Experiment No: 1

Objective:
To study load flow analysis of Power System using E-Tap 12.06

Apparatus:
ETAP Software 12.06
Intel Based computer

Theory:
E-Tap stands for Electrical Transient Program Analysis.
ETAP is software that is used for network analysis in Electrical Engineering. It consists of a
number of modules dealing with industrial distribution, transmission, etc. ETAP also provides a
real time power management software module which offers integrated power monitoring, Load
flow and short circuit analysis, etc.
Load flow Analysis:
The most important information obtained from the load flow analysis is the voltage profile of the
system. If voltage varies greatly over the system, large reactive flows will result. This, in turn,
will lead to increased real power losses and, in extreme cases, an increased likelihood of voltage
collapse. When a particular bus has an unacceptably low voltage, the usual practice is to install
capacitor banks in order to provide reactive compensation to the load. Load flow studies are used
to determine how much reactive compensation should be applied at a bus, to bring its voltage up
to an appropriate level. If new lines (or additional transformers) are to be installed, to reinforce
the system, a power flow study will show how it will relieve overloads on adjacent lines.
One Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Procedure:
Firstly, I placed the bus bar and rated them with the 15kV voltage
I place two generators and give them rating of 100MW and 250MV respectively and
nominated both to be the swing generators.
Then I added two transformers with the typically Z & X/R impedance and power rating
of 200MW and 300MV respectively and connected these transformers with a common
voltage of 220V.
Each transmission line is attaches to 3 respective substations with nominal voltage
220kV each.
Then three other transformers with rating of 150MV following by bus of voltage 122kV
are connected.
The transmission lines having lengths 50km, 70km, 30km and having the impedance of
0.1 + j0.1 ohms/km each are drawn from 122kV bus to 132kV bus
The circuit breakers are placed prior to the transformers of 40 MAV, 26MAV and 48MAV
of each branch respectively.
The bus bar provides connections to the lumped loads (feeders).
After making the connections, I performed the load flow analysis.

Analysis:

Name of Generation Current (Amperes) MVA Injection

Transmission Line flow Line Current Line MVA Line Losses

Line
(Amperes)
Conclusion:
 Experiment No: 2

Objective:
To observe the Short Circuit Analysis of a Power System using ETAP 12.06

Apparatus:

E-TAP Software 12.06

Intel Based Computer.

Theory:
Short Circuit Analysis:
Short-Circuit Currents are currents that introduce large amounts of destructive energy in the
forms of heat and magnetic force into a power system.

Why Do I Need a Short Circuit Analysis?

Short Circuit analysis is required to ensure that existing and new equipment ratings are adequate
to withstand the available short circuit energy available at each point in the electrical system. A
Short Circuit Analysis will help to ensure that personnel and equipment are protected by
establishing proper interrupting ratings of protective devices (circuit breaker and fuses). It can be
a serious threat to human life and is capable of causing injury, extensive equipment damage, and
costly downtime. On large systems, short circuit analysis is required to determine both the
switchgear ratings and the relay settings. No substation equipment can be installed without
knowledge of the complete short circuit values for the entire power distribution system. The
short circuit calculations must be maintained and periodically updated to protect the equipment
and the lives. It is not safe to assume that new equipment is properly rated.
Procedure:
Firstly, I placed the bus bar and rated them with the 15kV voltage
I place two generators and give them rating of 100MW and 250MV respectively and
nominated both to be the swing generators.
Then I added two transformers with the typically Z & X/R impedance and power rating
of 200MW and 300MV respectively and connected these transformers with a common
voltage of 220V.
At this bus, there are connected three transmission lines of length 250km, 70km, 30km
having resistance of 0.1 + j0.1 ohms/km, 0.15 + j0.15 ohms/km and 0.13 + j0.13
ohms/km respectively.
Each transmission line is attaches to 3 respective substations with nominal voltage
220kV each.
Then three other transformers with rating of 150MV following by bus of voltage 122kV
are connected.
The transmission lines having lengths 50km, 70km, 30km and having the impedance of
0.1 + j0.1 ohms/km each are drawn from 122kV bus to 132kV bus
The circuit breakers are placed prior to the transformers of 40 MAV, 26MAV and 48MAV
of each branch respectively.
The bus bar provides connections to the lumped loads (feeders).
After making the connections, I injected fault in the required bussed and performed the
short circuit analysis.
One Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Analysis:
Name of Line Name of Bus Line Amperes
(Fault Location)

Name of Bus Fault Current(Amperes)

(Fault Location)

Conclusion:
 Experiment No # 03

Objective:
To calculate the Efficiency and Percentage voltage regulation using E-TAP 12.6.0

Apparatus:
ETAP Software 12.06
Intel based computer

Theory:
Transmission Line:

A transmission line which delivers electric power dissipates heat owing to the resistance of its
conductors. It acts, therefore, as a resistance which in some cases is many miles long. The
transmission line also behaves like an inductance, because each conductor is surrounded by a
magnetic field which also stretches the full length of the line. Finally transmission line behaves
like a capacitor, the conductor acting as its more or less widely-separated plates. The
resistance, inductance and capacitance of a transmission line are uniformly distributed over its
length, the magnetic field around the conductors existing side by side with the electric field
created by the potential difference between them.

