There are two types of relative clause. In these examples, the relati ve clauses are underlined.

Compare:

Type 1
L The woman who lives next door is a
doctor.
0 Grace works for a company that makes
furniture.
0 We stayed at the hotel {that) you
recommended.
In these examples, the relati ve clauses tell yo u
which person or thing (or what kind of person
or thing) the speaker means:
'The woman who lives next door' tells us
which woman.
'A company that makes furniture ' tells us
what kind of company.
'The hotel (that) you recommended' tells
us which hotel.
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses:
We know a lot of people w ho live in
London .
Type2
0 My brother Ben, w ho lives in Hong
Kong, is an arch itect.
G Anna t old me about her new job, w hich
she's enjoying a lot.
C We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a
friend of ours recommended .
In these examples, the relative clauses do not
tell you which person or thing the speaker
means. We already know which thing or
person is meant: 'My brother Ben', 'Anna 's new
job' an d 'the Park Hotel'.
The re lative clauses in these sentences give us
extra information about the person or th ing.
We use commas (,) with these clauses:
'---' My brother Ben, w ho lives in Hong
Kong, is an arch itect.

In both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:

Type 1 Type2
You can use that: You cannot use that:
0 Do you know anyone who/that speaks C John, who (not that) speaks French and
French and Italian? Italian, works as a tour guide.
0 Grace works for a company which/ that C Anna to ld me about her new job, which
makes furniture. (not that) she's enj oying a lot.
You can leave out who/which/ that when it is
the object (see Unit 93): You ca nnot leave out who or which:
1._) We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you C::: We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a
recommended . friend of ours recommended .
0 This morning I met somebody (who/ 0 This morning I met Chris, who I hadn 't
that) I hadn't see n for ages. seen for ages.
We do not often use whom in this type of You can use whom for people (when it is the
clause (see Unit 94B). object):
U This morning I met Chris, whom I had n't
seen for ages.

In both types of relative clause you ca n use whose and where:

0 We met some peop le whose car had C Lisa, whose car had broken down, was
broken dow n. in a very bad mood.
0 Wh at's the name of the pla ce where C Kate has just been t o Sweden, where
you went on holiday? her daughter lives.

Relative clau ses (Type 1) -+ Units 92- 94 Relat ive cla uses (Type 2) -+ Unit 96
 Unit
Exercises 95
Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2).
You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.
1 Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.)
..... .. .... .. 4-Pg.r_,_.. ....vet:"y . . ........................................................................................
2 We stayed at the Park Hotel. (A friend of ours recommended it.)
...We.... ... ...P..cv.k ... .... . ...9.f...9..0..t?.... ................... . ................ ..............
3 We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge. (lt is not far from London.)
We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge .......... ........................ ..................................................................................................
4 I went to see the doctor. (She told me I needed to change my diet.)
I went to see .................... ........ ... . ................................ ... ... ........ ........... .... ... .. ........... ..................... .... .. .. .............................................
5 Steven is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.)
Steven .. ....... ................................ .. .......... ............................ .. ............................................................................................................................................. ..
6 Lisa is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.)
Lisa ............. ....... ........... ........ ... ...... ...................................................................................................................................................................................
7 The new stadium will be finished next month. (lt can hold 90,000 people.)

8 Alaska is the largest state in the USA. (My brother lives there.)

9 Our teacher was very kind. (I have forgotten her name.)

Read the information and complete each sentence. Use a relative clause of Type 1 or Type 2.
Use commas where necessary.
1 There's a woman living next door to me. She's a doctor.
The woman ..... NYJQ. ..4P9.r.. ..W.....r.n e:. .. ...49f-t9r........... .......................................................................................... ........
2 I've got a brother called Ben. He lives in Hong Kong. He's an architect.
My brother .... .... .... ....H.Png . ..k.l?DB > .... .... .........................................................................................
3 There was a strike at the factory. lt began ten days ago. lt is now over.
The strike at the factory ......... ............................................................................................................................................................................................
4 I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now.
I've found ............................... .......................................... ... . . .. ........................................................................................................................................... .
5 I've had my car for 15 years. lt has never broken down.
My car ....... .... .. ............ .... ................................................................................... .. .................................................................................................
6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications.
Few of ............................................................................................. .......................................................................................................................................................
7 Amy has a son . She showed me a picture of him. He's a police officer.
Amy showed m e ........... ....... . ...... ............. ......... .. ...............................................................................................................................................

