Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia

Postmodernism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main page This article is about the movement. For the architectural style, see Postmodern architecture. For the condition or state of
Contents being, see Postmodernity. For other uses, see Postmodernism (disambiguation).
Featured content
Postmodernism describes a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late Postmodernism
Current events
Random article
20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture and criticism which marked preceded by Modernism
Donate to Wikipedia a departure from modernism.[1][2][3] While encompassing a broad range of ideas, Postmodernity
Wikipedia store postmodernism is typically defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony or rejection Hypermodernity Hypermodernism in art
toward grand narratives, ideologies and various tenets of universalism, including Metamodernism Posthumanism
Interaction Post-materialism Post-postmodernism
objective notions of reason, human nature, social progress, moral universalism,
Help Post-structuralism
absolute truth, and objective reality.[4] Instead, postmodern thinkers may assert
About Wikipedia Postmodern...
that claims to knowledge and truth are products of social, historical or political anthropology archaeology architecture art
Community portal
Recent changes discourses or interpretations, and are therefore contextual or socially Christianity criminology dance feminism
constructed. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by film literature (picture books) music
Contact page
philosophy (anarchism Marxism positivism
tendencies to epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, irreverence and social construction of nature) psychology
Tools self-referentiality.[4] political science theatre
What links here Criticism of postmodernism
Related changes
The term postmodernism has been applied both to the era following modernity
and to a host of movements within that era (mainly in art, music, and literature) v t e
Upload file
Special pages that reacted against tendencies in modernism.[5] Postmodernism includes
Permanent link skeptical critical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, linguistics, economics, architecture, fiction,
Page information feminist theory, and literary criticism. Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and
Wikidata item post-structuralism, as well as philosophers such as Jean-Franois Lyotard, Jacques Derrida, and Frederic Jameson.
Cite this page
Contents
Print/export
1 Origins of term
Create a book
Download as PDF
2 Influential postmodernists
Printable version 2.1 Martin Heidegger
2.2 Jacques Derrida
In other projects 2.3 Michel Foucault
Wikimedia Commons 2.4 Jean-Franois Lyotard
Wikiquote 2.5 Richard Rorty
2.6 Jean Baudrillard
Languages
2.7 Fredric Jameson
Afrikaans 2.8 Douglas Kellner
Alemannisch 3 Deconstruction

4 Postmodernism and structuralism

Azrbaycanca

5 Post-postmodernism
6 Influence on art
Bn-lm-g 6.1 Architecture
6.2 Urban planning
6.3 Literature
() 6.4 Music

6.5 Graphic design

Bosanski
Catal
7 Criticisms
etina 8 See also
Cymraeg 9 References
Dansk 10 Further reading
Deutsch 11 External links
Eesti

Esperanto Origins of term [edit]

Euskara
The term postmodern was first used around the 1880s. John Watkins Chapman suggested "a Postmodern style of painting" as
Franais a way to depart from French Impressionism.[6] J. M. Thompson, in his 1914 article in The Hibbert Journal (a quarterly
Gaeilge philosophical review), used it to describe changes in attitudes and beliefs in the critique of religion, writing: "The raison d'tre
Galego of Post-Modernism is to escape from the double-mindedness of Modernism by being thorough in its criticism by extending it to

religion as well as theology, to Catholic feeling as well as to Catholic tradition."[7]

In 1921 and 1925, postmodernism had been used to describe new forms of art and music. In 1942 H. R. Hays described it as a
new literary form. However, as a general theory for a historical movement it was first used in 1939 by Arnold J. Toynbee: "Our
Hrvatski own Post-Modern Age has been inaugurated by the general war of 19141918".[8]
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia In 1949 the term was used to describe a dissatisfaction with modern architecture, and
Interlingua led to the postmodern architecture movement,[9] and a response to the modernist
architectural movement known as the International Style. Postmodernism in
slenska architecture was initially marked by a re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to
Italiano surrounding buildings in urban settings, historical reference in decorative forms

(eclecticism), and non-orthogonal angles.

Peter Drucker suggested the transformation into a post-modern world happened
Kurd between 1937 and 1957 (when he was writing). He described an as yet "nameless era"
Latina which he characterized as a shift to conceptual world based on pattern, purpose, and
Latvieu
process rather than mechanical cause, outlined by four new realities: the emergence of
Lietuvi
Educated Society, the importance of international development, the decline of the
Limburgs
Magyar nation state, and the collapse of the viability of non-Western cultures.[10]
In 1971, in a lecture delivered at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, Mel Portland Building (1982), by
Bochner described "post-modernism" in art as having started with Jasper Johns, "who
architect Michael Graves, an example of
Bahasa Melayu Postmodern architecture
Nederlands
first rejected sense-data and the singular point-of-view as the basis for his art, and
treated art as a critical investigation."[11]
More recently, Walter Truett Anderson described postmodernism as belonging to one of four typological world views, which he
Norsk
identifies as either (a) Postmodern-ironist, which sees truth as socially constructed, (b) Scientific-rational, in which truth is
Norsk nynorsk
found through methodical, disciplined inquiry, (c) Social-traditional, in which truth is found in the heritage of American and

Patois Western civilization, or (d) Neo-Romantic, in which truth is found through attaining harmony with nature and/or spiritual
Polski exploration of the inner self.[12]
Romn
Postmodernist ideas in philosophy and the analysis of culture and society expanded the importance of critical theory and has

been the point of departure for works of literature, architecture, and design, as well as being visible in marketing/business and
Scots
Shqip the interpretation of history, law and culture, starting in the late 20th century. These developmentsre-evaluation of the entire
Simple English Western value system (love, marriage, popular culture, shift from industrial to service economy) that took place since the
Slovenina 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in the Social Revolution of 1968are described with the term "postmodernity",[13] as opposed to
/ srpski Postmodernism, a term referring to an opinion or movement.[citation needed] Postmodernism has also been used interchangeably
Srpskohrvatski / with the term post-structuralism out of which postmodernism grew; a proper understanding of postmodernism or doing justice to

Suomi the postmodernist concept demands an understanding of the post-structuralist movement and the ideas of its advocates. Post-
Svenska structuralism resulted similarly to postmodernism by following a time of structuralism. It is characterized by new ways of thinking
through structuralism, contrary to the original form.[14] "Postmodernist" describes part of a movement; "Postmodern" places it in
/tatara the period of time since the 1950s, making it a part of contemporary history.

Trke
Influential postmodernists [edit]
/ Uyghurche
Ting Vit This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

See also: Postmodern philosophy

Edit links

Martin Heidegger [edit]

Martin Heidegger rejected the philosophical basis of the concepts of "subjectivity" and "objectivity" and asserted that similar
grounding oppositions in logic ultimately refer to one another. Instead of resisting the admission of this paradox in the search
for understanding, Heidegger requires that we embrace it through an active process of elucidation he called the "hermeneutic
circle". He stressed the historicity and cultural construction of concepts while simultaneously advocating the necessity of an
atemporal and immanent apprehension of them. In this vein, he asserted that it was the task of contemporary philosophy to
recover the original question of (or "openness to") Dasein (translated as Being or Being-there) present in the Presocratic
philosophers but normalized, neutered, and standardized since Plato. This was to be done, in part, by tracing the record of
Dasein's sublimation or forgetfulness through the history of philosophy which meant that we were to ask again what constituted
the grounding conditions in ourselves and in the World for the affinity between beings and between the many usages of the
term "being" in philosophy. To do this, however, a non-historical and, to a degree, self-referential engagement with whatever
set of ideas, feelings or practices would permit (both the non-fixed concept and reality of) such a continuity was requireda
continuity permitting the possible experience, possible existence indeed not only of beings but of all differences as they
appeared and tended to develop.
Such a conclusion led Heidegger to depart from the phenomenology of his teacher Husserl and prompt instead an (ironically
anachronistic) return to the yet-unasked questions of Ontology, a return that in general did not acknowledge an intrinsic
distinction between phenomena and noumena or between things in themselves (de re) and things as they appear (see qualia):
Being-in-the-world, or rather, the openness to the process of Dasein's becoming was to bridge the age-old gap between these
two. In this latter premise, Heidegger shares an affinity with the late Romantic philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche, another
principal forerunner of post-structuralist and postmodernist thought. Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are
Heidegger's critique of the subjectobject or senseknowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism, and methodological
naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them
(however, Heidegger is not specifically a nominalist), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific
discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the
expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, a priori conditions independent from
historical mind and changing experience (see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung, and social
constructionism), and his instrumentalist and negativist notion that Being (and, by extension, reality) is an action, method,
tendency, possibility, and question rather than a discrete, positive, identifiable state, answer, or entity (see also process
philosophy, dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism, and Vitalism).

