HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LAB

Hafiz Muhammad Imran

2014-ME-82
 Experiment #01
Objective:
Investigation of Fourier law for linear conduction in one dimension along a simple bar.

Apparatus:
Heat conduction apparatus
Steel material
Timer
Heater
Cooler
Sensor
Thermometer
Wattmeter

Theoretical background:
Heat is not carried by a body, it can flow from one body to another due to temperature
differences. Heat flow from one body to another due to different means that are called the
modes of heat transfer.

Modes of heat transfer:

Heat transferred from one body to another body due to the difference in the temperature.
Following are the different modes which helps to transfer the heat from hotter body to cooler
body.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Conduction:
Conduction is the mode of the heat transfer in which heat is transferred within the body from
one point to another as a result of temperature difference due to the collision of the molecules
at microscopic level.
If we heat up the iron rod from one side, after certain time its other end will be heated up. This
happens due to the conduction process. At microscopic level, molecules got excited due to high
amount of energy and collide with other molecules. Due to collision of these molecules heat is
being transferred from one end of the rod to the other.

Convection:
Convection is the mode in which heat is transferred due to the bulk movement of the molecules
at macroscopic level. In this mode a bulk amount of the mass carries away the certain amount of
heat from hot to colder side.
If a hot plate is placed near the fan, it will cool down with in no time. Because convection process
involved in it. A bulk amount of air takes away the heat thats why hot plate fails to carry the
heat.

Radiation:
Where there is medium present, heat transferred by conduction and convection modes. Heat
can also move through vacuum by means of electromagnetic radiations. Heat comes from sun
by means of radiation mode of heat transfer.

Fourier law for linear conduction:

When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has shown that there is an energy
Transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature region. We say that the
energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat-transfer rate per unit area is proportional
to the normal temperature gradient:

~

Solving above equation we will get;

Where
Q is the heat transfer
A is area of heat transfer

it is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow

k is the thermal conductivity constant

Procedure:
To investigate the Fourier law a tube of steel material is placed with in the heat conduction
apparatus.
There are nine sensors attached to the tube of length 30mm to sense the temperature at
different points.
Each sensor is attached at distance of 3mm with respect to others.
Switch on the apparatus and heat is supplied to the tube using electricity.
By adjusting the knob observe the different temperature values sense by each sensor.
Table:
Heat
Temperatures(oC)
Sr. # supplied
Q(watt) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
1 5 45.2 44.1 42.7 39 38 37.7 32.5 32.4 32
2 3.1 44.9 43.9 43.1 42.2 40.3 38.5 36.9 34.4 32.8
3 9.9 64 63.5 59.2 53.1 49.6 48.8 29.1 33.9 33.1

4 8.4 49.8 48.6 47.8 43.5 42.4 37.6 32.8 32.4 32.1

Comments:
Flow of heat depends upon the conductivity
It also depends upon area of cross section
Temperature gradient also plays a vital role in determining the flow rate of heat
 EXPERIMENT # 02
Objective:
Draw the temperature profile along a composite bar using heat conduction apparatus and Find
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.

Apparatus:
Heat conduction apparatus
Brass Sample

Heat Conduction Apparatus

Theory:
In this experiment sample is made of steel. As we assume that heat flow is uni-directional so Q/A
(heat per unit area) will always be same.
As

=


=


So, by Fouriers Law

= = =

Where
kh= Thermal conductivity in hot region
ks= Thermal conductivity in sample region
kc=Thermal conductivity in cold region
is thermal conductive resistance
In case of composite bar, the Fourier law can be written as
= = ( ) ()
Where U= Overall heat transfer coefficient

1
= 1 = 1 (1)
1
1 2
= 2 = 1 2 (2)
2
2
= 3 = 2 (3)
3

By (1), (2) & (3), we get

(1 + 2 + 3 ) = 1 + 1 2 + 2

= ()
(1 + 2 + 3 )
Also

=

+ +

By (A) and (B)
1
=
1 + 2 + 3
1
=
(1 + 2 + 3 )
As we know that
= = =
Hence
1
=

+ +

Procedure:
Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure using the Steel sample
Measure the thickness and diameter of the sample and note down the values. Lubricate the
contact surfaces with a good thermal-conducting lubricant or grease to minimize thermal
contact resistance
In this experiment sample is not equipped with the thermistors
Turn on the apparatus and reach the steady state
Set some value of Q
Record the readings for all the six locations (1 & 3 on the hot side, 4 and 6 on steel bar, 7 and
9 on the cold side)