Some of these sentences are wrong. Correct them and put in commas where necessary. If the
sentence is correct, write 'OK'.
1 Anna told me about she's enjoying very much .
...... ... .. ...@P.If.t:... .... .. ... .... .... ... ...mY.-.Q1.. .......................................................... .
2 My office that is on the second floor is very small.

3 The office I'm using at the moment is very small.

4 Mark's father that used to be in the army now works for a TV company.

5 The doctor that examined me couldn't find anything wrong.

6 The sun that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.

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Prepositions + whom/which
You can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say:
to whom I with whom I about which I without which etc. :
=:::; Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
C Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost.
In informal English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do
this, we normally use who (not whom) for people:
C) This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
0 Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.

All of I most of etc.+ whom/which

Study these examples:

Helen has three brothers. All of them are married. (2 sentences)

______. Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. (7 sentence)

They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them . (2 sentences)

r- _]
______. They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1 sentence)

In the same way you can say:

none of I neither of I any of I either of } h ( l )
some of I many of I much of I (a) few of + e
+ w 1c (t 1ngs)
both of I half of I each of I one of I two of etc.
0 Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
C Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
2 They have three cars, two of which they rarely use.
0 Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

You can also say the cause of which I the name of which etc. :
0 The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
0 We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.
Which (not what)
Study this example:

l
joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (2 sentences)

joe got the job, which surprised eve rybody. (7 sentence)

I relative clause _j

In this example, which = 'the fact that he got the job'. You must use which (not what) in sentences
like these:
::J Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a shame. (not what was a shame)
0 The weather was good, which we hadn't expected. (not what we hadn't expected)
For what, see Units 920 and 930.

ALL of I most of etc. _. Unit 88 Both of etc. _. Unit 89 Relative clauses 1- 4 _. Units 92-95
 Unit
Exercises , 96
- Write the relative clauses in a more formal way using a preposition +whom/which.
1
1 Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ which 1 d never been to before.
Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ ..Jo .... I..,4.... .... ........... ... ............................... ..... .
2 My brother showed us his new earl which hels very proud of.
My brother showed us his new earl ........... . ......................... ....... ............................ ..... ..................................................... .
3 This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, who we went on holiday with .
This is a picture of our friends Chris and Saml ..................... ...... ............................... .... ...................... ................... .
4 The wedding/ which only members of the family were invited t0 1 took place on Friday.
The ..... .. ...................... ............................................ ............................................................................. ................................. ............. ,
took place on Friday.

Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second sentence. Use all of I most of
etc. or the ... of+ whom/which.
1 All of Helen 1S brothers are married.
Helen has three @ P.f. .. ... .... ........................................................................................... .
2 Most of the information we were given was useless.
We were given a lot of information/ . ....... . . ........................... .. .. . . .......................................................................................... .
3 None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable.
Ten people applied for the job I ... ........ . ... . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ........... . ..... . ............ . ...... ....... .. ......... .. ............... . . ... .. .. ..... .. ... .. ...... . . .... . ... .... ........ .. .

4 Kate hardly ever uses one of her computers.

Kate has got two computers, . ................ . .. .. ....... .. ........ . . ..... ................ .. ...... ..................................... ................. .
5 Mike won 100 1000. He gave half of it to his parents.
Mike won 10010001 ............................................................................................................................................................................................... .
1
6 Both of julia S sisters are lawyers.
julia has two ................................................................................... ...................... ................................................................................... .
7 jane replied to neither of the emails I sent her.
I sent jane two emailsl ..... ..... .............................. ............................ ................................. .... . ...................................................... .
8 I went to a party- I knew only a few of the people there.
There were a lot of people at the ....................................................................................................................................................... .
9 The sides of the road we drove along were lined with trees.
We drove along the road, the ... ............. ....... ....... . ..... . ... ............................ ................................. ................ .
10 The aim of the compan/s new business plan is to save money.
The company has a new business plan/ ........................................................................................ ................................................................. .

- Join sentences from the boxes to make new sentences. Use which.
---

1 This was very kind of her.

1 Laura couldn t come to the party.
This means we canlt go away tomorrow.
2 jane doesnlt have a phone.
This makes it difficult to contact her.
3 Alex has passed his exams.
This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes.
4 Our flight was delayed.
This was a shame.
5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house.
This is good news.
6 Th e street I live in is very noi sy at night.
This meant we had to wait three hours at the
7 Our car has broken down.
airport.

1 Laura could nit come to the party w.hi&h .. I ...... ... ........................... .............................................. ....................
2 jane . . .......... ...... ....... ................................ ......................................................................................................................................................................... .
3 .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4 ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .
5
6 ................................................................. ................................................. .. ............................................................................................................................................
7 .............................................................................................................. ..

193