Jacques Derrida [edit]

Jacques Derrida re-examined the fundamentals of writing and its consequences on philosophy in general; sought to undermine
the language of "presence" or metaphysics in an analytical technique which, beginning as a point of departure from
Heidegger's notion of Destruktion, came to be known as Deconstruction. Derrida used, like Heidegger, references to Greek
philosophical notions associated with the Skeptics and the Presocratics, such as Epoch and Aporia to articulate his notion of
implicit circularity between premises and conclusions, origins and manifestations, butin a manner analogous in certain
respects to Gilles Deleuzepresented a radical re-reading of canonical philosophical figures such as Plato, Aristotle, and
Descartes as themselves being informed by such "destabilizing" notions.

Michel Foucault [edit]

Michel Foucault introduced concepts such as 'discursive regime', or re-invoked those of older philosophers like 'episteme' and
'genealogy' in order to explain the relationship between meaning, power, and social behavior within social orders (see The
Order of Things, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Discipline and Punish, and The History of Sexuality). In direct contradiction to
what have been typified as modernist perspectives on epistemology, Foucault asserted that rational judgment, social practice,
and what he called "biopower" are not only inseparable but co-determinant. While Foucault himself was deeply involved in a
number of progressive political causes and maintained close personal ties with members of the far-left, he was also
controversial with leftist thinkers of his day, including those associated with various Marxist tendencies, proponents of left-
libertarianism (such as Noam Chomsky), and supporters of humanism (like Jrgen Habermas), for his rejection of what he
deemed to be Enlightenment concepts of freedom, liberation, self-determination, and human nature. Instead, Foucault focused
on the ways in which such constructs can foster cultural hegemony, violence, and exclusion.
In line with his rejection of such "positive" tenets of Enlightenment-era humanism, he was activewith Gilles Deleuze and Flix
Guattariin the anti-psychiatry movement, considering much of institutionalized psychiatry and, in particular, Freud's concept
of repression central to Psychoanalysis (which was still very influential in France during the 1960s and 1970s), to be both
harmful and misplaced. Foucault was known for his controversial aphorisms, such as "language is oppression", meaning that
language functions in such a way as to render nonsensical, false, or silent tendencies that might otherwise threaten or
undermine the distributions of power backing a society's conventionseven when such distributions purport to celebrate
liberation and expression or value minority groups and perspectives. His writings have had a major influence on the larger
body of postmodern academic literature.

Jean-Franois Lyotard [edit]

Jean-Franois Lyotard identified in The Postmodern Condition a crisis in the "discourses of the human sciences" latent in
modernism but catapulted to the fore by the advent of the "computerized" or "telematic" era (see information revolution). This
crisis, insofar as it pertains to academia, concerns both the motivations and justification procedures for making research
claims: unstated givens or values that have validated the basic efforts of academic research since the late 18th century might
no longer be validparticularly, in social science and humanities research, though examples from mathematics are given by
Lyotard as well. As formal conjecture about real-world issues becomes inextricably linked to automated calculation, information
storage, and retrieval, such knowledge becomes increasingly "exteriorised" from its knowers in the form of information.
Knowledge thus becomes materialized and made into a commodity exchanged between producers and consumers; it ceases to
be either an idealistic end-in-itself or a tool capable of bringing about liberty or social benefit; it is stripped of its humanistic and
spiritual associations, its connection with education, teaching, and human development, being simply rendered as "data"
omnipresent, material, unending, and without any contexts or pre-requisites.[15] Furthermore, the "diversity" of claims made by
various disciplines begins to lack any unifying principle or intuition as objects of study become more and more specialized due
to the emphasis on specificity, precision, and uniformity of reference that competitive, database-oriented research implies.
The value-premises upholding academic research have been maintained by what Lyotard considers to be quasi-mythological
beliefs about human purpose, human reason, and human progresslarge, background constructs he calls "metanarratives".
These metanarratives still remain in Western society but are now being undermined by rapid Informatization and the
commercialization of the university and its functions. The shift of authority from the presence and intuition of knowersfrom the
good faith of reason to seek diverse knowledge integrated for human benefit or truth fidelityto the automated database and
the market had, in Lyotard's view, the power to unravel the very idea of "justification" or "legitimation" and, with it, the rationale
for research altogether, especially in disciplines pertaining to human life, society, and meaning. We are now controlled not by
binding extra-linguistic value paradigms defining notions of collective identity and ultimate purpose, but rather by our automatic
responses to different species of "language games" (a concept Lyotard imports from J. L. Austin's theory of speech acts). In
his vision of a solution to this "vertigo", Lyotard opposes the assumptions of universality, consensus, and generality that he
identified within the thought of humanistic, Neo-Kantian philosophers like Jrgen Habermas, and proposes a continuation of
experimentation and diversity to be assessed pragmatically in the context of language games rather than via appeal to a
resurrected series of transcendentals and metaphysical unities.

Richard Rorty [edit]

Richard Rorty argues in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature that contemporary analytic philosophy mistakenly imitates
scientific methods. In addition, he denounces the traditional epistemological perspectives of representationalism and
correspondence theory that rely upon the independence of knowers and observers from phenomena and the passivity of
natural phenomena in relation to consciousness. As a proponent of anti-foundationalism and anti-essentialism within a
pragmatist framework, he echoes the postmodern strain of conventionalism and relativism, but opposes much of postmodern
thinking with his commitment to social liberalism.

Jean Baudrillard [edit]

Jean Baudrillard, in Simulacra and Simulation, introduced the concept that reality or the principle of "The Real" is short-
circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic
media and digital technologies. Baudrillard proposes the notion that, in such a state, where subjects are detached from the
outcomes of events (political, literary, artistic, personal, or otherwise), events no longer hold any particular sway on the subject
nor have any identifiable context; they therefore have the effect of producing widespread indifference, detachment, and
passivity in industrialized populations. He claimed that a constant stream of appearances and references without any direct
consequences to viewers or readers could eventually render the division between appearance and object indiscernible,
resulting, ironically, in the "disappearance" of mankind in what is, in effect, a virtual or holographic state, composed only of
appearances. For Baudrillard, "simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation
by models of a real without origin or a reality: a hyperreal.[16]

Fredric Jameson [edit]

Fredric Jameson set forth one of the first expansive theoretical treatments of postmodernism as a historical period, intellectual
trend, and social phenomenon in a series of lectures at the Whitney Museum, later expanded as Postmodernism, or The
Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991). Eclectic in his methodology, Jameson has continued a sustained examination of the
role that periodization continues to play as a grounding assumption of critical methodologies in humanities disciplines. He has
contributed extensive effort to explicating the importance of concepts of Utopia and Utopianism as driving forces in the cultural
and intellectual movements of modernity, and outlining the political and existential uncertainties that may result from the decline
or suspension of this trend in the theorized state of postmodernity. Like Susan Sontag, Jameson served to introduce a wide
audience of American readers to key figures of the 20th century continental European intellectual left, particularly those
associated with the Frankfurt School, structuralism, and post-structuralism. Thus, his importance as a "translator" of their ideas
to the common vocabularies of a variety of disciplines in the Anglo-American academic complex is equally as important as his
own critical engagement with them.

