1.

Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT; Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature

(SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical
data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005
Sep;140(3):50916.
2. Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT, and Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature
(SUN) Working Group: Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature for Reporting Clinical
Data. Results of the First International Workshop, Am J Ophthalmology 140(3): 509-
16, 2005.
3. Durrani OM, Meads CA, Murray PI: Uveitis: A Potentially Blinding
Disease, Ophthalmologica 218: 223-236, 2004.
4. Gritz DC, Wong IG. Incidence and prevalence of uveitis in Northern California; the
Northern California Epidemiology of Uveitis Study. Ophthalmology. 2004
Mar;111(3):491-500.
5. Khurana AK. Disease in uveal tract. Comprehensive ophthalmology. 4th ed. New Delhi:
New Age International (P) limited; 2007:133-166
6. Ilyas S. Ilmu Penyakit Mata. Edisi ke-3. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI. 2010.
7. Denniston AK. Murray PI. Oxford Handbook of Ophthalmology 3rd ed. UK: Oxford
University Press; 2014:407-72.
8. Rabinovich CE. Behcet syndrome. eMedicine 2006; 1-10.
Available from URL: http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic219.htm.
9. Rothova A, et al. uveitis and systemic disease. British J Ophtalmol; 2005:137-141

10. Ilyas H Sidarta. Kelainan kelopak dan kelainan jaringan orbita. Ilmu Penyakit Mata. Edisi
ketiga. Jakarta : Balai Penerbit FK UI. 2005 : 102.

11. Wijaya,Nana. Ilmu Penyakit Mata. Cetakan ke-6. Semarang. Universitas Diponegoro.
1993 : 75-6.
12. Conrad. Uveitis Posterior. Diunduh dari: E:\uveitis news_files\imgres.htm 20 Oktober
2008.

13. Voughan Daniel G, Asburg Taylor, Eva-Riordan Paul. Sulvian John H,editors.
Optalmologi Umum. Edisi 14. Jakarta. Widya Medika. 2000 : 266-78
14. Allen. J. H., Mays manual of the disease of the eye, Robert E. Kriger Pubhlising Company
New York 1968, hal 124-149.
15. RoteNS, Huether SE. 2006. Infection. In: McCance KL, Huether SE eds.Pathophysiology.
The biologic basis for disease in adults and children. 7th ed.St.Louis: Elsevier Mosby; 293-
309
16. Suromo LB. 2007. Kewaspadaan terhadap infeksi cytomegalovirus serta kegunaan deteksi
secara laboratorik. Pada: pidato pengukuhan jabatan guru besar patologi klinik. Semarang:
Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
17. Bodaghi B, LeHoang P. 2005. Herpes Viruses in Ocular Inflammation. In : Uveitis and
immunological disorders. 3rd ed. Germany: Springer; 143-9
18. American Academy of Opthalmology, Staff. 2011-2012. Intraocular Inflammation and
Uveitis. In: Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 9. San Francisco: American
Academy of Opthalmology; p. 200-207; 226-234
19. Heiden D. Saranchuk. 2011. CMV retinitis in China and SE Asia: the way forward. BMC
Infectious Diseases; 11(327): 1-4
20. Waib LF, Bonon SHA, Salles AC, et al. 2007. Withdrawal of maintenance therapy for
cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients exhibiting immunological response to HAART.
Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo; 49(4): 215-219.
21. Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM. 2010. Infectious uveitic conditions. In: Uveitis:
fundamentals and clinical practices. Mosby: Elsevier; 164-170
22. Kempen JH, Jabs DA, Wilson LA, Dunn JP, West SK, Tonascia J. 2001. Retinal
detachment risk in cytomegalovirus retinitis related to the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Arch ophthalmol; 119: 33-40
23. Lipitz S, Yagel S, Shalev E, Achiron R, Mashiach S, Schiff E. 1997. Prenatal diagnosis of
fetal primary cytomegalovirus infection. Obstetric and Gynecology; 89(5):763-7
24. Costello M, Yungbluth M. 1998. Viral infection. In : Henry JB, editor. Clinical Diagnosis
and Management by Laboratory Methods. 19th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1083-114
25. Biron KK. 2006. Antiviral drugs for cytomegalovirus diseases. Antiviral Research; 71:
154163
26. Kupperman BD, Holland GN. 2000. Immune recovery uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol; 130(1):
103-106.
 27. Lihteh Wu, MD. Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Toxoplasmosis. Medscape
Reference. Available at : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1204441 Accesed on
September 18, 2011