What is Transmission Line Voltage Regulation?

Voltage regulation of transmission line is defined as the ratio of difference between sending and
receiving end voltage to receiving end voltage of a transmission line between conditions of no
load and full load. It is also expressed in percentage.

Vs is the sending end voltage per phase.

VR is the receiving end voltage per phase.
What is the Transmission Efficiency?

Transmission efficiency is defined as the ration of receiving end power PR to the sending end
power PS and it is expressed in percentage value.
One Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Procedure:
Firstly, I placed the bus bar and rated them with the 15kV voltage
I place three generators and give them rating of 220MW, 200MW and 220MV
respectively and nominated both to be the swing generators.
Then I added three transformers with the typically Z & X/R impedance and power
rating of 250MVA, 250MVA and 150MVA respectively and connected these
transformers with a common voltage of 220V.
Each transmission line is attached to 3 respective substations with nominal voltage
220kV each.
The transmission lines having lengths 240km, 220km, 190km and having the impedance
of 0.1 + j0.2 ohms/km , 0.05 + j0.2 ohms/km and 0.02 + j0.1 ohms/km are drawn from
220kV bus to 220kV bus
The bus bar provides connections to the lumped loads (feeders).
After making the connections, I performed the load flow analysis.

Analysis:
Transmission Line Voltage Regulation

Transmission Line Efficiency

Conclusion:
 Experiment No # 04

Objective:
To use the Composite Network for Modeling of Power System using ETAP 12.6

Apparatus:
ETAP Software 12.06
Intel Based computer

Theory:
A composite network is a combination of all components in a subsystem, because it can also
contain buses, sources, loads, branches and even other composite networks or composite motors.
The concept of Composite Network was integrated in ETAP to provide flexibility in
simplifying and organizing the electrical One Line diagram. The Composite Network gives the
ability to model a part of the network as a single element on the One Line Diagram. Apparently,
this single element gets its common name as a Composite Network which represents the part
of the network (sub-network). The details of which are drawn on another One Line Diagram
Presentation (as if they are drawn on another sheet of paper) as a nest of the former diagram.

Working with the Composite Networks:

Composite networks can have up to 20 entry points (pins). The default number of pins is 4.
These are top pin, left pin, right pin, and bottom pin. These pins are the gates for connection of
the sub-network inside the composite network to the external networks. They can be connected
to any bus, branch, load, or protective device. Once a pin is connected internally or externally to
an element, it becomes a proxy for that element and all connection rules for the element apply to
the connected pin.
One line diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Analysis:
Name of Cables Voltage Drop Losses

Name of Cables Active Power Line Amperes

Conclusion:
 Experiment No. 5

Objective:
To visualize the animation of power flow in transmission line using PWS
software

Apparatus:
Power world simulator software
Intel based computer

Theory:
Power World Simulator:
Power World Simulator (PWS) is power system simulation software that enables easy
high voltage transmission system modeling, with up to 250,000 buses. One of the strengths of the
software lies in its power flow and optimal power flow (OPF) algorithms, in ac or in dc. PWS
was originally created by a group of researchers of the University of Illinois, USA, who then
created a company to develop and commercialize it.
Power World Simulator is an interactive power system simulation package designed to simulate
high voltage power system operation on a time frame ranging from several minutes to several
days. The software contains a highly effective power flow analysis.
Features:
Power World Simulator has multiple features, including: power flow, optimal power
flow, fault analysis, time-step simulation, transient stability, voltage stability etc. In addition to
that, PWS has a graphical user interface that facilitates modeling power systems.
Power flow:
Power flow (also known as load flow) is a numerical analysis tool to determine the
voltage magnitude and angle at each bus as well as the active and reactive power flow in each
power line of a given system. These values are obtained for steady state operation only, and
depend on the scheduled generation and demand profiles
System analysis tools:
The tools accessible from the Tools toolbar are:

Simulator Options enable changing various settings, e.g., how power flow is computed, what
is taken into account or not, how elements are displayed, etc.
 Clicking on the Run button (the green play button) runs a continuous power flow and
displays flows on power lines, showing which way current is flowing and how various
components are loaded.