Douglas Kellner [edit]

In Analysis of the Journey, a journal birthed from postmodernism, Douglas Kellner insists that the "assumptions and
procedures of modern theory" must be forgotten. His terms defined in the depth of postmodernism are based on advancement,
innovation, and adaptation. Extensively, Kellner analyzes the terms of this theory in real-life experiences and examples. Kellner
used science and technology studies as a major part of his analysis; he urged that the theory is incomplete without it. The
scale was larger than just postmodernism alone; it must be interpreted through cultural studies where science and technology
studies play a huge role. The reality of the September 11 attacks on the United States of America is the catalyst for his
explanation. This catalyst is used as a great representation due to the mere fact of the planned ambush and destruction of
"symbols of globalization", insinuating the World Trade Center.
One of the numerous yet appropriate definitions of postmodernism and the qualm aspect aids this attribute to seem perfectly
accurate. [clarification needed] In response, Kellner continues to examine the repercussions of understanding the effects of the
September 11 attacks. He questions if the attacks are only able to be understood in a limited form of postmodern theory due to
the level of irony.[17] In further studies, he enhances the idea of semiotics in alignment with the theory. Similar to the act of
September 11 and the symbols that were interpreted through this postmodern ideal, he continues to even describe this as
"semiotic systems" that people use to make sense of their lives and the events that occur in them. Kellner's adamancy that
signs are necessary to understand one's culture is what he analyzes from the evidence that most cultures have used signs in
place of existence.[citation needed] Finally, he recognizes that many theorists of postmodernism are trapped by their own
cogitations. He finds strength in theorist Baudrillard and his idea of Marxism. Kellner acknowledges Marxism's end and lack of
importance to his theory.
The conclusion he depicts is simple: postmodernism, as most use it today, will decide what experiences and signs in one's
reality will be one's reality as they know it.[18]

Deconstruction [edit]
Main article: Deconstruction
One of the most well-known postmodernist concerns is "deconstruction," a theory for philosophy, literary criticism, and textual
analysis developed by Jacques Derrida. The notion of a "deconstructive" approach implies an analysis that questions the
already evident understanding of a text in terms of presuppositions, ideological underpinnings, hierarchical values, and frames
of reference. A deconstructive approach further depends on the techniques of close reading without reference to cultural,
ideological, moral opinions or information derived from an authority over the text such as the author. At the same time Derrida
famously writes: "Il n'y a pas d'hors-texte (there is no such thing as outside-of-the-text)."[19] Derrida implies that the world
follows the grammar of a text undergoing its own deconstruction. Derrida's method frequently involves recognizing and spelling
out the different, yet similar interpretations of the meaning of a given text and the problematic implications of binary oppositions
within the meaning of a text. Derrida's philosophy inspired a postmodern movement called deconstructivism among architects,
characterized by the intentional fragmentation, distortion, and dislocation of architectural elements in designing a building.
Derrida discontinued his involvement with the movement after the publication of his collaborative project with architect Peter
Eisenmann in Chora L Works: Jacques Derrida and Peter Eisenman.[20]

Postmodernism and structuralism [edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main article: Manifestations of postmodernism
Structuralism was a philosophical movement developed by French academics in the 1950s, partly in response to French
Existentialism. It has been seen variously as an expression of Modernism, High modernism, or postmodernism[by whom?]. "Post-
structuralists" were thinkers who moved away from the strict interpretations and applications of structuralist ideas. Many
American academics consider post-structuralism to be part of the broader, less well-defined postmodernist movement, even
though many post-structuralists insisted it was not. Thinkers who have been called structuralists include the anthropologist
Claude Lvi-Strauss, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the semiotician Algirdas
Greimas. The early writings of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the literary theorist Roland Barthes have also been
called structuralist. Those who began as structuralists but became post-structuralists include Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes,
Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze. Other post-structuralists include Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Jean-Franois Lyotard,
Julia Kristeva, Hlne Cixous, and Luce Irigaray. The American cultural theorists, critics and intellectuals whom they influenced
include Judith Butler, John Fiske, Rosalind Krauss, Avital Ronell, and Hayden White.
Post-structuralism is not defined by a set of shared axioms or methodologies, but by an emphasis on how various aspects of a
particular culture, from its most ordinary, everyday material details to its most abstract theories and beliefs, determine one
another. Post-structuralist thinkers reject Reductionism and Epiphenomenalism and the idea that cause-and-effect
relationships are top-down or bottom-up. Like structuralists, they start from the assumption that people's identities, values and
economic conditions determine each other rather than having intrinsic properties that can be understood in isolation.[21] Thus
the French structuralists considered themselves to be espousing Relativism and Constructionism. But they nevertheless
tended to explore how the subjects of their study might be described, reductively, as a set of essential relationships,
schematics, or mathematical symbols. (An example is Claude Lvi-Strauss's algebraic formulation of mythological
transformation in "The Structural Study of Myth"[22]). Post-structuralists thinkers went further, questioning the existence of any
distinction between the nature of a thing and its relationship to other things.

Post-postmodernism [edit]
Main article: Post-postmodernism
The connection between postmodernism, posthumanism, and cyborgism has led to a challenge of postmodernism, for which
the terms "postpostmodernism" and "postpoststructuralism" were first coined in 2003:[23][24]

In some sense, we may regard postmodernism, posthumanism, poststructuralism, etc., as being of the 'cyborg
age' of mind over body. Deconference was an exploration in post-cyborgism (i.e. what comes after the
postcorporeal era), and thus explored issues of postpostmodernism, postpoststructuralism, and the like. To
understand this transition from 'pomo' (cyborgism) to 'popo' (postcyborgism) we must first understand the cyborg
era itself.[25]

More recently metamodernism, post-postmodernism and the "death of postmodernism" have been widely debated: in 2007
Andrew Hoberek noted in his introduction to a special issue of the journal Twentieth Century Literature titled "After
Postmodernism" that "declarations of postmodernism's demise have become a critical commonplace". A small group of critics
has put forth a range of theories that aim to describe culture or society in the alleged aftermath of postmodernism, most
notably Raoul Eshelman (performatism), Gilles Lipovetsky (hypermodernity), Nicolas Bourriaud (altermodern), and Alan Kirby
(digimodernism, formerly called pseudo-modernism). None of these new theories and labels have so far gained very
widespread acceptance. The exhibition Postmodernism Style and Subversion 19701990 at the Victoria and Albert Museum
(London, 24 September 2011 15 January 2012) was billed as the first show to document postmodernism as a historical
movement.
Influence on art [edit]
Main article: Postmodern art

Architecture [edit]
Main article: Postmodern architecture
The idea of Postmodernism in architecture began as a response to the perceived
blandness and failed Utopianism of the Modern movement. Modern Architecture, as
established and developed by Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier, was focused on the
pursuit of a perceived ideal perfection, and attempted harmony of form and function,[26]
and dismissal of "frivolous ornament,"[27][28] as well as arguing for an architecture that
represented the spirit of the age as depicted in cutting-edge technology, be it
airplanes, cars, ocean liners or even supposedly artless grain silos.[29] Critics of
modernism argued that the attributes of perfection and minimalism themselves were
subjective, and pointed out anachronisms in modern thought and questioned the Neue Staatsgalerie (1977-84),
benefits of its philosophy.[30] Definitive postmodern architecture such as the work of Stuttgart, Germany, by James Stirling
and Michael Wilford, showing the
Michael Graves and Robert Venturi rejects the notion of a 'pure' form or 'perfect'
eclectic mix of classical architecture
architectonic detail, instead conspicuously drawing from all methods, materials, forms and colourful ironic detailing.
and colors available to architects.
Modernist Ludwig Mies van der Rohe is associated with the phrase "less is more"; in contrast Venturi famously said, "Less is a
bore." Postmodernist architecture was one of the first aesthetic movements to openly challenge Modernism as antiquated and
"totalitarian", favoring personal preferences and variety over objective, ultimate truths or principles.
The intellectual scholarship regarding postmodernism and architecture is closely linked with the writings of critic-turned-
architect Charles Jencks, beginning with lectures in the early 1970s and his essay "The rise of post-modern architecture" from
1975.[31] His magnum opus, however, is the book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, first published in 1977, and
since running to seven editions. Jencks makes the point that Post-Modernism (like Modernism) varies for each field of art, and
that for architecture it is not just a reaction to Modernism but what he terms double coding: "Double Coding: the combination of
Modern techniques with something else (usually traditional building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public
and a concerned minority, usually other architects."[32] Furthermore, Post-Modern architects would for economic reasons by
compelled to make use of contemporary technology, hence distinguishing such architects from mere revivalists. Among the
Post-Modern architects championed by Jencks were Robert Venturi, Robert Stern, Charles Moore, Michael Graves, Leon Krier,
and James Stirling.

