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    © All Rights Reserved
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    43 views26 pages

    03 - Soil Mechanic Craig

    Uploaded by

    AlessandroAleotti
    Soil Mechanic Craig

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26
    Consolidation theory 1.1 INTRODUCTION 3, consoldation isthe graduat reduction in rom permeability due to drainage of til the excess pore ess hes completely de eae is that of one-dimensional consolidation, in, ins implicit. The process of swe \ mn settlement will result, for exemple, if a structure is yer of saturated clay or if the wa working from a benchmark which is not ightest settlement. Every opportunity should be taken of obtain- ing settlement data as it is only through such measurements that the adequacy of theoretical methods can be assessed, ‘THE OEDOMETER TEST Fig. 7.1. The cedometer. 122 THE OEDOMETER TEST The characteristics ouafowaut swe 1 by means of the 0 sho tion though on oe Specimen it In the form of tse, held fide 9 metal Between two porous stones, "The upper porous atone, wich can move inside the rng with a smal Clearances fred below « metal ondng cap through which pressure can be applied to the specimen. The whole assembly at in'an open cll of water t which the pore watt inthe specimen has fee acts. The dng cooing the epecinen may be eter strain onthe specimen, the Ko, the coefficient of specimen under pressure is measured by means of a dial pauge operating on the loading cap. standardized in BS 1377 (Part) he oedometer shall be of the fixed ring ty ‘cases a period of observed at suitable intervals during this period, increment period, when the excess pore water pressure has completely dissipated, the applied pressure equals the effective vertical stress the specimen, The results are presented by plotting the thickness (or J [2] 246 (CONSOLIDATION THEORY | [az Jo I Fig. 7.2. Phase diagram. percentage change 3f each increm Fig. 7.2, the two methods of call YT), |. i ickness) of the specimen or the voi erring to the phase diggram in are as follows. (1) Water content measured at end of test = Void ratio at end of te ‘Thickness of specimen at Ee Void (assuming S, = 100%) = Hy= MAG py 0.2) Fig. 72 Void rao-etfectve stress relationship. Compressibility characteristics don, against effective stress 7.3, the plots showing an consolidated clay is linear (or very nedrly so) and is called the virgin ‘compression ine. If clay is overconsolidated its state will be represented by a point on the expansion or recompression parts of the e-logo’ plot. ‘The recompression curve ultimately joins the virgin compression line: further compression then cccats along the virgin line. During com- ie continuously take place and the clay ructure during expansion. The plots show less compressible lidated state. 3y can be represented by one of the following coefficients. (2) The coeffci ‘of volume compressibility (m,), defined as the volume volume per unit inerease in effective stress. The units of im, are the inverse of prosture (m/MN). The volume change may be ‘expressed in terms of either void ratio or specimen thickness. If, for an increase in effective stress from 2% 10 o1, the void ratio decreases from ¢ to ey, then: 248 | [ DATION THEORY, Sees |=] 03) 4) the e-logo" plot can be approximated to a straight we slope of which is referred to as the expansion index C,. Preconsolldation pressure Casagrande proposed an empitical construction to obtain from the in the pas Fig. 7.4 shows a typi ly overconsolidated. The part (AB) of the curve. 3. Draw the tangent 4. The vei CB produced gives the approximate value of the preconsol pressure Fig. 74 Determination of preconsoidation pressure. ‘will not usually be great if the effective vertical stress remains below oy only if 2% is exceeded will compression be large. jpling and preparation the specimen in an ly disturbed. Tt has been increase in the degree of specimen disturbance resul 0.42 ¢9. In the case of overconsolidated clays the in-situ condition is represented by the point (G) having coordinates o} and ey, where a} is the present effective overburden pressure. The in-situ recompression curve can be =) ——eoncauaamon misorr ‘THE OEDOMETER TEST 25 Fig. 7.5. Initu ¢-fog 0" curve approximated to nt line GH parallel to the mean slope of the