Fault Analysis can then be used to determine the impact of various types of faults on the
system, such as a short circuit on a line or a bus.

Time Step Simulation is used to obtain power flow solutions for a set of points in time, e.g.,
for a given load profile.

Figure 1: Power flow in transmission lines

One-Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Procedure:
At first I selected Bus Bar from the tools of PWS software. By default bus has nominal
voltage of 138kV. Then I placed more buses according to my diagram and slack one last
bus.
Bus 1 (1.05 pu) , bus 2 (1.00 pu) , bus 3 (1.00 pu), bus 4 (1.04) , bus 5 (1.01) , bus 6 (1.04
pu),bus 7(1.04 pu).
I then attached generator of rating 105MW and -23 Mvar to bus 1, and a generator to bus
3 with rating of 100MW and 0Mvar. Another generator (164MW,31Mvar) to bus 4, one
generator (200MW, -6 Mvar) to bus 6, and one generator (198 MW, 52Mvar) to bus 7.
I connected load (110MW, 40mvar) to bus 2 , load (80MW , 30 Mvar) to bus 3, load(40
MW, 20 Mvar) to bus 4, load (130MW, 40 Mvar) to bus 5, load (200M) to bus 6, load
(200MW) to bus 7.
Then I connected transmission lines of different R, X, B values.
At last I run my program for observations.

Analysis:

Name of Transmission Active Power (MW) Reactive Power (MVar)

Line
Conclusion:
 Experiment No.6

Objective:
To design and model Tap changing of Transformer using PWS17

Apparatus:
Power World Simulator software.
Intel Based Computer.

Theory:
Regulating the voltage of a transformer is a requirement that often arises in a power application
or power system.

In an application it may be needed

1. To supply a desired voltage to the load.

2. To counter the voltage drops due to loads.

3. To counter the input supply voltage changes on load.

The voltage control is performed by changing the turns- ratio. This is done by provision of taps
in the winding. The volts per turn available in large transformers is quite high and hence a
change of even one turn on the LV side represents a large percentage change in the voltage. Also
the LV currents are normally too large to take out the tapping from the windings. LV winding
being the inner winding in a core type transformer adds to the difficulty of taking out of the taps.
Hence irrespective of the end use for which tapping is put to, taps are provided on the High
Voltage winding. Provision of taps to control voltage is called tap changing. In addition to the
magnitude, phase of the injected voltage may be varied in power systems.
Tap changing can be effected when

a) The transformers is on no- load / Off Load

b) The load/ On Load

OFF Load Tap Changing:

The Off loads tap changing relatively costs less. The tap positions are changed when the
transformer is taken out of the circuit and reconnected.

On Load Tap Changing:

The on-load tap changer on the other hand tries to change the taps without the interruption of the
load current. In view of this requirement it normally costs more.

Figure 2: Tap changing of Transformer on H.V side

One-Line Diagram:
Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Procedure:
Firstly I placed a bus bar and rated it with the 15kV.
Then I placed a generator and with input and output rating of 335MW and 285Mvar.
Then I placed a step up transformer which increases the voltage on bus up to 345kV
I placed a transmission line in series which transmits same voltage to parallel connected
bus.
Again I placed a step down transformer in series which steps down voltage from 345kV
to 15kV.
Again I place two transmission lines which only transmit voltage that is 345kV to the
connected bus.
I placed a step down transformer which steps down voltage from 345kV to 12kv.
At the end load is connected with bus.
Now we connect tap changer with the step down transformer because it doesnt giving
the actual voltage on bus.
So tap changer changes the turn ratio of high voltage side so that we obtain voltages
according to our requirements.

Analysis:
Tap Changing Values Bus Voltages (KV)
Conclusion:
 Experiment No.7

Objective:
To perform power factor correction using Capacitor bank on ETAP 12.0.6

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
ETAP Software 12.0.6

Theory:
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an A.C circuit is known as power factor.
In AC circuits, the power factor is the ratio of the real power that is used to do work and
the apparent power that is supplied to the circuit.
The power factor can get values in the range from 0 to 1.
When all the power is reactive power with no real power (usually inductive load) - the power
factor is 0.
When all the power is real power with no resistive load, the power factor is 1.

Figure 3: Power Flow Diagram

 Disadvantages of low power factor:
The undesirable effect of operating a low load at a low power factor is due to the large current
required for a low power factor. The important disadvantages of low power factor are

Higher current is required by the equipment, due to which the economic cost of the
equipment is increased.
At low power factor, the current is high which gives rise to high copper losses in the system
and therefore the efficiency of the system is reduced.
Higher current produced a large voltage drop in the apparatus. This results in the poor
voltage regulation.

