A STUDY ON GROUND IMPROVEMENT USING

STONE COLUMN TECHANIQUE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By

Number Name
140490106089 PurohitJagdish H.
140490106127 SheladiyaHarshit K.
140490106115 ValaSandip S.
140490106097 SavaniBrijesh N.
150493106024 Patel Tinkesh B.

In fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Guided by:

Prof. KRUNAL A. SHAH,

SITARAMBHAI NARANJI PATEL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTRE
Gujarat Technology University, Ahmadabad

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SITARAMBHAI NARANJI PATEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH CENTRE

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2017

CERTIFICATE

Date:
This is certify that the dissertation entitled A STUDY ON GROUND
IMPROVEMENT USING STONE COLUMN TECHANIQUE" has been carried out by
following students PurohitJagdish H. ,ValaSandip S. , SheldiyaHarshit K. ,
SavaniBrijesh N. , Patel Tinkesh B. under my guidance in fulfillment of the
degree of Bachelor of engineering in Civil Engineering (7th Semester) of
Gujarat Technology University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2017-18.

Guides:

Prof. Krunal A. Shah, SNPIT & RC,Umrakh

External Examiner Head of Department

Internal Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it a privilege to be associated with the SITARAMBHAI NARANJI

PATELcollege of Degree Engineering, Bardoli in this academy endeavour. I express my
heartfelt thanks to my Guide Mr. lecturer in Civil Engineering Department; for his invaluable
guidance, continued interest throughout the project work and encouragement towards the
successful completion of this preliminary study.

I would also like to thank Mr. Lecturer and Head, Civil Engineering Department, for
providing valuable ideas and suggestions in my work.

I am also very much thankful to all the faculty members for their valuable suggestions
and comments during my dissertation work. I would like to express my appreciation towards
all those who gave me these possibility to complete this work. I would also like to thank my
friends and classmates for generous encouragement in my life.

Last but not least, I would thanks to my almighty GOD for giving his blessing which
were always encouraging me during my tough time.

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 ABSTRACT

Ground improvement is an important requirement in today constructionindustry as land

reclamation is becoming increasingly popular. The stone column technique is a very efficient
method of improving the strength parameters of soil like bearing capacity and reducing
consolidation settlement. It offers a much economical and sustainable alternative to piling
and deep foundation solutions. Groundimprovement when implemented through stone
column technique aids in a much stable solution to construction in weak cohesive soils. The
proper is an attempt to discussed in detail about this technique to improve soil stability.
Including its salient features, design parameters.Major functions and drawbacks.

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 TABLE OF CONTAINS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapters
References

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 List of Tables
Stone aggregate specification for vibro stone columns.

Summary of Boreholes

Property of Soil

Properties of Quarry Dust and Stone

Properties of Coir Geotextile.

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 List of Figures

LAYOUT OF OIL STORAGE TERMINAL AT PIPAVAV , GUJARAT

Loose Silty Sands.

Soft and Ultra Soft Marine Clays

Garbage Fills

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 Index

Sr.No Description Pg.No

Introduction
Chp.1 10

General
1 10
1
1.2 What is ground improvement? 10
1.2.1 Advantages of Ground Improvement Technique 11
1.2.2 Disadvantages of Ground Improvement Technique 11
1.3 Basic principal of Ground Improvement Technique
1.4 Various methods of Ground Improvement Technique
1.5 Stone Column Technique
1.5.1 What is stone column ?
1.5.2 Advantages of Stone Column Technique

Chp.2 Brief History of Stone Column Technique

Chp.3 Literature Review

Vibro Stone Columns To Support Large Oil Storagetank Farm On
3.1
West Coast Of India
Application Of Vibro Techniques For Infrastructure Projects In
3.2
India
3.3 Ground Improvement Using Stone Column
Designing Stone Columns To Control Horizontal And Vertical
3.4
Displacements
3.5 Vibro Replacement As Foundation For Tank Farms In India

Chp.4 Analysis of Methods

4.1 Types of GIT.

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 4.2 Nature of Soil

4.3 Types of Soil

4.4 Suitability of Stone Column Method

4.5 Installation Guidelines

Chp.5 DESING ENGEERING CANVAS

5.1 AEIOU SUMMARY

5.2 EMPATHY MAPPING

5.4 IDEANAUT IDEATION CANVAS

5.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

REFERENCES

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 Chapter:1 INTRODUCATION
1.General
Countries in Asia have seen increasing growth in infrastructure development in the last
decade. The presence of large deposits of weak soils of varying types has necessitated the
development and application of various ground improvement techniques.