Inboratory recompression curve, Example 7.1 ‘The following compression readings were obtained in an cedometer test on a specimen of saturated clay (G, = 2.73): preconsolidation increments 100-200 Cofor the Vois Voie Now, G, = 0.198 x 2.73 = 0.541 e+ he be Lhe _L+e+he aH” Hy He 7 Pressure (kNim’) AH (mm) bet 0 ° ° oat 4 023 Ons 0.856 aw osm 00s gat 24 ez 00g) 0.802 ‘9 LSst 04540737 556 239202380683 116 3a¢ 031 0.560 3432 4230 nate 0.67 0 3500 0380 O54 oF tin?) Fig. 7.6 | Be LS Be 3520 19.00 Ae = 0.350 = 0.541 + 0.350 = 0.891 In general the relationship between Ae and AM is given by: be _ 1.891 aH” 19.0 (CONSOLIDATION THEARY ] JEMENT ONE-DIMENSIONAL METHOD —_|| 250 [a] i.e. be = 0.09964H, and can be used to obtain the void ratio et the end cof each increment period (see Table 7.1). The e-loga' curve using these values is shown in Fig. 7.6. Using Casagrande's construction the value of the preconsolidation pressure is 325 kNim?. nd of = 200kNim?, ey = 0.845 and e = 0.808 and therefore 037 a me = gig gg = 20 «104 mPIRN = 0.200 For aj = 1000kN/ of = 15004 e~0.632 and e = 0.577 and therefore 055 Sap = 67 10S = 0.067 tM = 0632 = 0577 _ 0.055 _ 5 4, Ce = jog (1500/1000) ~ 0.176 Note that will be the same for any stress range on the linear part of the 73 CONSOLIDATION SHTTLEMENT: ONE-DIMENSIONAL METHOD In order to estimate consolidation settlement, the value of either the coefficient of volume compressibility or the compression index is re- 4quited. Consider a layer of saturated clay of thickness Hf: due to construc- tion the total vertical stress in an elemental layer of thickness dz at depth the clay layer. After the com solidation an equal increase Ao" in effective vertical stress place cortesponding to a stress inerease from 2 £0 0 at void ratio from ey to ¢; on the ea’ curve. The redu unit volume of clay can be written in terms of void AV _e~e Va he in volume per Since the lateral strain is Therefore, by proportion, the settlement of the layer of I be given by 1 e = (2=8)(4= Vaso Trey = m,Aa'de ds. de where 5, = consolidation settlement. ‘The settlement of the layer of thickness H is given by en [race Atm, and Ae are assumed constant with depth, then sem melt 06 a= foun ay or, in the case of a nor ly consolidated clay, = Gelog atlas) Leo a (78) In order to teke into account the vasiation of m, and/or Aa’ with depth, the graphical procedure shown in Fig, 7.8 can be used to determine s.. =] ORROEIDATION TRBSRY ‘SEVILEMENT BY THE SKEMPTON—BJERRUM METHOD 25 [ee 25m Sand represents the variation Wi ind the area under Example 72 A building is supported on pressure (assumed to be uniformly di 3s shown in Fig. 7.9. The value of m for the clay is 0.35 m?/MN, the final settlement under the centre of the raft due to con- solidation of the clay. The clay layer is thin relative to the dimensions of the raft, and therefore it can be assumed that consolidation is approximately one- i= 0.140 Ao! = 4 x.0.140 x 125 = 70kNim? = mybo'H = 0.35 x 70 x 4 = 98mm 14 SETTLEMENT BY THE SEEMPTON-BJERRUM METHOD Predictions of consolidation seitlement using the one-dimensional method are based on the results of oedometer tests of the clay. Due to the confining ring the net water pressure will depend on the in-situ stress conditions and the value of the pore pressure coeflicient A (which will not be equal to unity). in which the later the Skempton-Bjerrum met tion on clay is given by [22] the total settlem rants (CONSOLIDATION THEORY 251 ob doy = c+ dead t (0) tecatyy serloosg where Aa, and Ags are the total principal loading. From Equation 7.9 itis seen that = Ao; IA = 1. The value of A depends Is and the stress system. fore loading, immediately after loading Sey rprcoed bs Be. 7.10 nd th ep B and C respective Hoes) pees Fig. TUL Stress paths pore water press drained value (0. plication could involve er fowever, the value of excess pore water the method. ion settlement (equal to the total settlement sors freer 80 = 09 ‘where Hf is the thickness of the clay layer. By the Skempton—Bjerrum ‘method, consol expressed ja the form: > [mana +A —ay]ae Atetetent coetcient is introduce, such that = bs 10) [=] ‘CONSOLIDATION THEORY SETTLEMENT BY THE SKEMPTON- BJERRUM METHOD 259 where { , wsoi[a + (hasiho: a= ¥ Pouterse -4)] a I it can be assumed that bbe used in analysis) and A are constant with depth (sublayers ean can