Since both the capital and running cost are increased, the operation of the system at low power
factor (whether it is lagging or leading) is uneconomical from the suppliers point of view.

Causes of Low Power Factor

Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view. Normally the power factor of the
whole load on the supply system is lower than 08. The following are the causes of low power
factor:

Most of the A.C motors are of induction type (1 and 3 induction motors) which have
low lagging power factor. These motors work at a power factor which is extremely small
on light load (02 to 03) and rises to 08 or 09 at full load.
Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at low
lagging power factor.
The load on the power system is varying; being high during morning and evening and
low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases
the magnetization current. This results in the decreased power factor.

Unity Power Factor Disadvantage:

Though unity power factor is best in theoretical aspect but in practical unity power factor will
create a resonance in your power system and this will damage your power system. That is the
reason we keep our power factor around 0.8 to 0.95 lag.

BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

There are numerous benefits to be gained through power factor correction. These benefits range
from reduced demand charges on your power system to increased load carrying capabilities in
your existing circuits and overall reduced power system loses. And the benefits of power factor
correction arent just limited to the balance sheet; there are also huge environmental benefits
associated with power factor correction, which means your company is reducing its carbon
footprint and helping the environment.

1. REDUCED DEMAND CHARGES

2. INCREASED LOAD CARRYING CAPABILITIES IN EXISTING CIRCUITS

3. IMPROVED VOLTAGE

4. REDUCED POWER SYSTEM LOSSES

5. REDUCED CARBON FOOTPRINT

Figure 4: Power Factor Correction

One- Line diagram:

Before Power factor Correction:

Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
After Power factor Correction:

Edit Mode:

Run Mode:
Analysis:
Before Power factor Correction:

Transmission Line Line Amperes Line losses Voltages

After Power factor Correction:

Transmission Line Line Amperes Line losses Voltages

Conclusion:
 Experiment No.8

Objective:
To calculate Average Power, Load factor and Plot Load Curve Using MATLAB

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
MATLAB Software

Theory:
Loads of power system are divided into

Industrial
Commercial
Residential

Industrial Loads:

The industrial loads are composite loads, and induction motors form a high proportion of these
load. These composite loads are a function of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the
system load. The industrial loads are further divided into

Very large industrial loads

Large industrial loads
Small Industrial loads

Very large industrial loads:

These types of loads may be served from the transmission system.

Large Industrial Load:

These types of load are served directly from sub-transmission network.

Small Industrial Load:

These types of load are served from the primary distribution network.
Commercial and Residential Load:

This type of load consists large of lighting, heating and cooling. These loads are independent of
frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power. The real power of loads is expressed in
terms of kilowatt or megawatts.

Daily Load Curve:

A graphical plot showing the variation in demand for energy of the consumers on a source of
supply with respect to time is known as the load curve. If this curve is plotted over a time period
of 24 hours, it is known as daily load curve.

Peak or maximum Demand:

The greatest value of load during 24-hr period is called peak or maximum demand.

Load Factor:

The load factor is defined as the average load divided by the peak load in a specified time period.
It is a measure of variability of consumption or generation; a low load factor indicates that load
is highly variable, whereas consumers or generators with steady consumption or supply will have
a high load factor.

Daily Load factor:

Annual Load factor:

MATLAB Code:
Plotted Load Curve:

Conclusion:
 Experiment No.9

Objective:
To Design and Modeling of Wind Power System Using MATLAB

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
MATLAB Software

Theory:
The kinetic energy in wind is a renewable energy resource - so long as the Sun exists, wind will
too. Wind turbines have huge blades mounted on a tall tower. The blades are connected to a
nacelle, or housing, that contains gears linked to a generator. As the wind blows, it transfers
some of its kinetic energy to the blades, which turn and drive the generator. Several wind
turbines may be grouped together in windy locations to form wind farms.

Advantages and disadvantages

Wind is a renewable energy resource and there are no fuel costs. No harmful polluting gases are
produced. On the other hand, wind farms are noisy and may spoil the view for people living near
them. The amount of electricity generated depends on the strength of the wind - if there is no
wind, there is no electricity.
MATLAB Simulation:

Graphical Analysis:
Conclusion:
 Experiment No.10

Objective:
To Design and Model the Solar Power System using ETAP 12.0.6

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
ETAP Software 12.0.6

Theory:
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly
using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.
Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area
of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using
the photovoltaic effect.