28. Masoud Soheilian, MD, Alireza Ramezani, MD. How to Diagnose & Treat Ocular
Toxoplasmosis. Review of Ophtalmology. Available at : http://www.revophth.com
Accesed on September 18, 2011

29. Kanski JJ. Clinical Ophtalmology A systemic Approach. Toxoplasma Retinitis. Fifth
Edition. Philadelphia : Butterworth Heinemenn; 2003. p 293-6
30. Vaughan DG, Asbury T, Riordan Eva P. Traktus Uvealis dan Sklera. Dalam :
Oftalmologi Umum. Edisi 17. Jakarta : Widya Medika; 2008.
31. Toksoplamosis. Available at : http://medlinux.blogspot.com/2009/02/retinitis.html
.Accesed on September 18, 2011

DAFPUS TIPU TIPU

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case definitions for infectious conditions under
public health surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:155. [PubMed]
2. Glassroth J, Robins AG, Snider DE. Tuberculosis in the1980s. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:1441
50.[PubMed]

3. Baydur A. The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. West J Med. 1977;126:253

62.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

4. Woods AC. Modern concepts of the etiology of uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;50:1170

87. [PubMed]

5. Kazokoglu H, Onal S, Tugal-Tutkun I, Mirza E, Akova Y, Ozyazgan Y, et al. Demographic

and clinical features of uveitis in tertiary centers in Turkey. Ophthalmic
Epidemiol. 2008;15:28593. [PubMed]

6. Pathanapitoon K, Kunavisarut P, Ausayakhun S, Sirirungsi W, Rothova A. Uveitis in a tertiary

ophthalmology centre in Thailand. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:4748. [PubMed]

7. Khairallah M, Yahia SB, Ladjimi A, Messaoud R, Zaouali S, Attia S, et al. Pattern of uveitis
in a referral centre in Tunisia, North Africa. Eye. 2007;21:339. [PubMed]

8. Rathinam SR, Namperumalsamy P. Global variation and pattern changes in epidemiology of

uveitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007;55:17383. [PubMed]

9. Yang P, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Li B, Huang X, Gao Y, et al. Clinical patterns and characteristics
of uveitis in a tertiary canter for uveitis in China. Curr Eye Res. 2005;30:9438. [PubMed]

10. Sengun A, Karadag R, Karakurt A, Saricaoglu MS, Abdik O, Hasiripi H. Causes of uveitis in
a referral hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13:4550. [PubMed]

11. Soheilian M, Heidari K, Yazdani S, Shahsavari M, Ahmadieh H, Dehghan M. Patterns of

uveitis in a tertiary eye care center in Iran. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2004;12:297310. [PubMed]

12. Singh R, Gupta V, Gupta A. Pattern of uveitis in a referral eye clinic in north India. Indian J
Ophthalmol. 2004;52:1215. [PubMed]

13. Wakabayashi T, Morimura Y, Miyamoto Y, Okada AA. Changing pattern of intraocular

inflammatory disease in Japan. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2003;11:27786. [PubMed]

14. Islam SM, Tabbara KF. Causes of uveitis at The Eye Center in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective
review. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2002;9:23949. [PubMed]

15. Mercanti A, Parolini B, Bonora A, Lequaglie Q, Tomazzoli L. Epidemiology of endogenous

uveitis in north-eastern Italy: Analysis of 655 new cases. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2001;79:64
8. [PubMed]
16. Kaimbo Wa Kimbo D, Bifuko A, Dernouchamps JP, Missotten L. Chronic uveitis in
Kinshasa (D R Congo) Bull Soc Belge Ophthalmol. 1998;270:95100. [PubMed]

17. Kotake S, Furudate N, Sasamoto Y, Yoshikawa K, Goda C, Matsuda H. Characteristics of

endogenous uveitis in Hokkaido, Japan. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235:5
9. [PubMed]