The technique of Vibro Replacement has found increasing acceptance owing to its
flexibility with regard to the type and depth of soil being treated and the type and intensity
of loading being applied. It has found application in the treatment of loose silty sands, soft
marine clays, ultra soft silts and clays from mine tailings, peaty clays etc.

The vibro replacement technique has found acceptance not only to limit settlements and
to ensure stability but also to mitigate liquefaction potential in earthquake prone regions. The
range of structures varied from highways, railways and airports to marine structures, power
plant structures, chemical plants and storage tanks.

In quest of knowledge and demand, there is ever increasing awareness of new

technologies created or found by man. The field of geotechnical engineering is not new to
this phenomenon. Over the last century, the field of geotechnical engineering has achieved
many milestones with brilliant idea sand advancements. The ground improvement techniques
are one of the areas, which have attained lots of interest, and improvements due to an
interesting fact that anything can be constructed anywhere- if only proper foundation is laid.

Many methods for ground modification and improvement are available around the
world now, including dewatering, compaction, preloading with and without vertical drains,
grouting, deep mixing, deep densification and soilre in for cement are among those. Many of
these techniques, such as dewatering, compaction, preloading and grouting, have been used
for many years. However, there have been rapid advances in the areas of deep densification
(vibro compaction, deep dynamic compaction, compaction piles, and explosive densification),
jet and compaction grouting, deep mixing, and vibro-replacement and vibro-displacement in
recent years. These methods have become practical and economical alternatives for many
ground improvement applications.

Of many techniques of ground improvements, stone column has gained lots of

popularity since it has been properly documented in the middle of the last century.
Potential applications of stone column include stabilizing foundation soils, supporting
structures, landslide stabilization, and reducing liquefaction potential of fine sands.

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1.2 What is ground improvement?
Ground improvement, is the modification of existing site foundation soils to provide better
performance under design and/or operational loading conditions. These techniques are
applied largely for new projects to allow utilization of sites with poor subsurface conditions.
Previously, these poor soils were considered as economically not suitable or technically not
are often replaced with an engineered fill or location of the project is changed. In short, it is
implemented to increase the bearing capacity, reduce the magnitude of Horizontal and
Vertical settlements and the time in which it occurs, retard seepage, accelerate the rate at
which drain age occurs, increase the stability of slopes, mitigation of liquefaction potential,
etc.

Based on the soil conditions, a preferable method of ground improvement should be

considered keeping in view of the economic feasibility as well as the time saving. In practice,
it is widely used in a broad construction spectrum from industrial, commercial and housing
projects to infrastructure construction for dams, tunnels, ports, roadways and embankments.

1.2.1 Advantages of Ground Improvement Technique

Good appearance of ground

Amenable to a variety of organic and inorganic compounds
It is suited to remediation of large areas of soil
It is economically compared to conventional methods
Easy to implement
Easy to maintain & accepted by public
Fewer propagate of contaminant via air and water
having natural resources
Eco friendly an aesthetically pleasing to the public

1.2.2 Disadvantages of Ground Improvement Technique

It takes several years to remediate a contaminated site
It is limited to shallow groundwater, soils and sediments
It is not as effective for sites with high contaminated concentrations
It is slower than conventional methods
The availability of toxicity biodegradation products are not known
Contaminants may be mobilized into the ground water.
Influenced by soil and whether conditions of the site. It does not work in the winter.
Disposal of contaminants accumulated in plants after harvesting- pollution again!

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1.3 Basic principal of Ground Improvement Technique

Ground improvement is the modification of the ground properties in order to achieve the
required ground conditions for the particular use of the ground.

To densification of the ground, E.g.: Compaction

To accelerate the consolidation, E.g.: Vertical drains
To increase strength to improve stability
To usage of admixtures, E.g.: Cement stabilization
For preloading
Reduced susceptibility to liquefaction

1.4 Various methods of Ground Improvement Technique

Stone Columns.
Jet Grouting.
Chemical and Permeation Grouting.
Compaction Grouting.
Soil Mixing.
Deep Densification (vibro compaction, deep dynamic compaction)
Blast-induced Compactions.
Preloading/Surcharging.