be expressed as; w At Ale ay where. i ode Taking Poisson’s ratio under undrained the loaded at dimensions of theory ‘The value of i correspond to the pressure coefficient A obtained from the results of a tri saturated clay dusing loading ‘oot can obtained by sing foe pes coefficient A,, where Ag = 0.8654 + 0.211 symmet for a being unchanged. ‘Values of the settlement coefficient 1, for circular and strip footings, in Equation 7.11 for the case of & terms of A and the ratio of layer thickness/breadth of footing (Hl ig. 7.12. s of are typically within the following ranges: Example 23 AA footing 6m square, carrying a net pressure of 160kN/m®; is located at 2 depth of 2m in a deposit of stiff clay 17m thick: a firm stratum lies immediately below the clay. From oedometer tests on specimens of the clay the value of my was found to be 0.13m2/MN and from triaxial tests the value of A was found to be 0.35. The undrained Young's modulus for the clay is estimated to be SSMNim?. Determine the total settlement under the centre of the footing. Layer 2 ome 1 1s 200 0.2 2 435° 067 Oat 3 73 040 0.060 4 Ws 028 0.083 5 BS 022 om mm Sis. Now Hib = 1515 = 2.8 DIB = 216 = 038 UB=1 w= 095 and = 0.55 Hence n= on a= non tt 1x6 _ = 095 x 055 x O26 ) Consolidation settlement. In Table 7.2 Aa! = 4x 160 xf, Soa = 0.3 X Aa! X3= 0.3940 (aim) Now, Hos B67 7? (Equivalent diameter = 6.71m) A= 0.35 ‘Hence, from Fig. 7.12, a= 035 Then 5 = 0.55 * 116.6 = 64mm Total settlement = 5; + 5 = 9466 = 73mm 18 THE STRESS PATH METHOD In this method it is recognized that sol deformation is dependent on the stress path followed prior to the Gina state of stress. The stress path for a (neglecting the decrease stress patlis for consolidat Skempton—Bjerrum metho paths for a number of stony tests are run, se along the ) during the test are then used to obtain for a layer of thickness H: = fi ade (7.12) the settlement, Insite pore water pressure conditions and partial drainage during the construction period can be simulated if desired. As an example, Fig. 7.14 shows a soil element under a circular storage tank and the effective stress path and corresponding vertical uundrained loading (ab), consolidation (be), undrained unloading (cd) and ‘swelling (de) are simulated Tae STE PTH METEOD | (aa 26 CONSOLIDATION THEORY "TERZAGHIS THEORY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOUDATION 268 “The stress path method. ISCE, 93, No. SM6, by pe 18 DEGREE OF CONSOMDATION For an clement ‘and ¢ = void ra the end of consolidation, and e = void If the ¢-0" curve is assumed ineer over the stress range in question, as shown in Fig. 7.15, the degree of consolidation can be expressed in terms of increase in effective vertical stress is equal numerically to the excess pore water pressure. Ifo’ and i. are the values of effective and excess pore water pressure at any time during the con C= cbt ua olt he “The degree of consolidation can then be expressed as: moe U= Me ry cy (7.13) 112 TERZAGHIS THEORY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION ‘The assumptions made in the theory are: 4, The so is homogeneous. id water are incompressible. (CONSOLIDATION THEORY "TERZAGHIS THEORY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION, ability end the coefficient of volume com- tant throughout the process ue relationship, independent of time, between void ive stress Regarding assumption 6, there is evidence of deviation from Darcy's Jaw at low hydraulic gradients. Regarding ion 7, the coefficient of io decreases during consolidation. ity also decreases during con is nonlinear. However, for small reasonable. The maia limitations of ite one-dimensional nature) arise from show that 1, The excess pore water pressure (i) 2. The ) below the top of the clay layer. neous application of a layer i = Aa is applied ¢o the element, ‘The flow velocity through the element Since aay change in total head (/) is due only to a change in pore water pressure: (7.14) ‘The rate of volame change can be expressed in terms of my Wao! dedyde transferred to the soil skeleton, 8 the excess pore water pressure decreases, Hence the rate of volume change can be expressed as av Be, om Bededy te 19 Combining Equation 7.34 and 7.15, A rm Ste» # Ba being defined as the coeffi mye: consolidation, =m for O0 ‘The solution for the excess pore water pressure at depth 2 