18. Merrill PT, Kim J, Cox TA, Betor CC, McCallum RM, Jaffe GJ. Uveitis in southeastern
United States. Curr Eye Res. 1997;16:86574. [PubMed]

19. Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, Akova YA, Messmer EM, D'Amico DJ, et al.
Referral pattern of uveitis in tertiary eye care center. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:593
9. [PubMed]

20. Thean LH, Thompson J, Rosenthal AR. A uveitis register at the Leicester Royal
Infirmary. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 1996;3:1518. [PubMed]

21. Smit RL, Baarsma GS, de Vries J. Classification of 750 consecutive uveitis patients in the
Rotterdam Eye Hospital. Int Ophthalmol. 1993;17:716. [PubMed]

22. Rothova A, Buitenhuis HJ, Meenken C, Brinkman CJ, Linssen A, Alberts C, et al. Uveitis
and systemic disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:13741. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

23. Weiner A, BenEzra D. Clinical patterns and associated conditions in chronic uveitis. Am J
Ophthalmol. 1991;112:1518. [PubMed]

24. Palmares J, Coutinho MF, Castro-Correia J. Uveitis in northern Portugal. Curr Eye
Res. 1990;9:314.[PubMed]

25. Henderly DE, Genstler AJ, Smith RE, Rao NA. Changing pattern of uveitis. Am J
Ophthalmol. 1987;103:1316. [PubMed]

26. Rosen PH, Spalton DJ, Graham EM. Intraocular tuberculosis. Eye. 1990;4:486
92. [PubMed]

27. Helm CJ, Holland GN. Ocular tuberculosis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1993;38:22956. [PubMed]

28. Biswas J, Madhavan HN, Gopal L, Badrinath SS. Intraocular tuberculosis: Clinocopathologic
study of five cases. Retina. 1995;15:4618. [PubMed]

29. Sheu SJ, Shyu JS, Chen LM, Chen YY, Chirn SC, Wang JS. Ocular manifestations of
tuberculosis. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:15805. [PubMed]

30. Sakai JI, Matsuzawa S, Usui M, Yano I. New diagnostic approach for ocular tuberculosis by
ELISA using the cord factor as antigen. Br J Ophtalmol. 2001;85:1303. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]
31. Gupta A, Gupta V, Arora S, Dogra MR, Bambery P. PCR-positive tubercular retinal
vasculitis: Clinical characteristics and management. Retina. 2001;21:43544. [PubMed]

32. Morimura Y, Okada AA, Kawahara S, Miyamoto Y, Kawai S, Hirakata A, et al. Tuberculin
skin testing in uveitis patients and treatment of presumed intraocular tuberculosis in
Japan. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:8517. [PubMed]

33. Gupta V, Arora S, Gupta A, Ram J, Bambery P, Sehgal S. Management of presumed

intraocular tuberculosis: Possible role of the polymerase chain reaction. Acta Ophthalmol
Scand. 1998;35:2379.[PubMed]

34. Gupta V, Gupta A, Arora S, Bambery P, Dogra MR, Agarwal A. Presumed tubercular
serpiginouslike choroiditis: Clinical presentation and
management. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:17449. [PubMed]

35. Sarvananthan N, Wiselka M, Bibby K. Intraocular tuberculosis without detectable systemic

infection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116:13868. [PubMed]

36. Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Kharashi SA. Full panretinal photocoagulation and early vitrectomy
improve prognosis of retinal vasculitis associated with tuberculoprotein hypersensitivity (Eales'
disease) Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86:124851. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

37. Wolfensberger TJ, Piguet B, Herbort CP. Indocyanine green angiographic features in
tuberculous chorioretinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:3503. [PubMed]

38. Mackensen F, Becker MD, Wiehler U, Max R, Dalpke A, Zimmermann S. QuantiFERON

TB-Gold-A new test strengthening long-suspected tuberculous involvement in serpiginous-like
choroiditis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146:7616. [PubMed]

39. Gupta V, Gupta A, Rao NA. Intraocular tuberculosis: An update. Surv

Ophthalmol. 2007;52:56187.[PubMed]

