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What are Sustainable Construction Materials Why do we need sustainable

Environmentally friendly
construction materials?
Sustainable Construction Renewable
Recyclable or reusable
Resource efficiently Fight climate change
Minimally processed
Sustainable Construction Materials Locally available
Salvaged, refurbished, reclaimed or
remanufactured
Combat the depletion of energy/resources
Part 1 Durable

Socially responsible

Professor Jian Yang ( Low or non-toxic
Economically affordable Minimal chemical emission
SJTU
Cheap Moisture resistant
Healthfully maintained

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CO2 is reaching an alarming level Earth 2300 ? We are running out of resources!
280 PPM before industrial
revolution Energy: known reserves at the present rate of
consumption
315 PPM in the late 1950s or
Oil: 40 -80 years
2PPM more each year
Coal: 200-250 years
Experts recommend to stay
below 450PPM Natural gas: 70-100 years
Uranium: 80 years
We
We need to start working on changes on It is a matter of few human generations
the scale of the problems we face
(Bill McKibben, environmentalist)

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World population growth Resources in China

Use of energy/resources in EU
200,000net additional people per day
China is short of resources.
Construction industry The per capita resource
Generates 1/3 of GDP in Europe Agricultural field: 1/3 of the world average
In EU, buildings use 40% of total energy Water: of the world average
consumption
Forest area: 1/5 of the world average
50% of saving needed to meet the Kyoto target
O
Oil: 1/10
/ 0oof the
e world
o da average
e age
EU imports 50% of its energy from unstable
Natural gas: 1/22 of the world average
countries

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Construction sector in China Construction material lifecycle

Consumptions of resources in
China Construction industry
8% of oil consumption
Building consumes 28% of the total energy
40% of cement
Building material consumes another 16.7% of
48% of steel energy
34% of glass 2 billion m2 new building in 2003, only 5% with
31% of coal energy saving performance
25% of aluminium 20 billion m2 more in the coming 15 years.

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Input, output and impact of construction Inputs and outputs Environmental impact
materials

Inputs: resources, energy and water

Outputs: emissions, effluents and solid
wastes
Impact: environmental and human
health

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Human health impact

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Evaluating the environmental and human Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

International Standards for LCA
health impacts of materials A qualitative technique for the evaluation of environmental impacts of
construction materials and products, services and process.
E l i techniques:
Evaluating h i Comprehensive tool
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) Challenging
Athena Environmental impact estimator by the Athena Time scope
Sustainable Materials Institute of Canada; Cradle to gate (manufacturers gate)
The national Institute of Standards and Technologys Cradle to grave (use then disposal or reuse)
Building for Environmental and Economic Quantify all inputs (energy, water, material resources) and outputs
Sustainability(BEES); (emissions effluents and wastes)
(emissions,
LEED Four phases (ASTM 2005):

Sustainability assessment (SA) Goal and scope definition

Embodied energy (EE) analysis

Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation

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Standards, labels and Certification

Systems - LEED

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Embodied Energy Analysis (EE) Reuse recycling resources Building-related C&D wastes
Construction and demolition (C&D) wastes
Embodied energy gy refers to the total
Waste materials produced during construction, renovation or
energy consumed in raw material demolition of the built environment
acquisition, manufacture, transport and Including roads and bridges and other structures
Typical waste includes concrete, asphalt pavement, wood,
disposal of a building material/product. metals, gypsum wall-board, floor tile and roofing materials
Classified in four categories: building-related waste,
Cradle to gate or cradle to cradle construction demolition and renovation debris; roadway
construction,
related waste; bridge-related waste; land-clearing and inner
debris waste (stumps, rocks and soils)

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Building wastes Designing for deconstruction (Dfd)

Wastage Rate Proportion Sent to Landfill
Timber formwork to concrete 13% 45%
Concrete 10% 50% Deconstruction involves the dismantling g
Cement-fibre roofing 10% ~100%
Insulation boards 10% 90% of a building or site with the intention of
Timber flooring 7.5 10% 45%
Mineral wool 8% ? reusing or recycling the components.
Plasterboards 7.5 10% 90%
Softwoods 10% 45%
Plaster 5 10% 90%
Brick and blockwork 5% 50%
Til ffor roofing
Tiles fi 5% 70%
Glass 5% 65%
Reinforcement 5% 5%
Light steel framework 2.5% negligible
Average wastage of materials 10-13% 60% estimated

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Construction and demolish wastes (C&DW)-

concrete rubble
Concrete rubble
without any processing, can be used for
Hard standing
Bank protection
Fill and raising areas
Road construction
Noise barriers and embankments
With
W processing
p ocess g suc
such ass removing
e ov g wood, plaster,
p s e , porous
po ous
insulating bricks or aerated concrete, soil, aluminium, tar, glass,
plastics and other contaminations -> crushing/ grading ->
washing
Aggregate
Road sub-bases
Structural members

