fill in the blank sentences or answer the question

1. One .................... unit is dened as that quantity of X- or gamma radiation that

produces, in air, ions carrying one coulomb of charge (of either sign) per kilogram
of air. It does not have a special name, and is being called an X unit in this textbook
for convenience.
2. Stochastic effects, such as cancer, are also seen among persons with no known
exposure to the agent associated with that effect.) and ..............., or deterministic
effects. Most biological effects fall into the category of deterministic ef- fects.
.............. effects are characterized by the three qualities stated by the Swiss physician
and scientist Paracelsus about 500 years ago when he wrote the size of the dose
determines the poison. (A corollary to this is the old adage that there are no harmful
chemicals [or radiation], only harmful uses of chemicals [or radiation]):
1. A certain minimum dose must be exceeded before the particular effect is ob-
served.
2. The magnitude of the effect increases with the size of the ..............
3. There is a clear, unambiguous causal relationship between exposure to the nox-
ious agent and the observed effect.
3. Radiation damage depends on the absorption of energy from the radiation and
is approximately proportional to the mean concentration of absorbed energy in
irradiated tissue. For this reason, the basic unit of radiation dose is expressed in
terms of absorbed energy per unit mass of tissue, that is,

The unit for radiation absorbed dose in the SI system is called the ........................................
and is dened as follows: One ....................... is an absorbed radiation dose of one joule
per kilogram.

4. If radiation control procedures are adopted, occupational exposure and patient dose can
be kept acceptably low. Health physicists subcribe to the ALARA philosophy ---to keep
all radiation exposure ............................................................................ and radiologic
technologists should follow this guide as well.