CHAPTER 9:

THE GASES STATE

PN. NURUL IZZA TAIB

Learning Outcome

q Substances that exist as gases & Gas pressure

q The Gas Laws: Boyles Law, Charless Law, Gay-
Lussacs Law and Avogadros Law
q Density Calculations and Molar mass determination
q Reaction Stoichiometry involving gases
q Daltons Law of partial pressures
q Grahams Law of Diffusion and Effusion
q Deviation from Ideal gas behavior (VDW eq)
SUBSTANCES THAT EXIST AS GASES

q We live at the bottom of an ocean of air whose

composition by volume is roughly 78% N2, 21% O2
and 1% other gases, including CO2

q Generally, focus on substances that exist as gases

under normal atmospheric conditions, which are
defined as 25oC and 1 atmosphere (atm) pressure

q The elements that are gases under normal atm

conditions are H2, N2, O2, F2 & Cl2 exist as gases
diatomic molecules
 Ozone (O3) is also a gas at room temperature
q All the elements in Group 8, the noble gases are
monoatomic gases: He, He, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn
q Ionic compounds do not exist as gases at normal
condition, because cations and anions in an ionic solid
are held together by very strong electrostatic forces

Example:
Under normal conditions, NaCl melts at rather
high temperature of 801oC.
In order to boil it, we would have to raise the
temperature above 1000oC
q The behavior of molecular compounds is more
varied

q Examples: CO, CO2, HCl, NH3 and CH4 are gases

q but the majority of molecular compounds are liquids

or solids at room temperature

q However, on heating they are converted to gases

much more easily than ionic compounds
6
Some substances found as gases at 1 atm and 25oC

Elements Compounds
H2 HF
N2 HCl
O2 HBr
O3 HI
F2 CO
Cl2 CO2
He NH3
Ne NO
Ar NO2
Kr N2O
Xe SO2
Rn H2S
General Properties of Gases
q Gases assume the volume and shape of their
container
q Most compressible of the states of matter
q Mix evenly and completely when confined to the
same container
q Lower densities than liquids and solids
Properties of Gases

You can predict the behavior of gases based on

the following properties:
1. Pressure
2. Volume
3. Amount (moles)
4. Temperature
Pressure
Pressure is defined as the force the gas exerts
on a given area of the container in which it is
contained. The SI unit for pressure is the
Pascal, Pa.

If youve ever inflated a tire,

youve probably made a
pressure measurement in pounds
(force) per square inch (area).
EXERCISE 1
1. The pressure outside a jet plane flying at high
altitude falls considerably below standard
atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air inside the
cabin must be pressurized to protect the
passengers. What is the pressure in atmospheres in
the cabin if the barometer reading is 688 mmHg ?

2. The atmospheric pressure in San Francisco on a

certain day was 732 mmHg. What was the pressure
in kPa?
Volume

Volume is the three-dimensional space inside

the container holding the gas. The SI unit for
volume is the cubic meter, m3. A more common
and convenient unit is the liter, l.
Think of a 2-liter bottle of
soda to get an idea of how
big a liter is.
Amount (moles)

Amount of substance is tricky. As weve already

learned, the SI unit for amount of substance is the
mole, mol. Since we cant count molecules, we can
convert measured mass (in kg) to the number of
moles, n, using the molecular or formula weight of the
gas.

By definition, one mole of a substance

contains approximately 6.022 x 1023
particles of the substance.
Temperature

Temperature is the measurement with which

youre probably most familiar (and the most
complex to describe completely). For these
lessons, we will be using temperature
measurements in Kelvin, K.

The Kelvin scale starts at Absolute

0, which is -273.15C. To convert
Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.15.
THE GAS LAWS

Variables that Pressure (P)

affect the Volume (V)
properties of a Temperature (T)
gas Amount of the gas (n)
THE GAS LAWS

1. Boyles Law
2. Charless Law
3. Gay-Lussacs Law
4. Avogadros Law
1. Boyles Law

The pressure of a fixed

amount of gas at a constant
temperature is inversely
proportional to the volume of
the gas

volume
P1V1 = P2V2 pressure
Robert Boyle
(1627-1691)
Boyles Law animation
A bicycle pump is a good example of Boyles law.