Advantages:

1. Solar power is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after
installation
2. Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels
3. Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days produce
some power
4. Return on investment unlike paying for utility bills
5. Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building

Disadvantages

1. High initial costs for material and installation

2. Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet
3. No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank
4. Devices that run on DC power directly are more expensive
5. Lower production in the winter months
One-Line Diagram:

Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
Analysis:
Power input by solar System Power injected to Load By Grid

Conclusion:
 Experiment # 11

Objective:
To Analyze Three Phase Loads in a Star Circuit

Experiment # 11 a

Objective:
To Analyze Symmetric Ohmic Load in a Star Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Resistive (Ohmic) Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Star Connection
In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is
neutral which is taken from the star point.

Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission because it is

having the neutral point. In this we need to come to the concept of balanced and
unbalanced current in power System.
In star connection, the line voltage is 3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is
the voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the
voltage between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both
line and phase. It is shown as expression below:

Ohmic Load:

V=I R Ohmic Law

V= Z I ( where Z is the total resistance of the circuit)

S= Z I2 = R I2 = P ( Power at Ohmic Law)

Voltage and Current are in a phase i.e the phase angle of Voltage and Current is
zero.
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages.
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage. Set each resistance section to 400 Ohms.
Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
 Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
For a pure resistance, the apparent power, S, is equal to the real power, P.

Analysis:
Case 1

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 3

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 11 b

Objective:
To Analyze Symmetric Inductive Load in a Star Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Inductive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Inductive Loads
Resist changes in current and as such, when you measure the current,
it lags (is behind) the voltage. Electromagnetic fields are the key to inductive
loads, and as such all motors (fans, pumps, etc), solenoids, and relays are
inductive in nature. Inductance is measured in Henrys.
The important thing to remember about inductive loads is that they
have two types of power
Real power
Reactive power.
The real power is based on the work done by the device (such as what a motor is
spinning). The reactive power is that which is drawn from the source to produce
magnetic fields. The total power consumed is real and reactive power combined,
which is measured in VAR (volts-amps-reactive). It's rather a complicated topic, so
check out terms like Power Factor and Real, Reactive and Apparent Power (under AC
power).
Reactive Power = IPh2 XL = Q

Apparent Power = VPh IPh = S

Active Power = { (S)2 - (Q)2 }

Power Factor =cos

XL =2 f L j

Total Apparent Power = S3 = { (P3)2 + (Q3)2 }

Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors in star arrangement along
with load.
 Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:
Case 1

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S)2 - (Q)2 } _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 3

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 11 c

Objective:
To Analyse Symmetric Capacitive Load in a Star Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Capacitive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Capacitive loads:
Capacitive loads are for many purposes, the opposite of inductive loads. They
resist changes in voltage, and as you'd expect, the voltage lags the current (or
more commonly said "current leads voltage"). A capacitor is two conductive
surfaces separated by a insulator, which store charge. When power is first
applied, current is very high, but drops as the voltage of the charge reaches
that of the applied voltage.
Capacitance is measured in farads. Like inductive loads, capacitive loads also
have reactive power, but it's opposite the polarity of an inductive load.
Therefore, a capacitive load has a negative VAR.
Applications:
Capacitive loads are not very common, but things like a flashbulb or a heart
defibrillator might be considered a capacitive load (probably a combination
load, but you get the idea).
Formulas:

Reactive Power = IPh2 Xc = Q

Apparent Power = VPh IPh = S

Active Power = { (S)2 - (Q)2 }

Power Factor =cos

Xc =1*j / 2 f C

Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors in star arrangement.

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
 Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:
Case 1

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 3

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 12

Objective:
To Analyse Three Phase Loads in a Delta Circuit

Experiment # 12 a

Objective:
To Analyse Symmetric Ohmic Load in a Delta Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Resistive (Ohmic) Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Delta Connection ()
In this system of interconnection, the starting ends of the three phases or coils
are connected to the finishing ends of the coil. Or the starting end of the first coil
is connected to the finishing end of the second coil and so on (for all three coils)
and it looks like a closed mesh or circuit
Line Voltages and Phase Voltages in Delta Connection
Delta Connection, the voltage between (any pair of) two lines is equal to the
phase voltage of the phase winding which is connected between two lines. Since
the phase sequence is R Y B, therefore, the direction of voltage from R phase
towards Y phase is positive (+), and the voltage of R phase is leading by 120from
Y phase voltage. Likewise, the voltage of Y phase is leading by 120 from the
phase voltage of B and its direction is positive from Y towards B.

If the line voltage between;

Line 1 and Line 2 = VRY

Line 2 and Line 3 = VYB

Line 3 and Line 1 = VBR

Then, we see that VRY leads VYB by 120 and VYB leads VBR by 120.

