Overcurrent Relay Curve Modeling and Its

Application in the Real Industrial Power Systems

Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
1,2
Anang Tjahjono 1
Dimas Okky Anggriawan, 1Ardyono Priyadi, 1Margo
1
Department of Electrical Engineering Pujiantara and 1Mauridhi Hery Purnomo
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember priyadi@ee.its.ac.id, hery@ee.its.ac.id
2
Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya
Indonesia
anang.tj@pens.ac.id

Abstract Create an accurate model with over-current relays
(OCRs) play an important role in the coordination of power
system protection. Modeling of the OCR using methods like the
direct data storage and software models gave only approximate
models. Moreover, modeling based on mathematical models is
not appropriate to deal with ill-defined and uncertain systems.
Therefore, in this paper proposes modeling of OCRs using
adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). ANFIS is
developed using different numbers and types of membership
functions (MFs). Each MF is implemented using training and
checking data. The load current and time of opening of the
circuit breaker are used as input and output in the ANFIS
training. ANFIS, which is developed in the OCR curve model
using sample data from protection coordination, is implemented
in Hess Indonesia Corporation. Different types of MFs are to
obtain the optimal design of OCR curves. The result of ANFIS in
the OCR curve modeling is accurate and encouraging; thus, the
ANFIS model can be used in digital relays and applied
successfully in the real systems. In all cases, ANFIS models using
30 Gbell-type MFs yields a very minimum average percentage
error of 0.028419 %.
speed device [5]. In the digital relay, modeling of the OCR
curve uses digital computer in two methods: the direct data
storage and software models [6],[7],[8],[9]. However, these
methods suffer from problems, such as they require a large
amount of data in the memory under different settings. The
IEEE standard C37.112 does not require mathematical
representation from equations obtained by standard OCR
modeling [4].
In industrial power systems, the OCR curves are based on
the IEC standard, and the curves can overlap with one another
during the coordination process because the load demand in
industrial applications is very complex and the variation in the
OCR curve is large. This problem can cause erroneous
tripping operations. According to the IEC standard, OCR
curves with equation representation cannot change the curve
shape if intersection among the OCR curves occurs. Further,
modeling based on mathematical equations is not appropriate
to deal with ill-defined and uncertain systems [10],[11],[12].

Keywordsovercurrent relay curve, protection, ANFIS A fuzzy inference system can be used to solve complex
and uncertain problems such as classification, database
I. INTRODUCTION management, automatic control, modeling, time-series
prediction and signal processing but a fuzzy inference system
Coordination of protection plays an important role in
uses the human-determined for transforming human
power systems. Protection is designed to ensure continuity of
knowledge or experience into the rule base and database of a
electric power supply. Protection re1quires analysis of load
fuzzy inference system. Moreover, a fuzzy inference system
flow and short circuit for protective relay setting. Overcurrent
requires an effective method for tuning the membership
relays (OCRs) are more commonly used for power system
functions (MFs) so that they can minimize the output error or
protection than other relay types. OCR sends information to
maximize the performance index is not needed. Therefore, a
the circuit breaker (CB) to disconnect the affected area of a
fuzzy inference system are rarely optimal in terms of
fault. In industrial power systems, OCRs use two protective
reproducing the desired outputs. On the other hand, neural
device types, namely, primary and backup protective devices,
network can be applied to the modeling of OCR curves, but
to minimize equipment damage. Therefore, good coordination
computational effort is required in modeling. Therefore, an
of OCR relay protection is important to protect equipment
adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is proposed to
from faults. The International Electrotechnical Commission
model the OCR curves. ANFIS is an integration of neural
(IEC) standard has adopted four OCR curves for protection
network and fuzzy logic. MFs and rule base are learned by a
coordination, such as normal inverse, very inverse, extremely
neural network to obtain accurate modeling
inverse, and long-time inverse curves [1],[2],[3],[4].
[13],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18],[19].
Recently, modern power system protection has adopted
The focus of this study is to model the OCR curves using
digital relays as a protective device. The digital relay
ANFIS as applied in the industrial power system in Hess
implements digital signal processor (DSP) to increase
Indonesia Corporation. Protection coordination is performed
reliability and flexibility of protection because DSP is a high-
using the longest line of a single-line diagram in the Hess