1.5 Stone Column Technique

It introduces a coarse grained material as load bearing elements consisting of gravel or stone
aggregate as a backfill medium. It is in-situ soil from an integrated system having low
compressibility and higher shear strength. Drainage can done with the help of stone
column, which acts as a vertical drain. The settlement would be reduced for the treated
soil while the rate of settlement is higher for untreated soil.

1.5.1 What is a stone column ?

It is a ground improvement technique used to improve the load bearing capacity and reduce
the settlement of the soil. It is also called as granular columns or granular piles. This
technique is also known as vibro replacement.

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1.5.2 Advantages of Stone Column Technique
Stone column technique is economical for deep foundation.
It is increase the bearing capacity of soil.
It reduce the settlement of soil.
It reduce liquefaction of soil.
It increases shear strength of soil.
Chapter 2 - Brief History of Stone Column Technique

Deep vibratory methods for improving the ground for foundation and geotechnical
application are now used extensively throughout the world.

Stone column technique is developed in Germany 1930s. This method has developed for
densification of sands to stone column reinforcement in a range of natural soil and filled
ground adding soft clays. The process of deep vibratory ground improvement and identify the
construction technique included as an interregnal element, which is too very lower given
consideration. Development of the 2 main methods currently included given below :

Vibro Compaction
Vibrated Stone Column

In todays world, technology has offered solutions to myriad of problems and by offering
different methods and techniques which improve the quality, structure and capacity of soils.
The ground improvement techniques have substituted the traditional pile foundation system.
Vibro-Flotation refers to the various forms of ground improvement through a vibrating poker
inserted into the ground, and encompasses vibro-Compaction and vibro-replacement. Vibro-
Replacement is also referred to as vibro- Stone Columns. In this paper, the vibro-
Replacement process and the mechanism of stone column behavior under load will be
discussed along with the related design mechanisms. Vibro-stone columns have been used to
improve the quality of soils from loose sedimentary sands to soft sediment and expansive
clays which possess undrained shear strength of 15 kPa or more. Vibro-stone columns have
proved to be ineffective for soft cohesive soilswhose undrained shear strengths is below10
kPa. However, these columns are a very effective technique which makesthick aggregate
columns (stone columns) through a vibratorattached to a crane going into the ground. This
techniqueimproves all kinds of soils and thickens coarse soils. Vibro stone columns can be
constructed by two processes: the wettop feed process or the dry bottom feed process. It was
only in 1960s that vibro-compaction proved effectivewith German river-borne coarse soils
and started to be usedfor business purposes since it was only then that it was used toimprove
the quality of cohesive soils.Since then, thistechnique has been very popular due to its cost
efficiency andprogram schedule. The primary aim of the system has been toimprove loose
coarse soils, however, with in the past 35 years,it has been used extensively to improve the
quality of softcohesive soils and mixed fills .

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 Chapter 3 - Literature Review

3.1 Vibro Stone Column To Support Large Oil StorageTank Farm On West
Cost Of India

The Demand for petroleum and non-petroleum products are on the rise dueto the
rapid industrializationand growths in Indian subcontinent. The number of refineries
and storageterminals aresome being constructed across the country, in order to cater
to Indias growingdemand.

Gulf Petrochem (I) Pvt. Ltd. is developing an Oil Storage Terminal at Pipavav
Port. The terminal is located in Saurashtra in the state of Gujarat, 152 nautical miles
northwest of Mumbai on the west coast of India and 140 km southwest of Bhavnagar.
The proposed oil storage terminal will handle Class A, B and C as well as nonclassified
products with an annual storage capacity of 250,000kL. The terminal on
commissioning will have complete flexibility for storing any type of oil product.

Layout Plan

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Table: 1 Stone aggregate specification for vibro stone columns.

