Hyperemia & Congestion C.

S- meaty appearance & varies

Def:Increaced volume of blood from gray red to deep red
in affected tissues or organ. depend on amount of fibrosis,
CPVC of Lung Malpighian corpuscles are
Causes: Acute & chronic indistinct.
passive congestion of lungs & Histology:
consequent pulmonary Early phase pulp is suffused
oedema occur when there is with red cells
L.A pressure & pulm: With time- ingly more
venouse pressure. fibrous & cellular
1.All forms of cardiac portal venous pressure
decompensation deposition of collagen in B.M
2.L.V Myocardial infarct of sinusoidswhich appear
3.Rheumatic mitral stenosis dilated due to rigidity of their
Morphology: walls - blood flow from cords
Gross: to sinusoidsprolong the
Lung- size & wt exposure of blood cells to
Dusky red cyanotic cordal macrophageexcessive
C.S-excessive bloody & wet destruction
Long stading-Brown induration Foci of recent or old Hge(+)
of lung Deposition of hemosiderin in
Histology; Histiocyte
1.Alveolar capillaries are Organization of these
engorged with blood & become fociGandy Gamna nodules
tortuous with small aneurysmal Foci of fibrosis containing ,
dilatation>>minute Iron, Ca2+ salts encrusted on
intraalverolar Hge & connectiove tissue & elastic
breakdown & phagocytosis of fibres.
red cell debris>>appearance of
HEMPOSIDERIN LADEN
MACROPHAGE(HEART FAILURE
CELLS) in alveolar spaces.
2.Severe form- alveolar
widened by dilation of alveolar
capillary & collection of
oedema fluid in interestitium
of alveolar septa
3. In time- Oedematous septa
become fibrotic & together
with hemosiderin pigmentation
>> Brown induration
4.Long standing congestion-
progressive thickening of walls
of pulmonary arteries &
arterioles Pulm: Hyertension>>
Rt Ht failure(Chronic Cor
pulmonale)

CPVC of Liver(Nutmeg liver)

Causes: 1. R.H.F
2.Congestive Ht failure
3.obstruction of IVC or hepatic
veins(rarely)
Morphology
Gross:
Liver-in size & wt
Dusky red cyanotic
C.S excessive ooze of blood &
central veins may appear
prominent with chronic
congestion central regions of
lobule become red blue
surrounded by yellow brown
zone of uncongested liver
substances >> Nutmeg Liver
Histology:
Central vein & vascular
sinusoids of centrilobular
region distended with blood.
Central hepatocytes atrophic
S to chronic hypoxia
Peripheral hepatocytes less
severe hypoxia >> develop
fatty change
With severe Ht failure
reduction in circulating blood
volume & hepatic blood flow
>> Hypoxia >> centrall
oocytescytes become necrotic
& centrilobular zone>>
haemorrhagic Central
Haemorrhagic Necrosis.
In time fibrous thickening of
walls of central vein &
extension of fibrous tissues
into surrounding lobule>>
Cardiac Cirrhosis

CPVC of Spleen
Cause;1. Portal Hypertension
due to cirrhosis of liver(most
common)
2.Cardiac decompensation
involving Rt side of Ht.
a.Tricuspid or pulmonary
valvular disease or
b.Chronic corpulmonale
c.following Lt Ht failure
3.Obstruction of Extrahepatic
Portal vein or Splenic Vein
Morphology:
Gross:First moderate
enlargement of spleen rarely
exceeds 500 Gm
Long Standing marked
enlargement & Wt 1000 Gm or
> , May reach 5000 Gm, firm
Capsule-thickened fibrous