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C&DW wood C & DW Asphalt rubble C & DW Metals

Burned in either coal power plants or cement kilns Reused directly
Processed to paper and cardboard Road construction locally
Melted to produce new steel
Processed to board products such as chipboard Substituting sand/cement subase with recycled
asphalt bonded with cement

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C & DW Glass C & DW Masonry waste C & DW others

(including ceramics and stone) Insulation materials (mineral wool, glass wool, polystyrene,
Removing the clean glass and recycled to new clear polyurethane) should be disposed of separately
glass
l Aggregate for
f low
l graded concrete Mineral wool- reused, or used as soil conditioner
Glass wool producing new glass wool
Aggregate for lightweight concrete with higher PUR foam reused;
thermal insulation (with foams) Expanded PS form ground PS boards can be reused as a soil
conditioner
Replacement for clay in bricks Garden wastes composted
Dangerous wastes
Asbestos - removed
Waste oil used as fuel or refined to produce new oil
Paint and solvent wastes recovered by distillation or used in
primer production

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Recycled concrete aggregate

Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) Percentageofrecycledconcreteaggregate(Source:EUROSTATi Properties and characteristics of RCA
ETC/RWM,2008)
Approximately 109 million tones of construction, demolition
and excavation waste are produced in the UK each year A id l bl sulphate
Acid-soluble l h content: 0.17-1.04%
0 17 1 04%
Approximate 40% of the demolition waste in concrete that is Chloride content: up to 0.15% by mass of RCA
capable of being crushed to produce RCA, i.e. 44 million Alkali content: up to 0.20 kg Na2O eq per 100kg of RCA
tones per year Organic substances: less than 0.5% by mass
UK use 165 million tones of primary aggregate (RCA Water absorption: 5-10%
potentially 26%)
Los Angles Coefficient: less than 40
Drying shrinkage: less than 0.075%
LandfilltaxisintroducedtoUKin1996 Density: lower than that of natural aggregates
AggregatetaxisintroducedtoUKinDec.2010 Masonry: up to 5%

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RCA research Composition of recycled aggregate sample Composition of recycled aggregate

Understand the performance of RCA
sample
for primary structural use Crushed
bricks
Understand the impact of inclusion of 14.5%
recycled brick aggregate Waste
impurities
Understand the impact of inclusion of 1 4%
1.4%
recycled tyre
Understand the impact of inclusion of Recycled
concrete
fibre aggregate
84.1%

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Manually Testing density and water Cement replacement

crushed RCA absorption of aggregate Use cement substitutes Supplementary cementitious
materials (SCMs) replacing 60% Portland cement
and CB Fly ash
Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)
Silica fume
Other natural pozzolan materials such as calcined clay,
metakaolin
Replacing 50% cement with GGBS in a typical ready mix is to
save 34% embodied energy and 46% embodied co2 emission
per cubic yard of concrete.
Also reduce air emissions of concrete mixes
Reuse of industrial waste products
Improve performance of concrete

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SCMs
Basic chemical components
Silica, Alumina, Calcium and iron
Hydraulic SCMs (e.g. GGBS)
Pozzolanic SCMs (e.g. fly ash or silic fume)

Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)

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What is SIP? Development background

How does a SIP work?
Two outer skins of high-density and strong face SIPs work like I-beams: Prefabricated light-weight building material
layers; Prototype was first used by Frank Lloyds Wright in USA
One inner core of a low-density insulation material. The outer skins act as flanges; in 1930s
Developed using plywood faced and foam cored by Alden
The inner core acts as a web. B. Dow in 1952
Introduced to UK since 1980s
Polyurethane (PUR)
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
Majority adapted in
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
European and UK markets
No specific standard for SIPs
Oriented Strand Board (OSB)
Photograph courtesy of Kingspan TEK Plywood

SIP I-Beam

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Kingspan
lighthouse
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Buildings made of SIPs

What benefits can SIPs offer?
High
g strength-to-weight
g g ratio
Excellent thermal performance
Good acoustic performance
Environmentally friendly
Faster to erect
Off-site construction minimal waste and defects

Photograph Courtesy of Kingspan

Park Inn Hotel in Leigh

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E
Ergo Homes
H

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Ergo
E Homes
H

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Drivers for the Growth of SIPs SIPs market review

Sustainability Agenda 2003 2008 SIP Production Total Industry
E
Ergo Homes
H (SIPA 2008)
Million Sq. Ft. of SIP panel surface area.
Higher Energy Costs 75

65 58.6 60.1
57.3
Need for Quicker Construction 53.3
55 51.1
47.1
45
Need to Accommodate Reduced Skill Levels
35

Lower Construction Costs 25

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

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SIPs market review

SIP Uses (SIPA 2008)
Nonresidential Buildings*
Buildings Other: Refrigeration,
32% patio enclosures, other.
Million Square Feet
28%
Homebuilding: 21.5
Nonresidential: 17.2
Other: 14.6

New Homes Total: 53.3

40%
0%

Vision
SIPs will be the preferred timber material.