after time ¢ EG fomt) ots) oo “29 om where d = length of longest drainage path, and 1, ~ intial excess pore See we iat ‘San hugo! dy yr ex S28 — comin!) en (-ZE) cay ‘When n fs even, (1 — cos ma) = 0, and when m is odd, (1 ~ cas na) = 2, Only odd values of n are therefore relevant and itis convenient to make the substitutions: ne mm+t a M-Lam+ tis also convenient to substitute ues 0.20) «dienes vue ced the Hin fo Exton 79 then boomer SA(eol!)eocwen an ‘The progress of con mn can be shown by plotting » series of ferent values of 1. Such curves are called and the drainage condition both the upper and lower bu= cont] i SS ont | ee Half closed Inver 10.3 sH0.7 20.08 sta T=0 fe ig. 747 Isochrones. CONSOLIDATION THEORT j 8 haifelosed layer. Examples of isochrones ace shown in Fig. 7.17. In pat (a of the figure the iil distribution of, 's constant and for an open layer of thickness 2d the isochrones are symmetrical about the centre line. The upper half of this diagram also represents the case of a halfclosed layer of thickness d. The slope of an isochrone at any depth gives the hydraulic gradient and also indicates the disection of fow. In parts (b) and (c) of the Sigure, with a triangular of Row changes over certain parts of the joundary is impermeable and for a time ing takes place in the lower part of the layer. a at depth z and time ¢ can be obtained by on 7.21) in Equation 7.13, giving In practical problems it isthe average degree of consolidation (C) over the depth ofthe layer a8 « whole thot i of interest, the consolidation feltlement at time f being given by the product of U and the final settlement. The average degree of consolidation at time f for constant is given by fs 7 mea 21-5 power) ) ‘The relationship between U/ and T, given by Equation 7.23 is represented by curve 1 in Fig. 7.18. Equation 7.23 ean be represented almost exactly by the following empirical equations: for U< 060, T= FU (7.248) for U>0.60, T, = -0.933t0g(1 ~ U) ~ 0.085 (7.240) is not constant the average degree of consolidation is given by owe (7.23) Fig. 7.18, Relationships between average degree of consolidation snd ten factor, [20}| DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION an (CONSOLIDATION THEORY uve (ty Cuvett) cure (t) (3) Open ays Fig. 7.9 18 DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION Tuya of fora pa the experimental cing referred that once the value of c, has been determined, the coefficient of permeability can be calculated from Equation 7.17, the oedometer test being a useful method for obtaining the permeability of a clay. The log time method (due to Casagrande) ‘The forms of the experimental aud theoretical curves are shown in Fig. 7.20. The experimental curve is obtained by plotting the dial gauge readings in the cedomet ‘part of the curve represénts an appr mately parabolic relationship betweer ir 7.20) for which the values are in the ratio of 4:1, and the vertical distance between them is m lured. Aa equal distance set off above the first point fixes the poi corresponding to U = 0. As a check the procedure should be repea inly to the compression of of saturation being marg below 100% corresponding to U = 100% parts of the curve. The is called primary consol that compression of the soil continues at 2 very slow rate for an inde period of time and is ealled secondary compression. jonding to U = 50% can be located midway between the a, and ay points and the corresponding time tay obtained. The value ‘of T, corresponding to U = 50% is 0.196 and the coefficient of con- solidation is given by (7.26) average test temperature, x, correction factors being z . 2 = == ‘_ f Fs ES i ef 7 = ae ; = 4 ———— , = == oy tt a aa ie < roy a (us pens 96mg ‘9 min} Mig. 7120 ‘The log time method, DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION VE (rin) Fig. 7.21. The rot time method, ‘The root time method (due to Taylor) Fig. 7.21 shows the forms of the experimental and th dial gauge readings being plowed against the squa ‘minutes and the average degree of consolidation ag of time factor. The theoretical curve is linear up solidation and at 90% consolidation the abscissa (A¢ abscissa (AB) of the production of the linear part of the eurve. This [ze] aes TDETERANATION OF COEFFICIENT GF CONSOLIDATION constant reese unbot jack Drainage fb Porous pate Specinen corresponding to