978-1-4799-6092-7/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE

Indonesia Corporation. Thus, five types of OCRs (R-ACB-02, O 2 , i = wi = Ai ( x ) Bi ( y ), i = 1,2 (4)
R-VCB-13, R-VCB-11, R-VCB-09, and R-VCB-03) are
obtained. ANFIS is developed from this model using the The every node output represents the firing strength of a rule.
sample data (R-ACB-02, R-VCB-13, R-VCB-1, R-VCB-09,
and R-VCB-03). The results under different numbers and Layer 3: every node in this layer is fixed node. The I th
types of MFs are compared to obtain the optimal OCR curve node calculates the ratio of the I th rules firing strength to
design. the sum of all rules firing strength. Equation in the third layer
is shown as follow:
II. OCR CURVE MODELING
wi
A. ANFIS Architecture O3,i = wi = , i = 1,2 (5)
w1 + w2
Adaptive network as a fundamental framework for
adaptive fuzzy inference systems is introduced. This type of For convenience, the every node output in this layer represents
networks is referred as ANFIS or adaptive neuro fuzzy normalized firing strengths.
inference system. In this section, will describe the ANFIS
architecture and learning algorithm using the sugeno fuzzy Layer 4, every node is an adaptive node with a node
model. function. Equation in the fourth layer is shown as follow:

For simplicity, ANFIS architecture is assumed with two O4, i = wi fi = wi ( pi x + qi y + ri ) (6)

inputs x and y and one output z. With sugeno fuzzy model, the
rule assemblage can be expressed as follows: Where wi is the normalized firing strengths from layer 3 and
Rule 1: if x is A1 and y is B1, (pi,qi,ri) are the parameter sets of this node. Parameters will be
referred as consequent parameters.
then f1=p1x+q1y+r1,
Layer 5: the single node in this layer is a fixed node. The
Rule 2: if x is A2 and y is B2, single node computes the overall output as summing all of
incoming signals. Equation in the fifth layer is shown as
then f2=p2x+q2y+r2,
follows:
Mechanism of sugeno fuzzy model is illustrated in fig. 1. The
corresponding equivalent ANFIS architecture is shown in fig.
O5, I = wi f i =
w f i i
(7)
2, where each node in the same layer has similar function.
Each node is expressed as node I in the layer l is Ol,i. I w i

w1 f1 + w2 f 2 Furthermore, the first to fifth layers can construct

f = = w1 f1 + w2 f 2 (1) adaptive network has the same function as sugeno fuzzy
w1 + w2 model.
Layer 1: every node I in the layer is an adaptive node with B. OCR Curve Modeling Using ANFIS
node function: ANFIS is used to determine the operation time for the
O1,i = Ai ( x), for i = 1,2 or OCR by using fuzzy and neural network approach than using
(2) inverse time equation for conventional OCR. ANFIS requires
O1,i = Bi 2 ( y) for i = 3,4 the relevant data to build the inputs and outputs for training.
The input variable in the OCR curve modeling is the load
Where, x or y is the input to node i. Ai and Bi-2 is a fuzzy set current (IL). The output variable is the time of opening of the
associated with this node function. Outputs of this first layer CB (TCB). ANFIS is developed for OCR curve modeling using
are membership function values of the premise part. Ai and Bi MATLAB, and 15 different types of MFs such as Gbell,
can be characterized by the generalized bell function: Gauss, and triangular types are used. Moreover, ANFIS uses
30 different types of MFs such as Gbell, Gauss, and triangular
1
A ( x) = bi
(3) types for the OCR curve modeling.
x c 2
i
ANFIS performs some stages in the OCR curve modeling.
1 + i
The first stage involves the capture of the training-data input
ai and checking the data. A table can be made for the training
and checking of data using IL as input and TCB as output. The
Where {a1, b1, c1} is the parameter set. This parameter has the second stage involves the initialization process using a hybrid
change values. The bell-shaped has functions vary accordingly optimization method comprising two processes, namely,
thus exhibiting various forms of membership functions on improvement process of the consequent parameter using least
linguistic label Ai. square estimator and improvement process of the premised
Layer 2: every node is a fixed node. Every node in this parameter using gradient descent back propagation.
layer is multiplied with incoming signals and send the product Improvement of the premised and the consequent parameter
out. Equation in the second layer is shown as follow: was performed until it exceeded the maximum iteration or the
error tolerance was smaller than the determined error. The
error tolerance was determined to be 0.0001, whereas the iteration was set to 500.