Table:
 Distance (X) mm Temperature ()
X1=0 T1=67
X3=20 T3=58
X4=30 T4=48
X6=50 T6=46
X7=60 T7=30
X9=80 T9=29.3

Specimen Calculations:
Given values are
Diameter of rod = 25mm
Area of rod = 0.00049087 m2
k of steel = 43
k of brass = 110
Heat Q=30.6 watt
= 2.150 2
Experimentally, we get three values for k
= 138.53
= 623.38
= 1781.09
Now
= 5.328 2

Comments:
Error in values may occur because system remains unstable. For better results we should do
wait to stabilize the system.
Some groups increased and then decreased the power which over heat the system and caused
issues.
 EXPERIMENT # 03
Objective:
Determine the effect of change in cross-sectional area on the temperature profile of same
material.

Apparatus:
Heat conduction apparatus
Brass Sample

Heat Conduction Apparatus

Theory:
In this experiment sample is made of brass with cross-sectional diameter of 13mm. As we assume
that heat flow is uni-directional so Q/A (heat per unit area) will always be same.
As;
=
So, by fouriers;

= = =

Here the subscripts h, s, and c denote the hot, sample, and cold segments of the bar, respectively.
In other words, the temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. In
this experiment, the hot and cold segments will have the same cross-sectional area, which will
differ from that of the sample inserted in between the two segments.
As the material is same throughout so, we assume that
= =
Consider hot and middle portion
=

=
() ()
As material is of same quality, so k will be cancelled out, so

=
() ()

()
=

()
Now

() (0.025)2
= = 3.698
(0.013)2
()
Procedure:
Switch on the apparatus and start from the cooling side that is open the coolant valve to avoid the
overheating of the equipment.
Allow the system to reach stability and take readings corresponding to the specified locations by
adjusting the Nob to that position.
Record the temperatures and also note the power of the heat source which is actually the heat
transfer rate.
After taking the readings draw the graph of temp vs. positions to determine the temperature profile.

Observation and Calculations:

Diameter of the Brass Rod (heater and cooler) = 25mm
Area of the heater and cooler Ah & Ac = d2/4 = * (.025)2 / 4 = 0.00049087 m2
Diameter of the specimen = 13mm
Area of the specimen As= d2/4 = 0.0001327 m2
Heat supplied Q = 20.2 watt
Position Distance (mm) Temperature (K)
1 10 321
2 20 319
3 30 316.7
7 70 304.2
8 80 304.1
9 90 303.9
 Distance Vs Temperature
322
320
Temperature (K) 318
316
314
312
310
308
306
304
302
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance (mm)
From Graph:
(dT/dxh) = (321-316.7)/(0.010-0.030)
= -95
(dT/dxs) = (318-312)/(0.025-0.045)
= -300
(dT/dxs) / (dT/dxh) = 3.15

Comments:
Its necessary to give some time to the apparatus to develop steady state otherwise
temperature values varies improperly and we get some abnormal behavior of the
temperature profile
The temperature profiles trend changes by varying the cross sectional area. Its effect is that
temperature profile becomes steeper which shows that slope increases with the decrease of
area of cross section
The experimental and theoretical values of the ratio (dT/dxs) / (dT/dxh) have different values
showing that there is some error in taking readings
Precaution is the still same that is we should start the experiment with cooling of the circuit
to avoid over heating of the equipment
 EXPERIMENT # 04
Objective:
To investigate and draw temperature profile and determination of heat transfer resulting from
radial disc.

Apparatus:
Heat conduction apparatus
Brass Sample

Theory:
Consider a cylinder as shown in figure;
We have assume that there is variation of temperature in z
and direction so,

=0 And =0

But

Now from Fourier law

=

A = 2rL
Consider a point that is some distance away from the center of
cylinder call it point 1. From that point to the outer boundary
the variation of temperature with radius will be given as

0
1
= 2L 0

1
0

1
= 2L
0 1

1
0 1
= 2L

1
1
= 2L

1
Procedure:
Switch on the apparatus and start from the cooling side that is open the coolant valve to avoid
the overheating of the equipment. Allow the system to reach stability and take readings
corresponding to the specified locations by adjusting the nob to that position. Record the
temperatures and also note the power of the heat source which is actually the heat transfer rate.
After taking the readings draw the graph of temp vs. positions to find the temp gradient and
finally using it thermal conductivity can be found out.