U = 90% given by 2 oF = ou en Pore ate Rig. 7.22 Hydraulic oedometer. ion) on the experimental curve corresponding to * ne rimary consolidation, can be obtained by pro- In-situ value of cy those predicted us values of ¢, obtained from the results of oedometer tests on small speck mens (¢.g. 75mm diameter x 20mm thick). Rowe [16] has shown that such discrepancies are due to the influence of the clay macro-fabric on Other methods of determining ¢, have been proposed by Neylor and Doras [14}, Scott [19] and Cour ‘not represented accurately in a small oedometer specimen ‘The compression ratios permeability of such a specimen will be lower than the mass pe 7 In cases where fabric effects are significant, more realistic v o the compression due can be obtained by means of the hydraulic oedometer developed by canbe expressed Rowe and Barden [17] and manufactured for a range of specimen sae, Specimens 250mm in diameter by 100mm thick are considered large | enough to represent the natural macro-abric of most cays: values of (7.28) 1 is size have been shown to be Initial compression ratio: ry = (7.29) Primary ied to the specimen by means of wa s across a convoluted rubber jack. The system used to apply 10(a, = gn) (7.30) ‘must be capable of compensating for pressure changes due to leakage (a0 a) and specimen volume change. Compression of the specimen is measured Secondary compression ratio: ry = 1 ~ (re + %) a1) by means of a central spindle passing through a sealed housing in the Primary compression ratio (root time): rp = [zs] [ CONSOLIDATION THEORY DETERMINATION OF COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION an] top plate of the oedometer. Drainage from the specimen can be either vertical or radial, Pore water pressure can be measured during the test and back pressure may be applied to the specimen. The ap also be used for be determined directly. Methods of are specified in BS 1377 (Patt 6). Secondary compression theory itis implied by assumption 8 that a change in due entirely to a change in effective stress brought about by sipntion of excess pore water pressure, with permeability alone jie dependency of the process. However, experim of adsorbed water takes place particles to move closer together. The viscosity ies move closer, resulting in a deccease inthe rate of com- i presumed that primary consolidation and Secondary compression proceed simultaneously from the time of loading. ‘The rate of secondary compression in the oedometer test can De defined by the slope (C,) of the final part of the compression log time curve, measured a8 the unit compression over one decade on the log clays. For certain highly plastic clays and organic clays the secondary compression part of the compression-log time curve may completely ‘mask the primary consolidation part. For a particular soil the magnitude ff secondary compression over a given time, ax a percentage of the total compression, increases as the ratio of pressure increment tude of secondary compression also in- cess of the oedometer specimen decreases and a5 ion characteristics fesult of the considerable decrease in void uundet constant effective st since sedimentation. These , although normal ‘8 quasi-preconsolidation pressure. It has been shown that pro additional applied pressure is less than approximately 50% of the ference between the quasi-preconsolidation pressure and the efe overburden pressure the resultant settlement wil be relatively smal Example 7.4 “The following compression readings were taken during an oedometer test ona saturated cay specimen (G, = 2.73) wi the applied pressure was increased from 214 t0 429 kN/ od b 1 bh 4 9 6 os Gauge (mm) 5.00 As} 462 453 441 428 401 3.75 3.49 Time(min) 3649s Lt 200 4m 144 Gauge (mm) 328 3.15 3.06 3.00 2.95 284 2.76 261 Aer 1440 min the thickness of the specimen was 13.60 mm and the water 1¢ and the root time plots and the ratios. Determine also the value of the coefficient ‘Total change in thickness during increment = 5.00 ~ 2.61 = 2.39mm ing increment = 13.60 + 2.39/2 = 14.80_mm d= 14.8072 = 740mm From the log time plot (Fig. 7.29), t= 12.5min (CORRECTION FOR CONSTRUCTION PERIOD 210 ae | (CONSOLIDATION THEORY 0.196d" _ 0.196 x 7.40? 