As the volume of the air trapped in the pump is reduced, its

pressure goes up, and air is forced into the tire.
EXERCISE 2
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154
mL ?
 2. Charless Law
The volume of a fixed amount
of gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature of the gas

V1/T1 = V2/T2

temperature
volume
Jacques Charles
(1746-1823).

P1/T1 = P2/T2
(Gay-Lussacs Law)
Charless Law animation
EXERCISE 3
A 1-L steel tank is fitted with a safety valve that opens if the
internal pressure exceeds 1.00x103 torr. It is filled with helium at
230C and 0.991atm and placed in boiling water at exactly
1000C. Will the safety valve open?
SOLUTION
Avogadros Law
At constant pressure and
temperature, the volume of a
gas is directly proportional to
the number of moles of the gas
present

twice as many
molecules
Constant temperature
V1/n1 = V2/n2
Constant pressure

V a number of moles (n) V = constant x n

EXERCISE 4
A scale model of a blimp rises when it is filled with helium to a
volume of 55dm3. When 1.10mol of He is added to the blimp,
the volume is 26.2dm3. How many more grams of He must be
added to make it rise? Assume constant T and P.
 PV = nRT

PV 1 atm x 22.414 L 0.0821 atm*L

R= = =
nT 1 mol x 273.15 K mol*K

nRT
PV = nRT or V =
P

fixed n and T fixed n and P fixed P and T

Boyles Law Charless Law Avogadros Law

constant V = constant X n
V= V =constant X T
P
DENSITY & MOLAR MASS CALCULATIONS

density = m/V
n = m/M

PV = nRT PV = (m/M)RT
m = mass
V = volume
m/V = M x P/RT
P = pressure
n = amount
R = gas constant
T = temperature
 mass PV
n= =
M RT

mRT m
M= d=
VP V

dRT
M= P

The density of a gas is directly proportional to its molar mass

EXERCISE 5
Find the density (in g/L) of CO2 and the number of molecules at
STP (0oC and 1 atm).
EXERCISE 6
1. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per
liter (g/L) at 0.900 atm and 55oC.

2. A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous

compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its density is
7.71 g/L at 36oC and 2.88 atm. Calculate the molar mass of
the compound.
GAS STOICHIOMETRY
q When the reactants and/or products are gases, we
can also use the relationships between amounts
(moles, n) and volume (V) to solve the problems.

Amount of Amount of
reactant Moles of Moles of product
(grams or reactant product (grams or
volume) volume)

Stoichiometric calculations involving gases

Example:
Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the complete
combustion of 7.64 L acetylene (C2H2) measured at the same
temperature and pressure.
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
EXERCISE 7
CH4 burns in O2, producing CO2 and H2O(g). A 1.22 L CH4 cylinder, at 15C,
registers a pressure of 328 kPa.
a)What volume of O2 at SATP (24.8 L/mol) will be required to react
completely with all of the CH4?
b) How many grams of H2O(g) are produced?

c) What volume of CO2 (at STP = 22.4 L/mol) is produced if only 2.15 g of
the CH4 was burned?
EXERCISE 8
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some automobile air bags. The
impact of a collision triggers the decomposition of NaN3 as
follows:
2NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)

The nitrogen gas produced quickly inflates the bag between the
driver and the windshield and dashboard. Calculate the volume
of N2 generated at 80oC and 823 mmHg by the decomposition
of 60.0 g of NaN3.
4. DALTONS LAW

The total pressure of a

mixture of gases is just the
sum of the pressures that
each gas would exert if it
were present alone

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 +.
John Dalton
1766-1844
 2 H2O2 (l) 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
0.32 atm 0.16 atm

What is the total pressure in the flask?

Ptotal = PH2O + PO2 = 0.48 atm

Daltons Law:
Total P is sum of PARTIAL pressures.
q The mole fraction (X) is a ratio of the number of
moles of one component to the number of moles of
all components present.
q In general, the mole fraction of component i in a
mixture is given by
n1 n1
X1 = =
n1 + n2 + n3 +... ntotal
q Express the partial pressure as
P1 = X1PT
EXERCISE 9
In a study of O2 uptake by muscle at high altitude, a physiologist
prepares an atmosphere consisting of 79 mole % N2, 17 mole %
16O and 4.0 mole % 18O . The pressure of the mixture is 0.75
2, 2
atm to simulate high altitude. Calculate the mole fraction and
partial pressure of 18O2 in the mixture.
SOLUTION:
GRAHAMS LAW OF DIFFUSION & EFFUSION