Urban planning [edit]

Postmodernism is a rejection of 'totality', of the notion that planning could be 'comprehensive', widely applied regardless of
context, and rational. In this sense, Postmodernism is a rejection of its predecessor: Modernism. From the 1920s onwards, the
Modern movement sought to design and plan cities which followed the logic of the new model of industrial mass production;
reverting to large-scale solutions, aesthetic standardisation and prefabricated design solutions (Goodchild 1990).
Postmodernism also brought a break from the notion that planning and architecture could result in social reform, which was an
integral dimension of the plans of Modernism (Simonsen 1990). Furthermore, Modernism eroded urban living by its failure to
recognise differences and aim towards homogenous landscapes (Simonsen 1990, 57). Within Modernism, urban planning
represented a 20th-century move towards establishing something stable, structured, and rationalised within what had become
a world of chaos, flux and change (Irving 1993, 475). The role of planners predating Postmodernism was one of the 'qualified
professional' who believed they could find and implement one single 'right way' of planning new urban establishments (Irving
1993). In fact, after 1945, urban planning became one of the methods through which capitalism could be managed and the
interests of developers and corporations could be administered (Irving 1993, 479).
Considering Modernism inclined urban planning to treat buildings and developments as isolated, unrelated parts of the overall
urban ecosystems created fragmented, isolated, and homogeneous urban landscapes (Goodchild, 1990). One of the greater
problems with Modernist-style of planning was the disregard of resident or public opinion, which resulted in planning being
forced upon the majority by a minority consisting of affluent professionals with little to no knowledge of real 'urban' problems
characteristic of post-Second World War urban environments: slums, overcrowding, deteriorated infrastructure, pollution and
disease, among others (Irving 1993). These were precisely the 'urban ills' Modernism was meant to 'solve', but more often than
not, the types of 'comprehensive', 'one size fits all' approaches to planning made things worse., and residents began to show
interest in becoming involved in decisions which had once been solely entrusted to professionals of the built environment.
Advocacy planning and participatory models of planning emerged in the 1960s to counter these traditional elitist and
technocratic approaches to urban planning (Irving 1993; Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007). Furthermore, an assessment of the 'ills' of
Modernism among planners during the 1960s, fuelled development of a participatory model that aimed to expand the range of
participants in urban interventions (Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007, 21).
Jane Jacobs' 1961 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities was a sustained critique of urban planning as it had
developed within Modernism and marked a transition from modernity to postmodernity in thinking about urban planning (Irving
1993, 479). However, the transition from Modernism to Postmodernism is often said to have happened at 3:32pm on 15 July in
1972, when Pruitt Igoe; a housing development for low-income people in St. Louis designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki,
which had been a prize-winning version of Le Corbusier's 'machine for modern living' was deemed uninhabitable and was torn
down (Irving 1993, 480). Since then, Postmodernism has involved theories that embrace and aim to create diversity, and it
exalts uncertainty, flexibility and change (Hatuka & D'Hooghe 2007). Postmodern planning aims to accept pluralism and
heighten awareness of social differences in order to accept and bring to light the claims of minority and disadvantaged groups
(Goodchild 1990). It is important to note that urban planning discourse within Modernity and Postmodernity has developed in
different contexts, even though they both grew within a capitalist culture. Modernity was shaped by a capitalist ethic of
Fordist-Keynesian paradigm of mass, standardized production and consumption, while postmodernity was created out of a
more flexible form of capital accumulation, labor markets and organisations (Irving 1993, 60). Also, there is a distinction
between a postmodernism of 'reaction' and one of 'resistance'. A postmodernism of 'reaction' rejects Modernism and seeks to
return to the lost traditions and history in order to create a new cultural synthesis, while Postmodernity of 'resistance' seeks to
deconstruct Modernism and is a critique of the origins without necessarily returning to them (Irving 1993, 60). As a result of
Postmodernism, planners are much less inclined to lay a firm or steady claim to there being one single 'right way' of engaging
in urban planning and are more open to different styles and ideas of 'how to plan' (Irving 474).[33][34][35][36]

Literature [edit]
Main article: Postmodern literature
Literary postmodernism was officially inaugurated in the United States with the first
issue of boundary 2, subtitled "Journal of Postmodern Literature and Culture", which
appeared in 1972. David Antin, Charles Olson, John Cage, and the Black Mountain
College school of poetry and the arts were integral figures in the intellectual and artistic
exposition of postmodernism at the time.[37] boundary 2 remains an influential journal in
postmodernist circles today.[38]
Jorge Luis Borges' (1939) short story Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, is often
considered as predicting postmodernism[39] and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate Orhan Pamuk, winner of the 2006
Nobel Prize in Literature.
parody.[40] Samuel Beckett is sometimes seen as an important precursor and influence.
Novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include Vladimir
Nabokov, William Gaddis, Umberto Eco, John Hawkes, William S. Burroughs, Giannina Braschi, Kurt Vonnegut, John Barth,
Jean Rhys, Donald Barthelme, E.L. Doctorow, Richard Kalich, Jerzy Kosinski, Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon[41] (Pynchon's
work has also been described as "high modern"[42]), Ishmael Reed, Kathy Acker, Ana Lydia Vega, Jachym Topol and Paul
Auster.
In 1971, the Arab-American scholar Ihab Hassan published The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature,
an early work of literary criticism from a postmodern perspective, in which the author traces the development of what he calls
"literature of silence" through Marquis de Sade, Franz Kafka, Ernest Hemingway, Beckett, and many others, including
developments such as the Theatre of the Absurd and the nouveau roman. In 'Postmodernist Fiction' (1987), Brian McHale
details the shift from modernism to postmodernism, arguing that the former is characterized by an epistemological dominant,
and that postmodern works have developed out of modernism and are primarily concerned with questions of ontology.[43] In
Constructing Postmodernism (1992), McHale's second book, he provides readings of postmodern fiction and of some of the
contemporary writers who go under the label of cyberpunk. McHale's "What Was Postmodernism?" (2007),[44] follows Raymond
Federman's lead in now using the past tense when discussing postmodernism.

Music [edit]
Main articles: Postmodern music, Postmodern classical music, and Art rock
Postmodern music is either music of the postmodern era, or music that follows
aesthetic and philosophical trends of postmodernism. As the name suggests, the
postmodernist movement formed partly in reaction to the ideals of the modernist.
Because of this, postmodern music is mostly defined in opposition to modernist music,
and a work can either be modernist, or postmodern, but not both. Jonathan Kramer
posits the idea (following Umberto Eco and Jean-Franois Lyotard) that postmodernism
(including musical postmodernism) is less a surface style or historical period (i.e.,
condition) than an attitude.[citation needed]
The postmodern impulse in classical music arose in the 1960s with the advent of
musical minimalism. Composers such as Terry Riley, Henryk Grecki, Bradley Joseph,
John Adams, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Michael Nyman, and Lou Harrison reacted to
the perceived elitism and dissonant sound of atonal academic modernism by producing
music with simple textures and relatively consonant harmonies, whilst others, most
notably John Cage challenged the prevailing narratives of beauty and objectivity Composer Henryk Grecki.
common to Modernism. Some composers have been openly influenced by popular
music and world ethnic musical traditions.[citation needed]
Postmodern classical music as well is not a musical style, but rather refers to music of the postmodern era. It bears the same
relationship to postmodernist music that postmodernity bears to postmodernism. Postmodern music, on the other hand, shares
characteristics with postmodernist artthat is, art that comes after and reacts against modernism.[citation needed]
Though representing a general return to certain notions of music-making that are often considered to be classical or
romantic[citation needed], not all postmodern composers have eschewed the experimentalist or academic tenets of modernism.
The works of Dutch composer Louis Andriessen, for example, exhibit experimentalist preoccupation that is decidedly anti-
romantic. Eclecticism and freedom of expression, in reaction to the rigidity and aesthetic limitations of modernism, are the
hallmarks of the postmodern influence in musical composition.[citation needed]
Author on postmodernism, Dominic Strinati, has noted, it is also important "to include in this category the so-called 'art rock'
musical innovations and mixing of styles associated with groups like Talking Heads, and performers like Laurie Anderson,
together with the self-conscious 'reinvention of disco' by the Pet Shop Boys".[45]