w1 f1 + w2 f 2
f = = w1 f1 + w2 f 2
w1 + w2

Fig. 1. Sugeno model mechanism

w1 w1 f1
f

w2 w2 f 2

Fig. 2. ANFIS structure of a two inputs Takagi-Sugeno model

C. Case Study
Application in the industrial power system is performed to
evaluate the OCR curve modeling using ANFIS. Protection
coordination is implemented using the longest line of the
single-line diagram in Hess Indonesia Corporation. Thus, five
OCR types (R-ACB-02, R-VCB-13, R-VCB-11, R-VCB-09,
and R-VCB-03) are obtained. The longest line of the single-
line diagram in Hess Indonesia Corporation is shown in Fig. 3.
III. SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS
ANFIS is implemented using different numbers and types
of MFs, and each case is trained for 500 iterations. The
protection coordination in Hess Indonesia Corporation yields
five normal-inverse OCR types using Eq. (8).
0.14 (8)
T _ CB = 0,02
xTDS
IL
1
IS
To ensure the capability and reliability of ANFIS for OCR
curve modeling, Time Dial Setting (TDS) is varied relative to
the first TDS values for R-ACB-02, R-VCB-13, R-VCB-11,
R-VCB-09, and R-VCB-03, which are 0.2, 0.3, 0.25, 0.34, and
0.49, respectively, and the second TDS values for R-ACB-02,
R-VCB-13, R-VCB-11, R-VCB-09, and R-VCB-03, which are
0.25, 0.35, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.55, respectively. The detailed
simulation and calculation results of the operating time using
the five OCR types corresponding to the load currents and
TDS under different MF numbers and types are listed in
Tables 1 and 2. Fig.3. Industrial power system in PT. Hess Indonesia
 Table 1. Simulation result of the OCR curve modeling in the power system protection coordination in Hess Indonesia Corporation with the first TDS

Relay MF15-Gbell (%) MF30-Gbell (%) MF15-Gauss (%) MF30-Gauss (%) MF15-tri (%) MF30-tri (%)
R-ACB-02 1.5486472 0.0519646 1.1292409 0.102767 0.2043719 0.1504926
R-ACB-13 6.6116685 0.1135327 3.1953577 0.1135327 12.887577 3.1447349
R-ACB-11 1.2931168 0.0952125 0.6435904 0.1144486 0.1931835 0.171209
R-ACB-09 0.7018188 0.0813114 0.32863 0.0813114 0.1832379 0.1432175
R-ACB-03 1.3911194 0.1062872 1.9203629 0.1246174 0.7299854 0.2732325
MF15-Gbell (%): average error value in percent of operating time with 15 Gbell-type MFs compared with actual operating time. MF30-Gbell (%): average error
value in percent of operating time with 30 Gbell-type MFs compared with actual operating time. MF15-Gauss (%): average error value in percent of operating
time with 15 Gauss-type MFs compared with actual operating time. MF30-Gauss (%): average error value in percent of operating time with 30 Gauss-type MFs
compared with actual operating time. MF15-tri (%): average error value in percent of operating time with 15 triangular-type MFs compared with actual operating
time. MF30-tri (%): average error value in percent of operating time with 30 triangular-type MFs compared with actual operating time.