Gas
Diffusion

Phenomena based
on gases motion.
Gas
Effusion
EFFUSION:
The process by which a gas
escapes from its container
through a tiny hole into an
evacuated space

DIFFUSION:
The process of gas movement
of one gas through another
 the rate of effusion of a
gas is inversely proportional
to the square root of its
molar mass

GRAHAMS LAW OF Rate of effusion

1
EFFUSION M

Rate
A = MB
Rate
B MA
EXERCISE 10
Calculate the ratio of the effusion rates of helium
and methane (CH4).
SOLUTION:
Exercise
 KINETIC THEORY

q Kinetic theory of the gases explain the physical behavior of the

gases.
5 assumptions:
a) Gas consist of tiny particles of negligible volume
b) Intermolecular forces of attraction do not exist between
gas particles
c) Gas are in continuous random motion
d) The gases particles are perfectly elastic
e) The average kinetic energy of gas absolute temperature
1. Gas consist of tiny particles of negligible volume
q Gas separated in a great distance resulting a lot of
empty spaces
q volume of an individual gas particle is so small
compared to the volume of its container
q Compressible
q gas particles are considered to have mass, but no
volume

2. Intermolecular forces of attraction do not exist

between gas particles
q Travels straight line, not influence by other gas
particles
3. Gas are in continuous random motion
q Constant motion
q Frequently collide with each other or with the container
walls

4. The gases particles are perfectly elastic

q No loss of kinetic energy and total kinetic energy is
constant
q Average distance travelled between consecutive
collisions is called mean free path.
q Pressure of the gas caused by collisions (between gas
and walls). Decrease the volume Increase the forces of
collisions cause increasing of pressure ~ Boyles law
5. The average kinetic energy of gas absolute temperature
q Individuals particles in a gas have different kinetic
energies
q The average kinetic energy of the molecules is
proportional to absolute temperature (A result of
Thermodynamics). At a given temperature (constant T) the
molecules of all gases have the same average kinetic energy
q If the temperature of a gas is doubled, the average kinetic
energy of its molecules is doubled
Molecular Speed
qAlthough the molecules in a sample of gas have an
average kinetic energy (and therefore an average
speed) the individual molecules move at various speeds,
i.e. they exhibit a distribution of speeds
qAt the same temperature, lighter gases move on average
faster than heavier gases.
Root Mean Square Speed (RMS)

How fast does a molecule move, on the average, at any

temperature ?

One way to estimate molecular speed is to calculate the root

mean square speed (urms), which is an average molecular
speed.

rms = root mean square velocity in m/sec

R = ideal gas constant = 8.3145 (kgm2/sec2)/Kmol
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin
M = mass of a mole of the gas in kilograms.
Example
Calculate the rms speed of O2 at 0 oC.
DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOR

The behavior of several

real gases with increasing
external pressure.
The effect of intermolecular attractions on measured gas pressure
The effect of molecular volume on measured gas volume
EXERCISE
Van Der Waals Equation
In 1873, Johannes van der Waals realized the
limitations of the ideal gas law and proposed an
equation that accounts for the behavior of real
gases.

adjusts P up adjusts V down

a and b are van der Waals constants.

a = (atm . L2 / mol2)
b = ( L / mol)
Values of the van der Waals Constants for Some Common Gases

atm*L2 L
a b
Gas mol2 mol

He 0.034 0.0237
Ne 0.211 0.0171
Ar 1.35 0.0322
Kr 2.32 0.0398
Xe 4.19 0.0511
H2 0.244 0.0266
N2 1.39 0.0391
O2 1.36 0.0318
Cl2 6.49 0.0562
CH4 2.25 0.0428
CO 1.45 0.0395
CO2 3.59 0.0427
NH3 4.17 0.0371
H2O 5.46 0.0305
EXERCISE 11
Use the van der Waals equation to calculate the pressure
exerted by 100.0 mol of oxygen gas in 22.41 L at 0C.
SOLUTION:
EXERCISE 12
Given that 3.50 moles of NH3 occupy 5.20 L at 47oC,
calculate the pressure of the gas (in atm) using (a) the
ideal gas equation and (b) the van der Waals
equation.