Sr. no Tests Criteria

1 Specific Gravity > 2.5 %
2 Aggregate Crushing Value < 30 %
3 Los Angeles Abrasion Value < 30 %
4 Water Absorption <2%
5 Soundness < 12 %
6 Aggregate Size 75 mm to 12 mm

Conclusions

An Oil Storage Terminal is being developed in Pipavav in Gujarat. The terminal

development consists of construction of 48 Nos of storage tanks and associated utility facilities.
Ground improvement using vibro stone columns is proposed to support the foundations at the terminal.
Vibro stone columns are proposed to enhance the shear strength and compressibility parameters of the
subsoil and also accelerate the consolidation of the soft soils. Success for a project of this kind is only
possible with quality control at each stage of construction which is implemented for this project.
Settlement monitoring results have shown the effectiveness of vibro stone columns to support the tank
foundations and ancillary buildings. The settlements were uniform and well within the tolerable limits.
Ground improvement with Vibro stone columns has resulted in homogenizing the subsoil which
helped in controlling the differential settlements.
The Oil storage terminal is commissioned successfully in the month of February,
2015.

Table:2 SUMMERY OF BOREHOLES

Sr. No. Depth (m) Soil Description SPT N Values

From to
1 0 1 Fill 5 to 10
2 1 4 Sandy silt 10 to 20
3 4 10 Silt fine sand 4 to 13
4 10 30 Sandy silt > 30

3.2 Application Of Vibro Techniques For Infrastructure Projects In India

Abstract

A ground improvement is often required to stabilise weak soils for the construction of
major infrastructure projects. Deep vibratory techniques have found acceptance and
application worldwide as technically sound and cost effective ground improvement
methods. This paper describes the application of Vibro compaction for the construction of
breakwaters to a total length of 5 km for the Seabird Naval Base at Karwar, Karnataka and

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the application of Vibro Replacement for the construction of two LNG tanks of 84m diaat the
Shell LNG terminal at Hazira, Gujarat.

CONCLUSIONS

The Post compaction CPT testing has shown that Vibro Compaction is a reliable technique for the
offshore densification of loose sands at Karwar. Similar testing has also proven that Vibro
Replacement is able to mitigate liquefaction potential and reduce settlements to within tolerance limits
for large and settlement sensitive LNG tanks at Hazira. In the case of the LNG tank foundation, Vibro
Replacement has proven to be economical as compared to conventional rigid foundations which
require extensive reinforcement to counter large horizontal forces in the event of an earthquake.

Table:3 Property of Soil

Property Value
Specific Gravity 2.74
Liquid Limit(%) 59
Plastic Limit (%) 27
Plasticity Index(%) 32
Clay Content(%) 12
Silt Content(%) 61
Max. dry density ( KN/m) 15 15
OMC (%) 30

Table:4 Properties of Quarry Dust and Stone

Property Quarry Dust Stone

Effective size (mm) 0.041 4.6
Uniformity Coefficient 3.85 1.4
Coefficient of Curvature 506 0.93
Density(KN/m) 19.5 17.6
37o -
Angle of internal Friction
Cohesion (kg/cm) 0.15 -

Table: 5 Properties of Coir Geotextile

Types Non woven lined(NWL)

Mass / Area (g) 1350
Thickness at 2 kPa (mm) 11.35
Wide tensile strength 3.49
(kN/m) machine direction

3.3 GROUND IMPROVEMENT USING STONE COLUMN

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Abstract

They used of stone column (called granular piles) has proved to be an economical and
technically viable ground improvement techniquefor construction on soft soils and has been
successfully applied for the foundation structure like oil storage tanks, earth
embankments,raft foundation etc. When the stone columns are installed in extremely soft
soils, the lateral confinement offered by the surroundingsoil may not be adequate to form the
stone column. In such soil, encasing the stone column with a geotextile can induce
requiredlateral confinement. Considering the cost aspect of stone columns, the major portion
of the cost owes to the cost of stone. If replacinga portion of stone by some other cheaper
materials. A affecting the performance, can reduce the total cost In the present work
experimental studies are carried out to evaluate and behavior of stone column encased with
geotextile, in which stone is replaced by cheaper quarry dust.The effect of geotextile is also
studied. The revealed from of studies that a portion a stone could be replaced by cheaper
quarry dust without affecting the performance of the column. .

CONCLUSIONS

There are use of stone column is accept a means for groundimprovement in soft clayey soils. The cost
of constructionmainly depend on the cost of stone using for filling the stonecolumn.Here an
alternative is thought of, a replace partially,the stones filling the column by cheaper material.
Thefollowing observations could be made from this study.