Observation and Calculations:

Radius (mm) Temperature () T1-T0 Ln(r0/r1)
4 34.5
0.8 0.07
14 33.7 0.7 0.09
24 33.1
0.6 0.11
34 33.0
0.4 0.14
44 32.8
0.2 0.23
54 32.3 0.1 0.65

T1-T0 Vs ln (r0/r1)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
T1-T0

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
ln (r0/r1)

Comments:
This experiment gives knowledge of heat transfer through cylindrical objects
As power is increased then temperature would rises as Temperature is directly proportional to energy
dissipation
The heat transfer is independent of the radius at any point. It depends upon outer and inner radius
 EXPERIMENT # 05
Objective:
To demonstrate the working principle of concentric tube heat exchanger operating under
different conditions of parallel flow.

Apparatus:
Heat exchange apparatus
Electric supply

Theory:
Heat exchanger is a device used for heat transfer between one or more fluids. It is used in space
heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power station and chemical plants etc. There are many
types of heat exchanger, on the basis of type of construction and flow pattern. On the basis of
flow there are following types:-
Parallel flow heat exchanger
Counter flow heat exchanger
Cross flow heat exchanger

Parallel flow heat exchanger

In this type, both the fluids enter the tube at same location, flows parallel to each other and
comes out of the tube at the same location. It is less efficient than counter flow heat exchanger.
It provides fast heat transfer than counter flow heat exchanger.

Counter flow heat exchanger

In this type, both the fluids enter the tube at different location, flows in opposite direction to
each other and comes out of the tube at the different location. It is more efficient than parallel
flow heat exchanger. It provides slow heat transfer than parallel flow heat exchanger.

Cross flow heat exchanger

In this type, both the fluids travel roughly at right angle to one another through exchanger.

LMTD (log mean temperature difference)

Log mean temperature difference is a relation used to derive a force for the fluid flow system.
The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds
at each end of the double pipe exchanger. The larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred
1 2
=

1
2
1 is the temperature difference between at the inlet of the fluids
2 is the temperature difference between at the outlet of the fluids
Derivation
Consider two fluids moves to transfer their heat to each other with temperature T 1 & T2 .local
heat exchange is proportional temperature differences.
(1 2 )
=

Where D is the distance between the fluids.
According to Fouriers law there is temperature gradient in particular direction suppose in x.
1
= (1 () 2 ()) = ()

2
= (2 () 1 ()) = ()

Where & are the thermal conductivities of the material.
(2 1 ) 2 1
= = = ()

Where K= +
The total heat exchanged energy is found by


= () = () =



= =
( )
Now
()
() ()

=
()
() ()

() 1
() ()

=
() 1
() ()
Finally

1 2
=

1
2
Procedure:
First of set the value heat Q and arrangements for both hot and cold water to enter the exchanger
at the same location. It requires the opening and closing of some knobs on the apparatus tubes
entering the exchanger.
When the value of Q is set then note down the value of 3 set of temperatures. First at the inlet
of exchanger, at the middle point and at the exit of exchanger. After this measure the volume
rate of both hot and cold water. Then find LMTD (log mean temperature difference), U (overall
heat transfer co-efficient), value of heat input and efficiency by following formulas:-

= 100


= 100

As = and = so we have

= 100

And following
=

1 2
=

1
2

=

Observation & Calculation:

Q = 60 W
= 1.9 / & = 1.1 /
Area = 0.067 m2
T A B C
T (hot) T (in) = 66 T (mid) = 55 T (out) = 52
T (cold) T (in) = 29 T (mid) = 33 T (out) = 37

37 15
= = 24.37
37

15
1.9 8
= 100 = 98.7%
1.1 14

1000(1.110 3 )(42103 )14

= =1.078 KW
60
1.078 103
= = 660.21 /2
0.067 24.37
Comments:
The setting value of Q should be done with great care
We get less value of temperature for hot water due to losses when hot water flows
Volume flow rates should be noted in a correct manner
Setting of knobs for parallel and counter flow should be done before starting the experiment
If we take readings of temperatures more than 3 points then graph will become more precise
 EXPERIMENT # 06
Objective:
To demonstrate the working principle of concentric tube heat exchanger operating under
different conditions of counter flow.