Lets suppose,

VRY = VYB = VBR = VL (Line Voltage)

Then

VL = VPH
I.e. in Delta connection, the Line Voltage is equal to the Phase Voltage.

Line Currents and Phase Currents in Delta Connection

Total current of each Line is equal to the vector difference between two phase
currents flowing through that line. i.e.;

IL = 3 IPH

Power in Delta Connection

We know that the power of each phase

Power / Phase = VPH x IPH x Cos

And the total power of three phases;

Total Power = P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos .. (1)

We know that the values of Phase Current and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection;

IPH = IL / /3 .. (From IL = 3 IPH)

VPH = VL

Putting these values in power eq. (1)

P = 3 x VL x ( IL/3) x Cos (IPH = IL / /3)
P = 3 x3 x VL x ( IL/3) x Cos { 3 = 3x3 }
P = 3 x VLx IL x Cos

Hence proved;

Power in Delta Connection,

P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos . or

P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos
Ohmic Load:

V=I R Ohmic Law

V= Z I ( where Z is the total resistance of the circuit)

S= Z I2 = R I2 = P ( Power at Ohmic Law)

Voltage and Current are in a phase i.e the phase angle of Voltage and Current is
zero.
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
For a pure resistance, the apparent power, S, is equal to the real power, P.
 Case 1

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 3

R= _________ & P =_________W

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 12 b

Objective:
To Analyse Symmetric Inductive Load in a Delta Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Inductive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Inductive Loads
Resist changes in current and as such, when you measure the current,
it lags (is behind) the voltage. Electromagnetic fields are the key to inductive
loads, and as such all motors (fans, pumps, etc), solenoids, and relays are
inductive in nature. Inductance is measured in Henrys.
The important thing to remember about inductive loads is that they
have two types of power
Real power
Reactive power.
The real power is based on the work done by the device (such as what a motor is
spinning). The reactive power is that which is drawn from the source to produce
magnetic fields. The total power consumed is real and reactive power combined,
which is measured in VAR (volts-amps-reactive). It's rather a complicated topic, so
check out terms like Power Factor and Real, Reactive and Apparent Power (under
AC power).
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages.
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors in delta arrangement along
with load.

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
 Case 1

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 3

L= _________ H & I =_________A & X L=________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 12 a

Objective:
To Analyse Symmetric capacitive in a Delta Circuit.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Capacitive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
Capacitive loads:
Capacitive loads are for many purposes, the opposite of inductive loads. They
resist changes in voltage, and as you'd expect, the voltage lags the current (or
more commonly said "current leads voltage"). A capacitor is two conductive
surfaces separated by a insulator, which store charge. When power is first
applied, current is very high, but drops as the voltage of the charge reaches
that of the applied voltage.
Capacitance is measured in farads. Like inductive loads, capacitive loads also
have reactive power, but it's opposite the polarity of an inductive load.
Therefore, a capacitive load has a negative VAR.
Applications:
Capacitive loads are not very common, but things like a flashbulb or a heart
defibrillator might be considered a capacitive load (probably a combination
load, but you get the idea).
Formulas:

Reactive Power = IPh2 Xc = Q

Apparent Power = VPh IPh = S

Active Power = { (S)2 - (Q)2 }

Power Factor =cos

Xc =1*j / 2 f C

Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors in star arrangement.
 Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:
Case 1

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 2

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
 Case 3

C= _________ uF & V =_________volts

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Apparent Power (S) IR _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IR sin _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) IR cos _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 13

Objective:
To Analyse RC series Load, RL series Load and RLC series Load in star
connection.

Experiment # 13 a

Objective:
To Analyse RC series Load in star connection.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Resistive (Ohmic) Load
Capacitive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure
capacitor of capacitance C farads is known as RC Series Circuit. A sinusoidal
voltage is applied to and current I flows through the resistance (R) and the
capacitance (C) of the circuit. The RC Series circuit is shown in the figure below

VR voltage across the resistance R

VC voltage across the capacitor C
V total voltage across the RC Series circuit
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors and resistors in star
arrangement.
Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:

Case 1

R=___________ & C=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

2
Reactive Power (Q) IPh Xc _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 2

R=___________ & C=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 Xc _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 3 : R=___________ & C=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 Xc _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S)2 - (Q)2 } _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 13 b

Objective:
To Analyse RL series Load in star connection.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Resistive (Ohmic)and Inductive Load
Inductive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
A circuit that contains pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a pure
inductor of inductance L henry is known as RL Series Circuit. A sinusoidal voltage
is applied to and current I flows through the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C)
of the circuit. The RC Series circuit is shown in the figure below

VR voltage across the resistance R

VL voltage across the inductor L
V total voltage across the RL Series circuit
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages .
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitorsand Inductor in star
arrangement.
Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:

Case 1

R=___________ & L=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S)2 - (Q)2 } _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 2

R=___________ & L=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

2
Reactive Power (Q) IPh XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 3 R=___________ & L=_____________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S)2 - (Q)2 } _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 13 c

Objective:
To Analyse RLC series Load in star connection.