Graphic design [edit]

Postmodern designers were in the beginning stages of what we now refer to as "graphic design". They created works
beginning in the 1970s without any set adherence to rational order and formal organization. They also seemed to entirely pay
no attention to traditional conventions such as legibility. Another characteristic of postmodern graphic design is that "retro,
techno, punk, grunge, beach, parody, and pastiche were all conspicuous trends. Each had its own sites and venues,
detractors and advocates".[46] Yet, while postmodern design did not consist of one unified graphic style, the movement was an
expressive and playful time for designers who searched for more and more ways to go against the system. Key influential
postmodern graphic designers include Wolfgang Weingart, April Greiman, Tibor Kalman, and Jamie Reid.

Criticisms [edit]
Main article: Criticism of postmodernism
Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse, including the assertions that postmodernism is meaningless and
promotes obscurantism. For example, Noam Chomsky has argued that postmodernism is meaningless because it adds nothing
to analytical or empirical knowledge. He asks why postmodernist intellectuals do not respond like people in other fields when
asked, "what are the principles of their theories, on what evidence are they based, what do they explain that wasn't already
obvious, etc.?...If [these requests] can't be met, then I'd suggest recourse to Hume's advice in similar circumstances: 'to the
flames'."[47]
Christian philosopher William Lane Craig has noted "The idea that we live in a postmodern culture is a myth. In fact, a
postmodern culture is an impossibility; it would be utterly unliveable. People are not relativistic when it comes to matters of
science, engineering, and technology; rather, they are relativistic and pluralistic in matters of religion and ethics. But, of
course, that's not postmodernism; that's modernism!"[48]
Formal, academic critiques of postmodernism can also be found in works such as Beyond the Hoax and Fashionable
Nonsense.
However, as for continental philosophy, American academics have tended to label it "postmodernist", especially practitioners of
"French Theory". Such a trend might derive from U.S. departments of Comparative Literature.[49] It is interesting to note that
Flix Guattari, often considered a "postmodernist", rejected its theoretical assumptions by arguing that the structuralist and
postmodernist visions of the world were not flexible enough to seek explanations in psychological, social and environmental
domains at the same time.[50]
Philosopher Daniel Dennett declared, "Postmodernism, the school of 'thought' that proclaimed 'There are no truths, only
interpretations' has largely played itself out in absurdity, but it has left behind a generation of academics in the humanities
disabled by their distrust of the very idea of truth and their disrespect for evidence, settling for 'conversations' in which nobody
is wrong and nothing can be confirmed, only asserted with whatever style you can muster."[51]
Daniel Farber and Suzanna Sherry criticised Postmodermism for reducing the complexity of the modern world to an expression
of power and for undermining truth and reason: "If the modern era begins with the European Enlightenment, the postmodern
era that captivates the radical multiculturalists begins with its rejection. According to the new radicals, the Enlightenment-
inspired ideas that have previously structured our world, especially the legal and academic parts of it, are a fraud perpetrated
and perpetuated by white males to consolidate their own power. Those who disagree are not only blind but bigoted. The
Enlightenment's goal of an objective and reasoned basis for knowledge, merit, truth, justice, and the like is an impossibility:
"objectivity," in the sense of standards of judgment that transcend individual perspectives, does not exist. Reason is just
another code word for the views of the privileged. The Enlightenment itself merely replaced one socially constructed view of
reality with another, mistaking power for knowledge. There is naught but power."[52]

See also [edit]

Theory Politics
Critical theory Post-realism
Integral theory Religion
Transmodernism Postmodern religion
Culture and politics Opposed by
Defamiliarization Altermodern
Disenchantment Remodernism
 Sokal affair Remodernist film
Syncretism Stuckism