Apparatus:
Heat exchange apparatus
Electric supply

Procedure:
First of set the value heat Q and arrangements for both hot and cold water to enter the exchanger
at the same location. It requires the opening and closing of some knobs on the apparatus tubes
entering the exchanger.
When the value of Q is set then note down the value of 3 set of temperatures. First at the inlet
of exchanger, at the middle point and at the exit of exchanger. After this measure the volume
rate of both hot and cold water. Then find LMTD (log mean temperature difference), U (overall
heat transfer co-efficient), value of heat input and efficiency by following formulas:-

= 100


= 100

As = and = so we have

= 100

And following
=

1 2
=

1
2

=

Observation & Calculation:

Q = 60 W
= 1.2 / & = 1.7 /
Area = 0.067 m2
T A B C
T (hot) T (in) = 52 T (mid) = 49 T (out) = 47
 T (cold) T (out) = 39 T (mid) = 34 T (out) = 33

19 8
= = 12.716
19
8
1.2 6
= 100 = 84.7%
1.7 5

1000(1.710 3 )(42103 )5
= =0.5943 KW
60
0.5943 103
= = 697.25 /2
0.067 12.716

Comments:
The setting value of Q should be done with great care
We get less value of temperature for hot water due to losses when hot water flows
Volume flow rates should be noted in a correct manner
Setting of knobs for parallel and counter flow should be done before starting the experiment
If we take readings of temperatures more than 3 points then graph will become more precise
 EXPERIMENT # 07
Objective:
Comparison between counter and parallel flow heat exchanger.

Apparatus:
Heat exchange apparatus
Electric supply

Procedure:
Comparison can be done only if we take readings for counter and parallel flow heat exchanger at
same value of Q and values of volume flow rates. Use the following formulas for calculations of
both types of flow:-

= 100


= 100

As = and = so we have

= 100

And following
=

1 2
=

1
2

=

Comparison:
Constant values of Q and volume flow rates are following:-
Q = 60 W
= 1.9 / & = 1.1 /
2
Area = 0.067 m
Table & calculation for Parallel flow
T A B C
T (hot) T (in) = 66 T (mid) = 55 T (out) = 52
T (cold) T (in) = 29 T (mid) = 33 T (out) = 37
 37 15
= = 24.37
37

15
1.9 8
= 100 = 98.70%
1.1 14

1000(1.110 3 )(42103 )14

= =1.078 KW
60
1.078 103
= = 660.21 /2
0.067 24.37

Table & calculation for Counter flow

T A B C
T (hot) T (in) = 68 T (mid) = 58 T (out) = 55
T (cold) T (out) = 39 T (mid) = 34 T (in) = 33
35 16
= = 24.27
35
16
1.9 6
= 100 = 79.72%
1.1 13

1000(1.110 3 )(42103 )13

= =1.001 KW
60
1.001 103
= = 615.58 /2
0.067 24.27

Comments:
Value of LMTD is small in case of counter flow
Value of efficiency is small in case of counter flow
Value of heat input is small in case of counter flow
Value of overall heat transfer co-efficient is small in case of counter flow

Experiment 08

To Determine The Heat Transfer Rate, Lmtd, Overall Heat Transfer Co-Efficient In Water-Water
Turbulent Low Heat Exchanger

Apparatus:
Water-Water Turbulent flow Heat Exchanger.
Observations and Calculations:
Dynamic Viscosity of water = = 400 x 10-6 Nm2s
Thermal Conductivity of Pipe material = k = 0.66W/m.K
Specific heat capacity of water = Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.K
Diameter of hot fluid pipe = d= 0.375 in = 9.525 x 10-3 m

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
Metal to wall inlet metal to wall exit hot water inlet hot water 1st mid hot water 2nd mid
temperature temperature temperature temperature temperature
69.3 70.9 70.2 68.6

T6 T7 T8 T9 T10
hot water exit cold water exit cold water 2nd mid cold water e1st mid cold water inlet
temperature temperature temperature temperature temperature
66.1 61.7 54.6 43.4 24.6

Hot water flow rate Qh= 16 g/sec =

Cold water flow rate Qc= 5.5 lit/min + 42 g/sec =

4 / 4 d 2
d hydraulic
d

m h

c
m

m
m h Q A V V h
A

Nu 0.012 Re 0.87 280 Pr 0.4

Ph m h C p T3 T6

Pc m c C p (T7 T10 )

= =

Ph
U
A Tm