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Material properties characterisation

Density Modulus of Elasticity Bending strength Density Shear Modulus Modulus of Elasticity Bending strength Shear
Outer face (E) Inner core (Gc) (Ec) strength
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(kg/m3) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (kg/m3) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
Major Axis 3500 Major Axis 20 16.018 2.068 - 0.207 0.138
600 - 14 2.1 1.4 - 0.14
OSB
680 Minor Axis 1400 Minor Axis 10 EPS 18 2.7 2.1 - 0.17
22 33
3.3 23
2.3 - 0 20
0.20
- 500 - 14000 5 - 120 29 4.3 3.3 - 0.24
600 13000 - 24.028 3.447 - 0.345 0.241
Allowable 26 2.9 9.3 - 0.10
compressive stress
11.316 XPS 29 3.1 12 - 0.14
PW in parallel plys of
plywood (Fc) 35 5.1 18 - 0.24
- 13660
Allowable tensile 48 6.2 26 - 0.28
stress in parallel 35.241 5.171 - 0.448 0.110
13.800
plys of plywood 48 2.8 2.9 - 0.29
(Ft)
64 4.5 5.8 - 0.43
CBPB 1000 4000 9
80 6.4 10 - 0.60
- 2800 32
MDF 96 8.6 15 - 0.79
700 3000 - PUR
112 11 22 - 0.98
St l 7850 205000 275

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Monitoring Monitoring

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UK Definitions
CO2 Reduction Plan Carbon Neutral
UK residential new dwellings Target CSH Level 5
Low Carbon with SIPS in the UK Energy efficiency is controlled through:
Includes regulated energy
UK Building Regulations.

2002 Zero Carbon

2006 EPBD Target 2016 CSH Level 6
2010 25% improvement on 2006
2013 44% improvement on 2006
I t over Building
Improvement B ildi Regulations
R l ti 2006 ~
2016 Zero Carbon (150%) 140-150%
Includes regulated and non-regulated energy
Source : Building Regulations Approved
Documents
www.planningportal.gov.uk

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UK Timelines
Standard Assessment Procedure
UK Building RegulationsL1a New (SAP)
dwellings G
Government
t procedure
d for
f Energy
E Rating
R ti off Dwellings
D lli
Energy Calculation & Certification Approved software producing energy ratings
Via an approved software based on SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure) Energy Performance Certificate issued for each new
Thermal envelope specification dwelling
Heating space and hot water Energy Efficiency Rating A-G
Renewables Environmental Impact Rating A-G
Air tightness testing N
New 2009 guidance
id d
documentt
Thermal bridging
Accredited details
Source: SAP 2009 Document
Summer Overheating www.bre.co.uk/sap2009

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The Code for Sustainable Homes Mat 1 Environmental Impact of Using SIPs to deliver the regulations
A Certification scheme that has 6 levels Using flexibility in design
Code Level 3 25% - Building Regulations Materials
Thermal Envelope
2010
M d
Mandatory El
Element Air Tightness
Code Level 4 44% - Building Regulations
Number of credits available 15 over 5 elements
2013 Thermal Junctions
Three of the five elements to achieve a rating of A+ to D
Code Level 5 100% Heating Space and hot water
Code Level 6 140-150% - Building Assessment Criteria
Regulations 2016 Each of the five elements are assessed against individual Limit on improvements 40% via fabric SAP software tool
Two stage
g assessment construction specification ratings and weighted by percentage of area. Beyond 40%
Design Stage Assessment tool Renewables
Completion Stage Mat 1 worksheet
Other special features Appendix Q
Nine categories of design flexibility, totalling 104 The Green Guide - Ratings from A+ to E
credits
Credit based award scheme & individual Home
Certificate

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Zero Carbon Homes

Code 6 Design Certified Code 6 Completion Certified

Cold-formed steel

ruralZED kit house

www.zedfactory.com

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Green light steel buildings Traditional

Panel (2D)
Hybrid panel & Fully
Criteria brick/block modular modular
construction
Wall frames construction construction construction construction