1440 x 365 7 eS 238 — o45miyear 5.00 — 4.29 no a” O88 4.79 = 2.98 = so—26 977 ry = 1 = (0.088 + 0.757) = 0.155 From the root time plot (Fig, 7.21) Vigo = 7.30, and therefore ty = 533m 0.84 _ 0.848 x 7.40? | 1440 x 365 4 0 Ee = Os iyo jy w 500 = 4.81 °° 500-261 10(4.81 — 3. (5.00 = 2.61) r= 1 ~ (0.080 + 0.785) = 0.135 In order to determine the permeability, the value of m, must be calealeted, ne = 0785 6, = WG, = 0.359 X 2,73 = 0.98 Initial void ratio: ¢» =e + Ae Now, eee AH be 198 + Ae 2391598 Therefore e=0.38 and ep = 1.33 Now. Coetficient of permeabil k= catia 0.45 x 0.70 x 9.8 Gx 1440 x 365 x 10" = 10 x 10“ mis 1.9 CORRECTION FOR CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ‘Terzaghi proposed an em ‘time-settlement curve ‘The net load (P" zero. Iti assumed that the n ig. 7.23) and that the degree of consolidation the load P" had been acting as a constant load for the periad (2. Thus load then acting is not the total load, the value of settlement so obtained ust be reduced in the proportion of that load to the total load, I be the instantaneous curve offset by half the ef ition period. Thus at any time after the end of construction long period of time the magnitude of settlement is not appreciably affected by the construction time. Example 7.5 ‘A layer of clay 8m thick lies between two layer layer extends from grou sand. The upper sand table being jometric level being 6m above ground level. te = OO4mEMN and cy 1mAljear. As a result of pumping fom the artesian layer the piezometric level falls by 3m over a period of 2 years, Draw the time-settlement curve due to consolidation of the clay for a peziod of 5 years from the start of pumping. In this case, consolidation is due only to the change in pore water pa] ee GEERT FOR CETRICTON PSD Fig. 7.24 S47 mba! = 094 x 147 x 8 = 10mm « ‘The clay layer is open, and therefore d= 4m. For ¢= 5 years, et weg 14x = = 0.437 From curve 1, Fig. 7.18, the corresponding value of mnship a series of values is necessary to consider only the value of Aa" of the layer. ig times calculated from the time factor ain the value of m, it would have been necessary equation: the corresponding values of settlement (s,) are given by the id final values of effective vertical stress in the product of U and s,. (See Table 7.3.) The plot of s, against ¢ gives the ‘instantaneous’ curve. Terzaghi's method of correction for the 2 year er, Aa! = Sy = 14.7 kN/m The final period over which pumping takes place is then carried out as shown in settlement is given by: Fig. 7.2. ‘CONSOLIDATION THEORY Table 7.3 Fig, 7.28 Example 76 ‘An 8m depth of sand o impermeable (units kX/mn#} can be represented by the equation Over 8 period to be dumped on weight of the ler 2 period of 3 years from the start of yet of sand, freely draining, existed 1.5m above the layer, what would be the values of the final and 3 year the fil covers a wide area, the problem can be considered to be dimensional. The consolidation settlement will be ealeulated in terms of Cy, considering the cay layer as a whole, and therefore the intial and final values of effective vertical stress atthe cente ofthe clay layer sre required. 2 = (17 X 2) + (92 x 6) + (10.2 x 3) = 119.8KNin? fq = 0.88 ~ 0.32]0g1.198 = 0.88 ~ 0.025 = 0.855, a] = 119.8 + (8 x 20) = 179.8KNie? 179.8 Jog Figg 7 O17 5] [=] [ COMOUDATION THEORY | NUMERICAL SOLUTION | [ees rent is ealeulated from Equation 7.8 0.32 x 0.176 x 6000 f= Te = stm fn the caleuta 1e degree of ‘dumping, the corrected value of pesiod is t=3—$=25 yens ‘The layer is half-cfosed, and therefore d = 6m. Then yw St = AOKDS vege point of view of drainage there is now an open layer of thickness 4.5. (d = 2.25m) above & sed layer of thickness 1.5m (d = 1.5m): ayers are numbered 1 and 2 cespectively iy proportion, é T,, = 0.0875 x 535 = 0.622 ui = 0182s and 1, = 0.0815 x = 140 . is th=097 Now for each layer, c= Us, which is proportional to UH. Hence if Tis the overall degree of consolidation for the two layers combined: 430; + LSU; = 607 Le. (4.5 x 0.825) + (15 x 0.97) = 6.00. Henee T= 0.86 and the 3 year settlement is: Se 0.86 x 182 = 157mm lg. 7.27 Depth-time grid 110 NUMERICAL SOLUTION and the solution is easily programmed for the computer. ‘The method is based on a depth—time grid as shown in Fig. 7.27. The epth of the clay layer is divided into m equal parts of any specified period of time is divided into n eqt position of the point being denoted by #(0-

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