
COMELEC 1981
Roxas v. Rafferty 37 Phil 957 (1918)
Ramos v. 88 Phil 651 (1951)
Villaverde
Ocampo v. 15 Phil 626 (1910)
Cabangis
Chapter IX
A. IN GENERAL
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B. STATUTES GIVEN PROSPECTIVE EFFECT
Cases:
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Primicias v. 93 Phil 446 (1953)
Ocampo
Republic v. G.R. No. 17569, 31
Samia May 1963
Municipality of G.R. No. 148308, 21
Sta. Fe v. September 2007
Municipality of
Aritao
Chavez v. Court G.R. No. 17814, 31
of Agrarian October 1963
Relations
Yupangco v. G.R. No. 50439, 20
Velayo July 1982
People v. Zeta 98 Phil 143 (1955)
Buyco v. PNB 112 Phil 588 (1961)
Martinez v. 332 SCRA 694 (2000)
People
Frivaldo v. 257 SCRA 727 (1996)
COMELEC
Philamlife v. G.R. No. 19255, 18
Auditor General January 1968
Chapter X
A. AMENDMENT
1. Power to amend
2. How amendment effected
3. Amendment by implication
4. When amendment takes effect
5. How amendment is construed, generally
6. Meaning of law changed by amendment
7. Amendment operates prospectively
8. Effect of amendment on vested rights
9. Effect of amendment on jurisdiction
10. Effects of nullity of prior or amendatory act
1. Generally
2. Construction to harmonize different provisions
3. What is omitted is deemed repealed
4. Change in phraseology
5. Continuation of existing laws
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C. REPEAL
1. Power to repeal
2. The constitution prohibits passage of irrepealable laws; all laws are
repealable
3. Repeal, generally
4. Repeal by implication
5. Irreconcilable inconsistency
6. Implied repeal by revision or codification
7. Repeal by re-enactment
8. Other forms of implied repeal
9. All laws or parts thereof which are inconsistent with this Act are
hereby repealed or modified accordingly, construed
10. Repeal by implication not favoured
11. As between two laws, one passed later prevails
12. General law does not repeal law, generally
13. Application of rule
14. When special or general law repeals the other
15. Effects of repeal, generally
16. On jurisdiction, generally
17. On jurisdiction to try criminal case
18. On actions, pending or otherwise
19. On vested rights
20. On contracts
21. Effect or repeal of tax laws
22. Repeal and re-enactment, effect of
23. Effect or repeal of penal laws
24. Distinction as to effect of repeal and expiration of law
25. Effect of repeal of municipal charter
26. Repeal or nullity or repealing law, effect of
Cases:
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Mecano v. COA 216 SCRA 500 (1992)
Greenfield v. 77 Phil 394 (1946)
Meer
Duarte v. Dade 32 Phil 36 (1915)
City of Manila v. 99 Phil 986 (1956)
reyes
People v. Castro 43 Phil 842 (1922)
Ty v. Trampe 250 SCRA 500 (1995)
People v. Almuete G.R. No. 26551, 27
February 1976
Joaquin v. 81 Phil 373 (1948)
Navarro
NPC v. Arca G.R. No. 23309, 31
October 1968
Corona v. CA 214 SCRA 378 (1992)
Chapter XI
CONSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION
1. Constitution defined
2. Origin and history of the Philippine Constitutions
3. Primary purpose of constitutional construction
4. Constitution construed as enduring for ages
5. How language of construction construed
6. Aids to construction, generally
7. Realities existing at time of adoption; object to be accomplished
8. Proceedings of the convention
9. Contemporaneous construction and writings
10. Previous laws and judicial rulings
11. Changes in phraseology
12. Consequences of alternative constructions
13. Constitution construed as a whole
14. Mandatory or directory
15. Prospective or retroactive
16. Applicability of rules of statutory construction
17. Generally, constitutional provisions are self-executing
18. Three maxim employed as aids to construe constitutional
provisions
19. Constructions of US Constitutional provisions adopted in
1987 Constitution
20. Other illustrative cases in constitutional construction
Cases:
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Legazpi v. Ministry of G.R. No. 58289, 24 July
Finance 1982
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