Apparatus:

3 Phase Power Supply

Resistive (Ohmic),Inducive & Capacitive Load
Inductive Load
Capacitive Load
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Wattmeter
Connecting Safety Cables

Theory:
The RLC Series Circuit is defined as when a pure resistance of R ohms, a pure
inductance of L Henry and a pure capacitance of C farads are connected together
in series combination with each other. As all the three elements are connected in
series so, the current flowing in each element of the circuit will be same as the
total current I flowing in the circuit.
Procedure:

Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control knob until the line-
to-neutral voltage, VN is exactly 120 V rms, as read from the power supplys
voltmeter.
Measure and record each Line-to-Neutral voltage (also called Phase
Voltage) from the voltmeters.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the numeric average of the three line-to-neutral voltages.
Calculate the ratio of the average line-to-line voltage to the average line-to-
neutral voltage.
Now attach connecting wires across capacitors, Resistive and Inductor in
star arrangement.
Turn on the power supply and adjust the voltage control until the meter on
the power supply reads 208 V rms (line-to-line).
Measure and record the voltages and currents on the instruments.
Calculate the numeric average for both voltage and current for use in the
table below.
Turn the voltage control knob to zero percent and turn OFF the power
supply.
Calculate the average phase voltage and current and also the apparent
power (S = VI) dissipated by each phase and also the power delivered by
the source
Analysis:

Case 1

R=___________ & L=_____________ & C=________________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

Reactive Power (Q) IPh2 XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S)2 - (Q)2 } _______ WATTS P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 2

R=___________ & L=_____________ & C=________________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

2
Reactive Power (Q) IPh XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S
Case 3: R=___________ & L=_____________ & C=________________

Line Voltages: Phase Voltages: Line Current Phase Current:

V 1 to 2 = _______ V V 1 to N = _______ V I 1 to 2 = _______ A I 1 to N = _______ A

rms rms rms rms

V 2 to 3 = _______ V 2 to N = _______ I 2 to 3 = _______ A I 2 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

V 3 to 1 = _______ V 3 to N = _______ I 3 to 1 = _______ A I 3 to N = _______ A

V rms V rms rms rms

Inductor Reactance XL
Capacitor Reactance XC
Resistance Impedence Z

Apparent Power (S) VPh IPh _______ VA S3 =_____

2
Reactive Power (Q) IPh XL _______ VARs Q3=_____
Active Power (P) { (S) - (Q) } _______ WATTS
2 2
P3=_____
Power Factor cos P/S

Notes:
__________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 14
Objective:
To design Feedback Distribution System using E-tap 12.06

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
E-tap Software

Theory:
Electrical Power Distribution System
Local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers is typically referred
to as electric power distribution.

Distribution of electric power is done by distribution network Distribution

networks consist of following main parts
1. Distribution substation,
2. Primary distribution feeder,
3. Distribution Transformer,
4. Distributors,
5. Service mains.

Parallel Feeder

If non-directional relays are applied to parallel feeders, any faults that might
occur on any one line will, regardless of the relay settings used, isolate both lines
and completely disconnect the power supply. With this type of system
configuration it is necessary to apply directional relays at the receiving end and to
grade them with the non-directional relays at the sending end, to ensure correct
discriminative operation of the relays during line, faults This is done by setting the
directional relays R'1 and R'2 as shown in (Fig.18) with their directional elements
looking into the protected line, and giving them lower time and current settings
than relays R1 and R2.

Figure 5: Directional Relays applied to parallel feeders

Radial Feeder:

In early days of electrical power distribution system, different feeders radially

came out from the substation and connected to the primary of distribution
transformer.
 Figure 6: Radial Feeder
But radial electrical power distribution system has one major drawback that in
case of any feeder failure, the associated consumers would not get any power as
there was no alternative path to feed the transformer. In case
of transformer failure also, the power supply is interrupted. In other words the
consumer in the radial electrical distribution system would be in darkness until
the feeder or transformer was rectified.