Stone column improves the bearing capacity andsettlement of soft soil.

Encasing the stone column with geotextile result in anincrease in load carrying capacity of
reduction in settlement when compare to that with the case without
geotextile.

A portion of stone in the column can be replaced byquarry dust without affecting the strength of the
improvedground

The studies it is revealed that the replacement of 30% (by weight) of stone by quarry dust can be
possiblewithout affecting the strength and performance of the
system.

Further studies in this direction have to be conducted soas to get more understanding of the system
specially inthe context liquefaction.

3.4 Designing stone columns to control horizontal and vertical displacements

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ABSTRACT
The new coal pad and an associated machinery berm were constructed for Project of theKooragang
Coal Terminal stockyard expansion project. A site is underlain by soft soil strata ofvariable thickness.
Prior to the construction of the coal pad and berm, part of the proposed new stockyard was
preloadedthe remaining sections were treated by the installation of stonecolumns. The design of the
stone columns was conducted jointly by the sub-contractor, KellerGround Engineering their
geotechnical consultant, GHD Geotechnics. One key aspect of thedesign was to satisfy the extremely
stringent post-construction displacement criteria of machineryoperation considerations. As part of the
design process and Keller predicted the likely settlement ofthe coal pad and berm in the stone column
treated areas. GHD Geotechnics undertook theprediction of the likely tilting (differential settlement)
of the berm and the (total and differential)horizontal displacements.

This paper presents the geotechnical model of the site, various analytical work undertaken,the
designed stone column configuration and the predicted displacement results. Constructionmonitoring
results are also outlined.

CONCLUSIONS
An analysis and design of stone columns to control (total and differential) vertical and horizontal
displacements a complex and required careful considerations. Analysis using appropriate
modellingtools must be conducted in order to simulate the behaviour of the treated ground
correctly.The use of stone columns a ground improvement technique for soft marine clays to meet
strictperformance criteria was demonstrated. Performances of the berm continue to meet theclients
requirements.Care must be taken in the use and construction of stone columns in soft soils as their
design andconstruction is not a routine process. The vital that the design be conducted by
experiencedanalysts using suitable design methodology and the installation be performed and
monitored closelyby the contractor and engineer.

3.5 Vibro Replacement As Foundation For Tank Farms In India

ABSTRACT
A Tank farms are often built in coastal regions near port facilities where thesubsoil conditions are
poor. A Soil conditions can range from soft cohesive soils to loose silty sands to reclaimed sandfilling.
To overcome the various subsoil conditions, different types of foundations systems are use in
groundimprovement. A One of the commonly usein ground improvement technique is Vibro
Replacement (Vibro Stone Columns). This technique has been used worldwide and in India for tank
foundation.Vibro stone columns are also used to mitigate liquefaction potential in earthquake prone
areas.This paper presents case histories from recent tank farm projects in Paradip, a Mangalore and
Hazira where Vibro Replacement has been used for improvement of bearing capacity, settlement
reduction and liquefaction prevention. This paper also presents the results of individual and group
column load tests and settlement results during hydro tests.

CONCLUSIONS
The complete results of Hydrotest for 3 tanks at Paradip, 5 tanks at Mangalore and thesuccessful
working of LNG tanks in Hazira, The clear that the total settlement during hydrotestload was well

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within the permissible limits. Also, differential settlement, which is a major factorfor floating roof
tanks, was well within the limits.Overall, Vibro Replacement has proved to be an excellent solution
both technically andcommercially.

Chapter 4 - Analysis of Methods

4.1 Types of GIT.

Stone Columns.

Jet Grouting.

Chemical and Permeation Grouting.

Compaction Grouting.

Soil Mixing.

Deep Densification (vibro compaction, deep dynamic compaction)

Blast-induced Compactions.

Preloading/Surcharging.

Stone Column :-

Stone Column is a ground improvement technique applied to improve the load bearing
capacity and reduce the settlement of the soil. It is also called as granular columns or
granular piles. This technique is also known as vibro replacement.

Jet Grouting :-

Jet grouting or high pressure grouting is an erosion-based grouting

technique using a high-pressure jet of grout to break up the soil structure
and simultaneously mix the loosened soil with a cement grout to form so-
called 'soilcrete' (grouted soil - cement soil) column-shaped bodies,
panels or half-columns.