References [edit]
1. ^ "postmodernism: definition of postmodernism in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)" . oxforddictionaries.com.
2. ^ Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989; American Heritage Dictionary's definition of "postmodern"
3. ^ Mura, Andrea (2012). "The Symbolic Function of Transmodernity" (PDF). Language and Psychoanalysis. 1 (1): 6887.
doi:10.7565/landp.2012.0005 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2015.
4. ^ a b Duignan, Brian. "postmodernism". Britannica.
5. ^ Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2004
6. ^ Hassan, Ihab, The Postmodern Turn, Essays in Postmodern Theory and Culture, Ohio University Press, 1987. p. 12ff.
7. ^ Thompson, J. M. "Post-Modernism," The Hibbert Journal. Vol XII No. 4, July 1914. p. 733
8. ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, A study of History, Volume 5 , Oxford University Press, 1961 [1939], p. 43.
9. ^ Encyclopdia Britannica, 2004
10. ^ Drucker, Peter F. (1957). Landmarks of Tomorrow . New York: Harper Brothers. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
11. ^ Bochner, Mel (2008). Solar System & Rest Rooms: Writings and Interviews 1965--2007. USA: The MIT Press. p. 91.
ISBN 9780262026314.
12. ^ Walter Truett Anderson (1996). The Fontana Postmodernism Reader.
13. ^ "TRANS Nr. 11: Paul Michael Ltzeler (St. Louis): From Postmodernism to Postcolonialism" . inst.at.
14. ^ Yilmaz, K (2010). "Postmodernism and its Challenge to the Discipline of History: Implications for History Education". Educational
Philosophy & Theory. 42 (7): 779795. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2009.00525.x .
15. ^ Lyotard, Jean-Franois. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Les ditions de Minuit, 1979. English Translation by
Geoffrey Bennington and Brian Massumi. Manchester University Press, 1984. See Chapter 1, The Field: Knowledge in
Computerised Societies. //
16. ^ Luke, T. W. (1991). Power and politics in hyperreality: The critical project of Jean Baudrillard. Social Science Journal, 28(3), 347.
17. ^ Lule, Jack (2001). "The Postmodern Adventure (Book)". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 78 (4): 865866.
18. ^ Danto, AC (1990). "The Hyper-Intellectual". New Republic. 203 (11/12): 4448.
19. ^ Derrida (1967), Of Grammatology, Part II, Introduction to the "Age of Rousseau," section 2 "...That Dangerous Supplement...",
title, The Exorbitant Question of Method, pp. 15859, 163.
20. ^ Benot Peeters, Derrida: A Biography, pp. 3778, translated by Andrew Brown, Polity Press, 2013, ISBN 9780745656151
21. ^ Lvi-Strauss, Claude (1963). Structural Anthropology (I ed.). USA: New York: Basic Books. p. 324. ISBN 046509516X.
Lvi-Strauss, quoting D'Arcy Westworth Thompson states: "To those who question the possibility of defining the interrelations
between entities whose nature is not completely understood, I shall reply with the following comment by a great naturalist: In a very
large part of morphology, our essential task lies in the comparison of related forms rather than in the precise definition of each; and
the deformation of a complicated figure may be a phenomenon easy of comprehension, though the figure itself has to be left
unanalyzed and undefined."
22. ^ Lvi-Strauss, Claude. Anthropologie Structurale. Paris: ditions Plon, 1958.
Lvi-Strauss, Claude. Structural Anthropology. Trans. Claire Jacobson and Brooke Grundfest Schoepf (New York: Basic Books,
1963), 228 .
23. ^ " "Deconstructing Decontamination", LEONARDO, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 285290, 2003" (PDF).
24. ^ "Postcyborg Ethics: A New Way to Speak of Technology", Heidi A. Campbell, in Campbell, Heidi A. "Postcyborg Ethics: A New
Way to Speak of Technology." Explorations in Media Ecology 5, no. 4, Hampton Press, Inc., 2006, pp279-296
25. ^ " "PanopDecon: deconstructing, decontaminating, and decontextualizing panopticism in the postcyborg era", Surveillance &
Society 1(3), pp375-398, 2003" .
26. ^ Sullivan, Louis. "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered," published Lippincott's Magazine (March 1896).
27. ^ Loos, Adolf. "Ornament and Crime," published 1908.
28. ^ Tafuri, Manfredo, 'Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development', Cambridge: MIT Press, 1976.
29. ^ Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture. Dover Publications, 1985/1921.
30. ^ Venturi, et al.
31. ^ Jencks, Charles, "The rise of Post-Modern architecture", Architecture Association Quarterly, No.4, 1975.
32. ^ Jencks, Charles. "The Language of Post-Modern Architecture", Academy Editions, London 1974.
33. ^ Goodchild, B 1990, 'Planning and the Modern'Postmodern Debate', in The Town Planning Review, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 119137.
34. ^ Hatuka, T & D'Hooghe, A 2007, 'After Postmodernism: readdressing the Role of Utopia in Urban Design and Planning', in Places:
Forum of Design for the Public Realm, vol. 19, Issue 2, pp. 2027/
35. ^ Irving, A 1993, 'The Modern/Postmodern Divide and Urban Planning', in The University of Toronto Quareterly, vol. 62, no. 4,
pp. 474487.
36. ^ Simonsen, K 1990, 'Planning on 'Postmodern' Conditions', in Acta Sociologica, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 5162.
37. ^ Anderson, The origins of postmodernity, London: Verso, 1998, Ch.2: "Crystallization".
38. ^ boundary 2, Duke University Press, Boundary2.dukejournals.org
39. ^ Elizabeth Bellalouna, Michael L. LaBlanc, Ira Mark Milne (2000) Literature of Developing Nations for Students: L-Z p.50
40. ^ Stavans (1997) p.31
41. ^ "7 Pynchon's postmodernism Cambridge Companions Online Cambridge University Press" . Universitypublishingonline.org.
Retrieved 2013-04-04.
42. ^ "Mail, Events, Screenings, News: 32" . People.bu.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
43. ^ McHale, B., Postmodernist Fiction (Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2003).
44. ^ "What Was Postmodernism?" . Electronic Book Review. 2007-12-20. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
45. ^ Strinati, Dominic (1995). An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. London: Routledge. p. 234.
46. ^ Drucker, Johanna and Emily McVarish (2008). Graphic Design History. Pearson. pp. 305306. ISBN 978-0132410755.
47. ^ "Noam Chomsky on Post-Modernism" . bactra.org.
48. ^ Craig, William Lane (July 3, 2008). "God is Not Dead Yet" . Christianity Today. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
49. ^ "Italian Theory" . UniNomade. 3 March 2013.
50. ^ Guattari, Felix (1989). "The three ecologies" (PDF). New formations (8): 134.
51. ^ DENNETT ON WIESELTIER V. PINKER IN THE NEW REPUBLIC http://edge.org/conversation/dennett-on-wieseltier-v-pinker-in-
the-new-republic
52. ^ Daniel Farber and Suzanne Sherry, Beyond All Reason The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law, New York Times,
https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/f/farber-reason.html
Further reading [edit]
Alexie, Sherman (2000). "The Toughest Indian in the World" (ISBN 0-8021-3800-4)
Anderson, Walter Truett. The Truth about the Truth (New Consciousness Reader). New York: Tarcher. (1995) (ISBN 0-87477-801-8)
Anderson, Perry. The origins of postmodernity. London: Verso, 1998.
Arena, Leonardo Vittorio (2015) On Nudity. An Introduction to Nonsense, Mimesis International.
Ashley, Richard and Walker, R. B. J. (1990) "Speaking the Language of Exile." International Studies Quarterly v 34, no 3 259-68.
Bauman, Zygmunt (2000) Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beck, Ulrich (1986) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity.
Benhabib, Seyla (1995) 'Feminism and Postmodernism' in (ed. Nicholson) Feminism Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New
York: Routledge.
Berman, Marshall (1982) All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity (ISBN 0-14-010962-5).
Bertens, Hans (1995) The Idea of the Postmodern: A History. London: Routledge. (ISBN 978-0-415-06012-7).
Best, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner. Postmodern Theory (1991) excerpt and text search
Best, Steven Best and Douglas Kellner. The Postmodern Turn (1997) excerpt and text search
Bielskis, Andrius (2005) Towards a Postmodern Understanding of the Political: From Genealogy to Hermeneutics (Palgrave Macmillan,
2005).
Braschi, Giannina (1994), Empire of Dreams, introduction by Alicia Ostriker, Yale University Press, New Haven, London.
Brass, Tom, Peasants, Populism and Postmodernism (London: Cass, 2000).
Butler, Judith (1995) 'Contingent Foundations' in (ed. Nicholson) Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange. New Yotk:
Routledge.
Callinicos, Alex, Against Postmodernism: A Marxist Critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1999).
Drabble, M. The Oxford Companion to English Literature, 6 ed., article "Postmodernism".
Farrell, John. "Paranoia and Postmodernism," the epilogue to Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), 309-
327.
Featherstone, M. (1991) Consumer culture and postmodernism, London; Newbury Park, Calif., Sage Publications.
Giddens, Anthony (1991) Modernity and Self Identity, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gosselin, Paul (2012) Flight From the Absolute: Cynical Observations on the Postmodern West. volume I. Samizdat [1] (ISBN 978-
2-9807774-3-1)
Goulimari, Pelagia (ed.) (2007) Postmodernism. What Moment? Manchester: Manchester University Press (ISBN 978-0-7190-7308-3)
Grebowicz, Margaret (ed.), Gender After Lyotard. NY: Suny Press, 2007. (ISBN 978-0-7914-6956-9)
Greer, Robert C. Mapping Postmodernism. IL: Intervarsity Press, 2003. (ISBN 0-8308-2733-1)
Groothuis, Douglas. Truth Decay. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000.
Harvey, David (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (ISBN 0-631-16294-1)
Honderich, T., The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, article "Postmodernism".
Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. (2002) online edition
Jameson, Fredric (1991) Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (ISBN 0-8223-1090-2)
Kimball, Roger (2000). Experiments against Reality: the Fate of Culture in the Postmodern Age. Chicago: I.R. Dee. viii, 359 p. (ISBN 1-
56663-335-4)
Kirby, Alan (2009) Digimodernism. New York: Continuum.
Lash, S. (1990) The sociology of postmodernism London, Routledge.
Lucy, Niall. (2016) A dictionary of Postmodernism (ISBN 9781405150774)
Lyotard, Jean-Franois (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (ISBN 0-8166-1173-4)
--- (1988). The Postmodern Explained: Correspondence 19821985. Ed. Julian Pefanis and Morgan Thomas. (ISBN 0-8166-2211-6)
--- (1993), "Scriptures: Diffracted Traces." In: Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 21(1), 2004.
--- (1995), "Anamnesis: Of the Visible." In: Theory, Culture and Society, Vol. 21(1), 2004.
McHale, Brian, (1987) Postmodernist Fiction. London: Routledge.
--- (1992), Constructing Postmodernism. NY & London: Routledge.
--- (2008), "1966 Nervous Breakdown, or, When Did Postmodernism Begin?" Modern Language Quarterly 69, 3:391-413.
--- (2007), "What Was Postmodernism?" electronic book review, [2]
MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (University of Notre Dame Press, 1984, 2nd edn.).
Magliola, Robert, Derrida on the Mend (Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1984; 1986; pbk. 2000, ISBN I-55753-205-2).
---, On Deconstructing Life-Worlds: Buddhism, Christianity, Culture (Atlanta: Scholars Press of American Academy of Religion, 1997;
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-7885-0295-6, cloth, ISBN 0-7885-0296-4, pbk).
Manuel, Peter. "Music as Symbol, Music as Simulacrum: Pre-Modern, Modern, and Postmodern Aesthetics in Subcultural Musics,"
Popular Music 1/2, 1995, pp. 227239.
Mura, Andrea (2012). "The Symbolic Function of Transmodernity" (PDF). Language and Psychoanalysis. 1 (1): 6887.
doi:10.7565/landp.2012.0005 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2015.
Murphy, Nancey, Anglo-American Postmodernity: Philosophical Perspectives on Science, Religion, and Ethics (Westview Press,
1997).
Natoli, Joseph (1997) A Primer to Postmodernity (ISBN 1-57718-061-5)
Norris, Christopher (1990) What's Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory and the Ends of Philosophy (ISBN 0-8018-4137-2)
Pangle, Thomas L., The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age, Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1991 ISBN 0-8018-4635-8
Park, Jin Y., ed., Buddhisms and Deconstructions Lanham: Rowland & Littlefield, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7425-3418-6; ISBN 0-7425-3418-9.
Prez, Rolando. Ed. Agorapoetics: Poetics after Postmodernism. Aurora: The Davies Group, Publishers. 2017. ISBN 978-1-934542-38-
5.
Powell, Jim (1998). "Postmodernism For Beginners" (ISBN 978-1-934389-09-6)
Sim, Stuart. (1999). "The Routledge critical dictionary of postmodern thought" (ISBN 0415923530)
Sokal, Alan and Jean Bricmont (1998) Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science (ISBN 0-312-20407-8)
Vattimo, Gianni (1989). The Transparent Society (ISBN 0-8018-4528-9)
Veith Jr., Gene Edward (1994) Postmodern Times: A Christian Guide to Contemporary Thought and Culture (ISBN 0-89107-768-5)
Windshuttle, Keith (1996) The Killing of History: How Literary Critics and Social Theorists are Murdering our Past. New York: The Free
Press.
Woods, Tim, Beginning Postmodernism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999,(Reprinted 2002)(ISBN 0-7190-5210-6
Hardback,ISBN 0-7190-5211-4 Paperback) .
External links [edit]
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's entry on postmodernism
Wikiquote has quotations
Discourses of Postmodernism. Multilingual Bibliography by Janusz Przychodzen related to: Postmodernism
(PDF file)
Modernity, postmodernism and the tradition of dissent, by Lloyd Spencer (1998) Library resources about
Postmodernism
Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v. Postmodernist Thought * Characterizing a Fogbank: What Resources in your library
Is Postmodernism, and Why Do I Take Such a Dim View of it? Resources in other libraries
Postmodernism and truth by philosopher Daniel Dennett
Postmodernism is the new black : How the shape of modern retailing was both Look up postmodernism in
Wiktionary, the free
predicted and influenced by some unlikely seers (The Economist 19 December dictionary.
2006)
[ permanent dead link] Gaining clarity: after postmodernism, [ permanent dead Wikimedia Commons has
media related to
link] Eretz Acheret magazine Postmodernism.