Ring Main:

One ring network of distributors is fed by more than one feeder. In this case if one
feeder is under fault or maintenance, the ring distributor is still energized by
other feeders connected to it. In this way the supply to the consumers is not
affected even when any feeder becomes out of service. In addition to that the
ring main system is also provided with different section isolates at different
suitable points. If any fault occurs on any section, of the ring, this section can
easily be isolated by opening the associated section isolators on both sides of the
faulty zone transformer directly.

Figure 7: Ring Main

1. Maximum Demand of the System: If it is more, then more numbers of feeders

feed the ring.

2. Total Length of the Ring Main Distributors: It length is more, to compensate

the voltage drop in the line, more feeders to be connected to the ring system.

3. Required Voltage Regulation: The number of feeders connected to the ring also
depends upon the permissible allowable, voltage drop of the line.

One-Line Diagram:

Edit Mode:
Parallel Feeders:
Radial Feeders:
Ring Feeders:
Run Mode:

Parallel Feeders:
Radial Feeders:
Ring Feeders:
Analysis:

Parallel Feeders:

Circuit Breaker State Load Voltage across Load

Radial Feeders:

Circuit Breaker State Load Voltage across Load

Ring Feeders:

Circuit Breaker State Load Voltage across Load

Conclusion:
 Experiment # 15
Objective:

To design and analysis of Grounding of Grid using E-tap 12.06

Apparatus:

Intel Based Computer

E-tap Software

Ground Grid Installation

Ground grids are installed at a depth such that the currents flowing in
from the above grade steel structures or shield wire(s) are
easily dissipated into the earth. This is accomplished by:

1. Drilling ground rods (at strategic locations) to a depth where the soil
resistivity is low.
2. Connecting the ground grid to the rods so that the grid can access
the low resistivity soil.

Typically the ground grid is installed at 36 below grade while the ground
rods are driven into the soil to a depth of 10 feet. These depths are
approximate and vary with design standards of various electric utilities. At
locations where the soil resistivity is high, ground wells are accessed.

But Why Ground?

The purpose of grounding is to prevent electric shock and to mitigate over

voltages that can damage equipment. In substations, the high vo ltage
lines carry alternating currents. If you are familiar with Faradays
induction principle, a time varying flux (due to alternating current)
induces voltage in an adjacent conductive equipment.

This means the steel structures in and around live equipme nt will pose a
shock hazard. Even the fence enclosing the substation will have induced
voltage when high voltage transmission lines pass overhead. It is essential
to ground all above grade conductive structures to mitigate the shock
hazard.

Types of Shock Hazard in a Substation

1. Touch Potential Hazard

2. Step Potential Hazard

Touch Potential Hazard

As the name suggests, it is a shock hazard brought on by touching the

steel structure inside the substation. Of course, this happens when the
equipment you are touching is improperly grounded.

Step Potential Hazard

When there is more fault current flowing into the ground grid than the
grid can dissipate, the potential of the ground rises. Scary stuff If you try
walking inside the substation (in your sneakers) during this abnormal
potential rise, every step you take will zap you due to the potential
difference you create between your feet.

Touch and step potential hazard can be analyzed in a grounding study

using IEEE Std. 80 or IEC 479-1. A geotech survey of the substation needs
to be performed to obtain the soil resistivity data to enable this study.
One Line Diagram

Edit Mode:
Run Mode:
At Maximum Short Circuit Analysis by updating fault KA:

Graph of Grid 2

Graph of Step Potential:

Graph of Touch Potential:

Grid 1 Analysis:

For Optimized Conductor:

For Optimized Conductor and Rods:

Conclusion:

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Experiment # 16
Objective:
To Design Composite Network of House using E-tap 12.06

Apparatus:
Intel Based Computer
E-tap Software

Theory:

Composite Networks feature, which is one of ETAPs most useful modelling tools.
When building a one-line diagram of very large and complicated systems, the model
becomes prone to criss-crossing lines and may look disorganized and messy. However,
using the composite networks, such problems will be reduced or eliminated. The
importance of this feature is due to the fact that it enhances the one-line diagram, which
is the backbone of power system simulations including power quality studies.

Symbol:

A composite network is a combination of all components in a subsystem, because it can

also contain buses, sources, loads, branches and even other composite networks or
composite motors. The number of levels where you can nest composite networks inside
of other composite networks is unlimited. This allows the engineer to create systems
and nest elements by their physical layout, geometrical requirements of elements,
voltage levels, study requirements, etc.
Subsequently, composite networks offer the capability to build complicated electrical
networks while still maintaining a clean and organized one-line diagram. As a result, the
user can display the system that he wants to emphasize, while the next level of system
detail is within easy reach.
One-Line Diagram:

Edit mode:
Run Mode:
Analysis:

Cable Capacitor Bank Load

Cable Library

Conclusion:
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________