Table 2. Simulation result of the OCR curve modeling in the power system protection coordination in Hess Indonesia Corporation with the second TDS

Relay MF15-Gbell (%) MF30-Gbell (%) MF15-Gauss (%) MF30-Gauss (%) MF15-tri (%) MF30-tri (%)
R-ACB-02 1.488947 0.1841 1.144026 0.224742 0.387974 0.264882
R-ACB-13 6.534267 0.466257 2.677645 1.481409 11.85198 3.485684
R-ACB-11 1.213126 0.109004 0.621082 0.109004 0.2012 0.218371
R-ACB-09 0.721254 0.126207 0.259895 0.146825 0.163962 0.156232
R-ACB-03 1.328269 0.028419 0.913586 0.046749 0.592403 0.201492

TDS 1
16
8
average error value %

4
2 R-ACB-02
1 R-ACB-13
0.5 R-ACB-11
0.25
R-ACB-09
0.125
0.0625 R-ACB-03
0.03125
mf15-gbell mf30-gbell mf15-gauss mf30-gauss mf15-tri mf30-tri

Fig. 4. Average error value of the OCR curve modeling in the power system protection coordination in Hess Indonesia Corporation with the first TDS

TDS 2
16
8
average error value %

4
2 R-ACB-02
1 R-ACB-13
0.5
0.25 R-ACB-11
0.125 R-ACB-09
0.0625
0.03125 R-ACB-03
0.015625
mf15-gbell mf30-gbell mf15-gauss mf30-gauss mf15-tri mf30-tri

Fig. 5. Average error value of the OCR curve modeling in the power system protection coordination in Hess Indonesia Corporation with the second TDS
 Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 4 and 5, show the average
percentage error of the OCR curve modeling using ANFIS
under different numbers and types of MFs. For R-ACB-02,
modeling with 30 Gbell-type MFs yields more accurate results
compared with the other numbers and types of MFs because
the 30 Gbell-type MFs provide very minimal average
percentage errors in the first and second TDSs, which are
0.051964613% and 0.1841 %, respectively. For R-ACB-13,
the 30 Gbell-type MFs yield more accurate results with
average percentage errors of 0.1135327 % and 0.466257 % in
the first and second TDSs, respectively. For R-ACB-11, the 30
Gbell-type MFs yield more accurate results with average
percentage errors of 0.0952125% and 0.109003502% in the
first and second TDSs, respectively. For R-ACB-09, the 30
Gbell-type MFs yield more accurate results with average
percentage errors of 0.081311356% and 0.126207038% in the
first and second TDSs, respectively. For R-ACB-08, the 30
Gbell-type MFs yield more accurate results with average
percentage errors of 0.1062872 % and 0.028419 % in the first
and the second TDSs, respectively. In all cases, the R-ACB-02
modeling using 30 Gbell-type MFs yields a very minimum
average percentage error of 0.028419 %.
Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 4 and 5 demonstrate that the
average percentage error of modeling using ANFIS decreases
when the number of MFs increases. The modeling of OCR
curves using ANFIS under different numbers and types of
MFs mostly matches with the time of opening the CB
corresponding to the load current and TDS because ANFIS is
capable of high nonlinear modeling. Moreover, ANFIS can
adaptively tune the MFs. ANFIS provides accurate results
because during the optimization process, the least square error
optimizes the consequent parameter using the improved
parameters of the load current and time of opening the CB to
the actual OCR parameter in the power system in Hess
Indonesia Corporation. On the other hand, the gradient descent
back propagation optimizes the premised parameter with
improved MF shapes. This optimization process reduces the
convergence error during iteration.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this study, modeling of the OCR curve using ANFIS is
implemented using the sample data from the protection
coordination of the power system in Hess Indonesia
Corporation. ANFIS is implemented under different numbers
and types of MFs. The protection coordination obtains five
types of OCR, namely, R-ACB-02, R-VCB-13, R-VCB-11, R-
VCB-09, and R-VCB-03, and TDS is varied. Each case is
trained for 500 iterations. The simulation result indicates that
modeling using thirty Gbell-type MFs yields more accurate
results with a very minimal average percentage error of
0.028419 %. Moreover, the simulation result demonstrates
that the average percentage error of the modeling using
ANFIS decreases when the number of MFs increases. The
modeling using ANFIS under different numbers and types of
MFs yields accurate result because it mostly matches the time
of opening of the CB corresponding to the load current and
TDS. In the optimization process, ANFIS uses the hybrid
method to optimize the consequent and premised parameters;
hence, during iteration, the optimization process reduces the
convergence error. Thus, the result of ANFIS in the OCR
curve modeling is accurate and encouraging; therefore, ANFIS
can be used in digital relays and applied successfully in the
real systems.
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