Links to related articles

v t e Modernism
Le Djeuner sur lherbe (1862-63) Olympia (1863) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886)
Mont Sainte-Victoir (1887) The Starry Night (1889) Ubu Roi (1896) Verklrte Nacht (1899) Le bonheur de vivre
(1905-1906) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) The Firebird (1910) Afternoon of a Faun (1912)
Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) In Search of Lost Time (19131927) The Metamorphosis (1915)
Milestones
Black Square (1915) Fountain (1917) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921)
Ulysses (1922) The Waste Land (1922) The Magic Mountain (1924) Battleship Potemkin (1925) The Sun Also Rises
(1926) The Threepenny Opera (1928) The Sound and the Fury (1929) Un Chien Andalou (1929) Villa Savoye (1931)
The Blue Lotus (1936) Fallingwater (1936) Waiting for Godot (1953)
Guillaume Apollinaire Djuna Barnes Tadeusz Borowski Andr Breton Mikhail Bulgakov Anton Chekhov
Joseph Conrad Alfred Dblin E. M. Forster William Faulkner Gustave Flaubert Ford Madox Ford Andr Gide
Literature Knut Hamsun Jaroslav Haek Ernest Hemingway Hermann Hesse James Joyce Franz Kafka Arthur Koestler
D. H. Lawrence Wyndham Lewis Thomas Mann Katherine Mansfield Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Guy de Maupassant Robert Musil Katherine Anne Porter Marcel Proust Gertrude Stein Italo Svevo Virginia Woolf
Anna Akhmatova Richard Aldington W. H. Auden Charles Baudelaire Luca Caragiale Constantine P. Cavafy
Blaise Cendrars Hart Crane H.D. Robert Desnos T. S. Eliot Paul luard Odysseas Elytis F. S. Flint
Stefan George Max Jacob Federico Garca Lorca Amy Lowell Robert Lowell Mina Loy Stphane Mallarm
Poetry
Marianne Moore Wilfred Owen Octavio Paz Fernando Pessoa Ezra Pound Lionel Richard Rainer Maria Rilke
Arthur Rimbaud Giorgos Seferis Wallace Stevens Dylan Thomas Tristan Tzara Paul Valry
William Carlos Williams W. B. Yeats
Josef Albers Jean Arp Balthus George Bellows Umberto Boccioni Pierre Bonnard Georges Braque
Constantin Brncui Alexander Calder Mary Cassatt Paul Czanne Marc Chagall Giorgio de Chirico
Camille Claudel Joseph Cornell Joseph Csaky Salvador Dal Edgar Degas Raoul Dufy Willem de Kooning
Robert Delaunay Charles Demuth Otto Dix Theo van Doesburg Marcel Duchamp James Ensor Max Ernst
Jacob Epstein Paul Gauguin Alberto Giacometti Vincent van Gogh Natalia Goncharova Julio Gonzlez Juan Gris
George Grosz Raoul Hausmann Jacques Hrold Hannah Hch Edward Hopper Frida Kahlo Wassily Kandinsky
Visual art
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner Paul Klee Oskar Kokoschka Pyotr Konchalovsky Andr Lhote Fernand Lger Franz Marc
Albert Marque Jean Marchand Ren Magritte Kazimir Malevich douard Manet Henri Matisse Colin McCahon
Jean Metzinger Joan Mir Amedeo Modigliani Piet Mondrian Claude Monet Henry Moore Edvard Munch
Emil Nolde Georgia O'Keeffe Mret Oppenheim Francis Picabia Pablo Picasso Camille Pissarro Man Ray
Odilon Redon Pierre-Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Henri Rousseau Egon Schiele Georges Seurat Paul Signac
Alfred Sisley Edward Steichen Alfred Stieglitz Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec douard Vuillard Grant Wood
George Antheil Milton Babbitt Jean Barraqu Alban Berg Luciano Berio Nadia Boulanger Pierre Boulez
John Cage Elliott Carter Aaron Copland Henry Cowell Henri Dutilleux Morton Feldman Henryk Grecki
Josef Matthias Hauer Paul Hindemith Arthur Honegger Charles Ives Leo Janek Gyrgy Ligeti
Music
Witold Lutosawski Olivier Messiaen Luigi Nono Harry Partch Krzysztof Penderecki Sergei Prokofiev Luigi Russolo
Erik Satie Pierre Schaeffer Arnold Schoenberg Dmitri Shostakovich Richard Strauss Igor Stravinsky
Edgard Varse Anton Webern Kurt Weill Iannis Xenakis
 Edward Albee Maxwell Anderson Jean Anouilh Antonin Artaud Samuel Beckett Bertolt Brecht Anton Chekhov
Friedrich Drrenmatt Jean Genet Maxim Gorky Walter Hasenclever Henrik Ibsen William Inge Eugne Ionesco
Theatre
Alfred Jarry Georg Kaiser Maurice Maeterlinck Vladimir Mayakovsky Arthur Miller Sen O'Casey Eugene O'Neill
John Osborne Luigi Pirandello Erwin Piscator George Bernard Shaw August Strindberg John Millington Synge
Ernst Toller Frank Wedekind Thornton Wilder Stanisaw Ignacy Witkiewicz
Ingmar Bergman Anton Giulio Bragaglia Luis Buuel Marcel Carn Charlie Chaplin Ren Clair Jean Cocteau
Maya Deren Alexander Dovzhenko Carl Theodor Dreyer Viking Eggeling Sergei Eisenstein Jean Epstein
Film Robert J. Flaherty Abel Gance Isidore Isou Buster Keaton Lev Kuleshov Fritz Lang Marcel L'Herbier
Georges Mlis F. W. Murnau Georg Wilhelm Pabst Vsevolod Pudovkin Jean Renoir Walter Ruttmann
Victor Sjstrm Josef von Sternberg Dziga Vertov Jean Vigo Robert Wiene
George Balanchine Merce Cunningham Clotilde von Derp Sergei Diaghilev Isadora Duncan Michel Fokine
Dance Loie Fuller Martha Graham Hanya Holm Doris Humphrey Lonide Massine Vaslav Nijinsky Alwin Nikolais
Alexander Sakharoff Ted Shawn Anna Sokolow Ruth St. Denis Helen Tamiris Charles Weidman Mary Wigman
Alvar Aalto Marcel Breuer Gordon Bunshaft Antoni Gaud Walter Gropius Hector Guimard Raymond Hood
Victor Horta Friedensreich Hundertwasser Philip Johnson Louis Kahn Le Corbusier Adolf Loos
Architecture Konstantin Melnikov Erich Mendelsohn Pier Luigi Nervi Richard Neutra Oscar Niemeyer Hans Poelzig
Antonin Raymond Gerrit Rietveld Eero Saarinen Rudolf Steiner Edward Durell Stone Louis Sullivan Vladimir Tatlin
Paul Troost Jrn Utzon Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Frank Lloyd Wright
American modernism Armory Show Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Avant-garde Ballets Russes Bauhaus
Buddhist modernism Constructivism Cubism Dada Degenerate art De Stijl Der Blaue Reiter Die Brcke
Ecomodernism Expressionism Expressionist music Fauvism Fourth dimension in art
Fourth dimension in literature Futurism Hanshinkan Modernism High modernism Imagism Impressionism
Related articles International Style Late modernism Late modernity Lettrism List of art movements List of avant-garde artists
List of modernist poets Lyrical abstraction Minimalism Modern art Modernity Neo-Dada Neo-primitivism
New Objectivity Orphism Post-Impressionism Postminimalism Postmodernism Reactionary modernism
Metamodernism Remodernism Romanticism Second Viennese School Structural film Surrealism Symbolism
Synchromism Tonalism Warsaw Autumn
v t e Sub-fields of and approaches to human geography
Behavioral Cognitive Cultural Development Economic Health Historical Integrated Language
Sub-fields Marketing Military Political Population Religion Social Strategic Time Tourism Transport
Urban
Critical Culture theory Feminist Marxist Modernism (Structuralism Semiotics)
Approaches Non-representational theory Postmodernism (Post-structuralism Deconstruction) Scientific method
Sexuality and space
v t e Aesthetics topics
Abhinavagupta Theodor W. Adorno Leon Battista Alberti Thomas Aquinas Hans Urs von Balthasar
Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R. G. Collingwood
Ananda Coomaraswamy Arthur Danto John Dewey Denis Diderot Hubert Dreyfus Curt John Ducasse
Thierry de Duve Roger Fry Nelson Goodman Clement Greenberg Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume
Philosophers Immanuel Kant Paul Klee Susanne Langer Theodor Lipps Gyrgy Lukcs Jean-Franois Lyotard Joseph Margolis
Jacques Maritain Thomas Munro Friedrich Nietzsche Jos Ortega y Gasset Dewitt H. Parker Stephen Pepper
David Prall Jacques Rancire Ayn Rand George Lansing Raymond I. A. Richards George Santayana
Friedrich Schiller Arthur Schopenhauer Roger Scruton Irving Singer Rabindranath Tagore Giorgio Vasari
Morris Weitz Johann Joachim Winckelmann Richard Wollheim more...
Classicism Evolutionary aesthetics Historicism Modernism New Classical Postmodernism Psychoanalytic theory
Theories
Romanticism Symbolism more...
Aesthetic emotions Aesthetic interpretation Art manifesto Avant-garde Axiology Beauty Boredom Camp Comedy
Creativity Cuteness Disgust Ecstasy Elegance Entertainment Eroticism Gaze Harmony Judgement Kama
Concepts
Kitsch Life imitating art Magnificence Mimesis Perception Quality Rasa Reverence Style Sublime Taste
Work of art
Aesthetics of music Applied aesthetics Architecture Art Arts criticism Feminist aesthetics Gastronomy
History of painting Humour Japanese aesthetics Literary merit Mathematical beauty Mathematics and architecture
Related topics
Mathematics and art Music theory Neuroesthetics Painting Patterns in nature Philosophy of design
Philosophy of film Philosophy of music Poetry Sculpture Theory of painting Theory of art Tragedy Visual arts
Index Outline Category Portal