40. Cimino L, Herbort CP, Aldigeri R, Salvarani C, Boiardi L. Tuberculous uveitis: A resurgent
and underdiagnosed disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2009 Apr;29(2):6774. Epub 2007 May
8. [PubMed]

41. Bansal R, Gupta A, Gupta V, Dogra MR, Bambery P, Arora SK. Role of anti-tubercular
therapy in uveitis with latent/manifest tuberculosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008;146:772
9. [PubMed]

42. Tabbara KF. Tuberculosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2007;18:493501. [PubMed]

43. Al-Mezaine HS, Al-Muammar A, Kangave D, Abu El-Asrar AM. Clinical and optical
coherence tomographic findings and outcome of treatment in patients with presumed tuberculous
uveitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2008;28:41323. [PubMed]
44. Demirci H, Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC., Jr Ocular tuberculosis masquerading as
ocular tumors. Surv Ophthalmol. 2004;49:7889. [PubMed]

45. Alvarez S, McCabe WR. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis revisited: A review of experience at

Boston City and other hospitals. Medicine (Baltimore) 1984;63:2555. [PubMed]

46. Rowland K, Guthmann R, Jamieson B, Malloy B. Cllinical inquiries. How should we manage
a patient with positive PPD and prior BCG vaccination. J Fam Pract. 2006;55:71820. [PubMed]

47. Mehta S. Role of computed chest tomography (CT scan) in tuberculous retinal
vasculitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2002;10:1515. [PubMed]

48. Lalvani A. Diagnosing tuberculosis infection in the 21st century: New tools to tackle an old
enemy. Chest. 2007;131:1898906. [PubMed]

49. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of
latent tuberculosis infection: An update. Ann Intern Med. 2008;149:17784. [PMC free
article] [PubMed]

50. Mazurek GH, Zajdowicz MJ, Hankinson AL, Costigan DJ, Toney SR, Rothel JS, et al.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in United States navy recruits using the
tuberculin skin test on whole-blood interferon-gamma release assays. Clin Infect
Dis. 2007;45:82636. [PubMed]

51. Pollock NR, Campos-Neto A, Kashino S, Napolitano D, Behar SM, Shin D, et al. Discordant
Quanti FERON-TB Gold test results among US healthcare workers with increased risk of latent
tuberculosis infection: A problem or solution. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:878
86. [PMC free article][PubMed]

52. Tsiouris SJ, Coetzee D, Toro PL, Austin J, Stein Z, El-SaDr W. Sensitivity analysis and
potential uses of a novel gamma interferon release assay for diagnosis of tuberculosis. J
ClinMicrobiol 2006. 2006;44:284450. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

53. Kurup SK, Buggage RR, Clarke GL, Ursea R, Lim WK, Nussenblatt RB. Gamma interferon
assay as an alternative to PPD skin testing in selected patients with granulomatous intraocular
inflammatory disease. Can J Ophthalmol. 2006;41:73740. [PubMed]

54. Su WJ. Recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of tuberculosis. J Microbiol Immunol
Infect. 2002;35:20914. [PubMed]

55. Honor-Bouakline S, Vincensini JP, Giacuzzo V, Lagrange PH, Herrmann JL. Rapid
diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis by PCR: Impact of sample preparation and DNA
extraction. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:23239. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
56. Ortega-Larrocea G, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, Ponce-de-Le?u A. Sifuentes-Osornio J. Nested
polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA detection in aqueous and
vitreous of patients with uveitis. Arch Med Res. 2003;34:1169. [PubMed]

57. Madhavan HN, Therese KL, Gunisha P, Jayanthi U, Biswas J. Polymerase chain reaction for
detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in epiretinal membranes in Eales's disease. Invest
Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:8225. [PubMed]

58. Midena E, Radin PP, Pilotto E, Ghirlando A, Convento E, Varano M. Fixation pattern and
macular sensitivity in eyes with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related
macular degeneration: A microperimetry study. Semin Ophthalmol. 2004;19:5561. [PubMed]

59. Bodaghi B, LeHoang P. Ocular tuberculosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2000;11:443

8. [PubMed]

60. Rao NA, Saraswathy S, Smith RE. Tuberculous uveitis: Distribution of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis in retinal pigment epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:17779. [PubMed]