Total construction period 100% 75% 70% 40%

Modular buildings Time to create weather-tight 100% 55% 50% 20%

envelope

Hybrid buildings On-site labour requirement

(as a proportion)
100% 80% 70% 25%

Proportion of total cost in 65% 55% 45% 15%

on-site materials

Proportion of total cost in 35% 25% 20% 10%

on-site labour

Proportion of total cost of 0% 20% 35% 75%

off-site manufacture

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Wall frame constructions Modular buildings

Application Benefits Sustainability Benefits

Walls are load-bearing and support floors directly, and Rapid dry construction with high accuracy in
can be used for 2 or 3 storey housing installation
Wall panels and floor cassettes may be pre-fabricated Lightweight for poor ground conditions
for rapid installation High levels of thermal insulation (U values <
2
Lattice joists achieve longer spans and allow for 0.25 W/m C)
services in the floor zone Reduced site storage of materials in comparison to
Open habitable roofs can be created brickwork, for example
Plasterboard provides fire resistance and acoustic Minimal waste on site and in the factory
insulation Freedom of galvanized steel from deterioration, rot
Useful for extensions and renovation of existing shrinkage
buildings Steel and plasterboard waste can be recycled

Hybrid buildings Hybrid buildings

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Modular buildings
Application Benefits Sustainability Benefits

Economy of scale in production for hotels, key worker
accommodation, student residences
Rapid installation on site (6-8 units per day)
Two units can be placed together to create larger
spaces
Robustness can be achieved by attaching the units
together at their corners
Stability of tall buildings can be provided by a braced
steel core
Fire stopping between the units prevents fire spread
Excellent acoustic insulation due to the double layer
floors and walls
Useful for roof-top extensions or difficult working
areas
High quality by factory production of modules
Materials can be ordered for maximum efficiency in
production
Minimal waste on-site and in the factory
Rapid construction process leads to less disruption to
the locality
Excellent acoustic insulation and performance
characteristics
Very safe construction technology, which is less
dependant on weather and site conditions
Modules can be dismantled easily and re-used
elsewhere
Asset value of the module is maintained after re-use

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Construction waste Construction wastes

Wastage Rate Proportion Sent to Landfill
Application Benefits Sustainability Benefits Timber formwork to concrete 13% 45%
Concrete 10% 50%
Narrow beams and columns can be located within A primary steel frame provides for flexibility in layout Wood
separating wall no projection outside wall of the space 6% Cement-fibre roofing 10% ~100%
12%
Integrated beams lead to minimum floor zone Light steel infill walls are fast to install and can be Insulation boards 10% 90%

Slabs can span directly between separating walls moved as space requirements change Plastics & coatings Timber flooring 7.5 10% 45%
6%
Long span construction is useful for mixed residential Beams and columns are rapidly erected and can be Mineral wool 8% ?
and retail projects un-bolted and re-used if required Metals of all types Plasterboards 7.5 10% 90%
Lower self weight than in reinforced concrete Connections and extensions can be made easily, Softwoods 10% 45%
leading to flexibility in future uses 32% 8%
Stability can be provided through the frame (up to Glass & ceramics Plaster 5 10% 90%
4 storeys) or by bracing or core (taller buildings) Balconies and private or public open space can be
created easily Brick and blockwork 5% 50%
Intumescent fire resistant coatings can be applied
off-site Composite floors provide excellent stiffness, acoustic Brickwork Til ffor roofing
Tiles fi 5% 70%
insulation and fire resistance 11% Glass 5% 65%
Excellent acoustic insulation of the floors and
separating walls is achieved Services can be integrated within the structure Reinforcement 5% 5%
Concrete, cement &
A variety of cladding materials may be used Rapid construction system for multi-storey buildings, plaster Light steel framework 2.5% negligible
particularly in urban locations
Average wastage of materials 10-13% 60% estimated
Other materials
25%

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Energy consumption Embodied energy

Materials Embodied Energy
Mineral extraction & 2 Recycled
Component
p g
weight/m floor Recyclability
y y Total
material manufacture content MJ/k
MJ/kg 2
area MJ/m
5% Light steel walls 8 50% 100% 22-33 170-260
10% Transport of products
& materials Light steel floor joists 10 50% 100% 22-33 170-260
Mineral wool 5 50% 70% 17-25 85-125

Transport of Plasterboard 35 20% 30% 5-7 175-245

11% manufactured Floor boards 20 0% ? 36 720
49% products Brickwork 260 0% 30% 3-6 780-1560
Construction site Roof tiles 30 0% 60% salvaged 12 360
5% activity
ti it Concrete foundations
380 0% 20% 2 760
and ground floor

Transport related to
construction
20%
Transport of quarry
w aste

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