v t e Continental philosophy
Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou
Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Marshall Berman
Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Wendy Brown Martin Buber Judith Butler
Albert Camus Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida
Hubert L. Dreyfus Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault
Hans-Georg Gadamer Flix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Roman Ingarden Jrgen Habermas
Philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Heidegger Edmund Husserl Luce Irigaray Fredric Jameson Karl Jaspers
Walter Kaufmann Sren Kierkegaard Pierre Klossowski Alexandre Kojve Leszek Koakowski Julia Kristeva
Jacques Lacan Franois Laruelle Henri Lefebvre Claude Lvi-Strauss Emmanuel Levinas Niklas Luhmann
Gyrgy Lukcs Jean-Franois Lyotard Gabriel Marcel Herbert Marcuse Karl Marx Quentin Meillassoux
Maurice Merleau-Ponty Antonio Negri Friedrich Nietzsche Jos Ortega y Gasset Paul Ricur Edward Said
Jean-Paul Sartre Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Carl Schmitt Arthur Schopenhauer Michel Serres
Gilbert Simondon Peter Sloterdijk Leo Strauss Raymond Williams Slavoj iek
Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Frankfurt School German idealism Hermeneutics Neo-Kantianism
Theories Non-philosophy Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Psychoanalytic theory Social constructionism
Speculative realism Structuralism Western Marxism
 Concepts Angst Authenticity Being in itself Boredom Dasein Diffrance Difference Existential crisis Facticity Intersubjectivity
Ontic Other Self-deception Trace
Category Index

v t e Theories of history
Annales Conceptual Cultural Economic Environmental Gender Historicism
Marxist Microhistory Postcolonial Politics Postmodern Psychohistory Social
List of historians History
v t e Historiography
Historical method History history theories of history historiography historians
Historical documents Papyri Religious texts Codices Scrolls Hieroglyphs Manuscripts Facsimiles Archives
Primary sources
Deeds
Organizations, Institutes Historical society Historiographical Institute of the University of Tokyo
Concepts (choice) Battle for Australia Pax Sinica Political midlife crisis Renaissance Translatio imperii
Annales School (History of mentalities Nouvelle histoire) Microhistory Case study Historical linguistics
Great Man theory (Heroic theory of invention and scientific development) Historic recurrence Historical anthropology
Methodology, Schools (choice) Historical determinism Historical realism Historicism Historiometry (Cliometrics) Historism Marxist historiography
(Historical materialism) Codicology Palaeography Intellectual history (Idea of Progress
History of modernisation theory) Historical criticism Historical geography (Historical geographic information system)
Historiography of Albania Historiography of Argentina Historiography of Canada Chinese historiography
Historiography of Germany Greek historiography Historiography of early Islam Historiography of Japan
By country Roman historiography Serbian historiography (Encyclopedia of Serbian Historiography)
Historiography in the Soviet Union Historiography of the United Kingdom Historiography of the United States
Historiography of Scotland Historiography of Switzerland
Historiography of science Historiography of the salon Historiography of the May Revolution
Others
Historiography of World War II Functionalism versus intentionalism Historiography of early Islam
Historical fiction Historical revisionism Historical negationism Historiography and nationalism Historical marker
Related
List of historians

Authority control GND: 4115604-3 NDL: 00935601

Categories: Postmodernism Theories of aesthetics Modernism Metanarratives Philosophical movements

This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 00:41.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy
Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view