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 Chemical and Permeation Grouting :-

1. Cement Grouting

2. Soil permeation grouting

3. Chemical grouting

Compaction Grouting :-

Low mobility (compaction) grouting is the injection of a low slump,

mortar grout to densify and reinforce soil or fill subsurface voids.
Hayward Baker has led the industry in low mobility grouting since
developing the compaction grouting technique over five decades ago.

Soil Mixing :-

Jetting of slurry can be also used to enhance mechanical mixing. Wet Soil
Mixing is the mechanical blending of in situ soil with slurry grout using a
soil mixing tool. Mixing creates mass or column soilcement (soilcrete),
used for soil stabilization, as earth support, or as foundation support.

Deep Densification :-

Deep Soil Densification for Shallow Foundations. ... Some form of soil
stabilization would be required to improve the relative density of loose
soils and to control settlements. Surficial compaction methods do not
achieve the required densification beyond a depth of about 1 m below the
surface.

Preloading/Surcharging. :-
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 Preload is a mechanical engineering term with several meanings. In the
general sense, it refers to the internal application of stress to certain
mechanical systems.

4.2 Nature of Poor Soil :-

Natural soil is both a complex and variable material. Due to this nature, when
the soil is subjected to loading problems like, high compressibility, differential
settlements, low bearing capacity are inferred. When the site preferred for the
construction purpose, does not meet the required engineering properties, the soil
has to be improved. Depending upon the site requirements and to meet the
required engineering properties, there are many ground improvement techniques
that can be adopted in the field.

The subsoil consists of 2 to 3 m thicksilty sand followed by 17 m thick soft clay

(tipresistance of 0.3 MPa to 0.6 MPa) and this is followedby 3 m thick loose
sand. Following this layer, 13 mthicksilty clay layer is found (tip resistance of
0.6 to1.2 MPa). This layer is followed by very stiff to hardclay layers or dense
sand layers.

4.3 Types ofSoil :-

Loose Silty Sands

It is a combination of the two are susceptible to liquefaction during earthquake excitations.

Loose silty sand is of concern for all structures in general, but of particular concern for
petrochemical facilities such as LNG tanks and chemical plants.

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 Soft and Ultra Soft Silts (Slimes)

These are man-made deposits as a result of ex-mining activities and normally

pose problems with regard to bearing capacity and stability because of their very low shear
strength (typically between 5 and 10 kPa). A typical example with ultra soft silts is shown in
Figure fromKajang Ring Road Interchange H site (Kajang, Malaysia).

Soft and Ultra Soft Marine Clays

These are natural deposits commonly discovered in coastal regions. These

deposits always having problems with regard to bearing capacity, stability and long-term
consolidation and creep settlements because of their very low shear strength (typically
between 6 and 12 kPa), high sensitivity, low permeability and high plasticity. A typical
example with ultra soft marine clays is shown in Figure from Shah Alam Expressway
Interchange Kebun site (Klang, Malaysia).

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 Garbage Fills

A shortage of land often results in the necessity to build over former landfills. These are
shrinkageble in nature and could result in excessive settlements. Figure shows details of
such a fill with a thickness of 6m overlying a soft clay deposit to 14 m depth in Penang,
Malaysia. These fills and the underlying soft clay was treated using dry vibro replacement for
the construction of the Jelutong expressway with embankment heights of 4 to 7m supported
by RE walls.

4.4 Suitability of Stone Column Method

SCT is Suitable in various types of soil :-

a. Loose Soil
b. Week Soil
c. Cohesive Soil
d. Sandy Soil

4.5 Installation Guidelines

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A. Non Displacement Method

The process of installation where soil is taken out during boring called non
displacement type of installation.

1) Bored Rammed System: These stone columns are used in cohesive soils.
In this method, a casing pipe is used to remove the cohesive soil protecting
the sides of the bore, thus less disturbance to the nearby soil. The stones are
fed into the bore and rammed to a greater diameter as the casing pipe is
withdrawn. These columns achieve their strength by the lateral restraint
offered by the nearby soil. Stone column is therefore very essential that the
shear strength of the nearby soil not be reduced by the construction of the
stone column. Hence, the stone column technique could be adopted in clays
of low sensitivity. These columns also act as drainage paths to accelerate
settlements under loading.

B. Displacement Method

If the soil is laterally displaced while making the hole due to dbriving of a
tube or a casing, it is the displacement type of boring.

1) Vibro Replacement Method: In this method, first of all create the

borehole in the ground and compaction of granular fill backfilled in the hole
is done mechanically using a mechanical unit called vibrofloat. Stone
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 columns may be constructed with the help of vibrofloat either by Wet
process, which is suitable for soft to firm soil with high water table condition
where borehole stability is questionable, or by dry process which is suitable
for soils of relatively high initial strength with low water table, where the
hole can stand of its own upon extraction of the probe, such as unsaturated
fills.

4.5.1 Stone feeding Method

Top Feed Method (Wet Feed Method)

Bottom Feed Method (Dry Feed Method)

4.5.1.1 Top Feed Method

In this method, the poker is completely taken after initial penetration to the
design depth. Stone (12-75mm in size) is then tipped into the hole in managed
volumes from the ground surface allowing it to fall under gravity to the
bottom side of hole. The column is compacted in layers (the stone is forced
downwards and outwards) through continued penetration and withdrawal of
the poker. This method is suitable if the hole formed by the poker will remain
open during construction of the column.

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 Penetration
First of all setup the equipments at the site or on the ground.Then
after penetration is required by using Vibroprobe to the required depth by
vibration and jetting action of water.

Installation
Adding coarse aggregate or gravel through the washed out annular
space alongside the Vibroprobe creates the stone column.

Completion
After installation we have to level surface and roller compacted.

Where to Use the Wet Top Feed Stone Column Method ?

It is required where the compaction of sandy and gravelly layers and

these layers are located above the water table. Compaction is generally
best accomplished with the wet method than with the dry method, as
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 the flushing water assists in compaction of the sandy soil around the
column.

It is required where separately clean stone columns are required. The

flushing water cleans the stone columns during installation.

If there are no contaminants in the soil and the soil is not a highly plastic
clay increasingly to the problem face of handling the mud in the process
water.

Where the installation setup crew has sufficient experience in the more
demanding installation methodology.

4.5.1.2 Bottom Feed Method

The gravel may be filled from a rig-mounted hopper through a permanent

delivery tube along the side of the poker, which bends inwards and permit the
stone to exit at the poker tip. This process requires a smaller grade of stone (2-
45mm). By remaining in the ground during construction of column, the poker
cases its own hole and hence is suited to ground with a high water table or

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running sand conditions. The process of this method is called vibro-replacement
and dry top/bottom feed process is called vibro displacement.

Penetration

First of all setup the equipments on the ground and the vibroflot penetrates
with the help of vibration and air flushing. Sometimes less amount of water
lubrication is useful to overcome high friction from the soils.

Installation

The gravel are introduced via a tremie pipe along the vibroflot and the aid of
pressurized air.

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 Completion

After installation the vibroflot is frequently moving up and down for the
purpose of make a form and compact a column. Thereby, the nearby ground is
horizontally compressed and improved. The column is able to support high
vertical loads.

Advantages of the Bottom Feed Stone Column Method

The filling of stones to the column is mechanically managed and

automatically recorded.
The material volumes installed can be doubtlessly allocated to desire
depth levels.
Lesser soil is transported to the surface, which results in a lower gravel
consumption, since the necessary lateral confining pressure around the
gravel column can be reached with less gravel.
Handling is not required for mud on the site.
The loss of surface gravel is reduced to a maximum of 2%, compared to
around 5% for the wet method.

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 Chapter: 5 DESING ENGEERING CANVAS

5.1 AEIOU SUMMARY

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5.2 EMPATHY MAPPING

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5.3 IDEANAUTIDEATION CANVAS

5.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

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 REFERENCES

1.Balaam, N.P. and Booker, J.R. (1981). Analysisof Rigid Rafts Supported by Granular Piles.
International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol. 5, pp
379-403

2Priebe, H.J. (1995), The Design of Vibro Replacement, Ground Engineering,

December 1995, pp. 31-37.

3 Topolnicki, M. 2004. In-situ Soil Mixing, Ground Improvement (2nd Edition), Edited
by Moseley, M.P. and Kirsch, K, Spon
Press. 2004, pp. 331-428.

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