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Dr. S. K. Prasad
Professor of Civil Engineering
S. J. College of Engineering, Mysore
8.0 Syllabus
8.1 Definitions
Building
Original Level
Smax Smax Smin
Smax
Final Level
L
8.2 Extract from IS 1904 -1986 : General Requirements for Design &
Construction of Foundation
Table 8.3 : Permissible uniform and differential settlement and tilt for
shallow foundations
S = SI + SC + SS
Here,
SI = Immediate settlement
μ = Poisson’s Ratio of foundation soil
E = Young’s modulus of Foundation Soil
q = Contact pressure at the base of foundation
B = Width of foundation
Iρ = Influence Factor
Table 8.5 presents the typical values of Poisson’s ratio in different soils.
Table 8.6 represents the ranges of soil modulus in clayey soil of different
consistencies in undrained state. In the absence of more accurate data, the
values in tables can be used. The influence factor Iρ depends on the shape
and flexibility of footing. Further, in flexible footing Iρ is not constant. Table
8.7 presents the different values of Iρ.
Problem 1
μ = 0.3
SI = 0.011 m = 11 mm
Problem 2
Problem 3
A series of plate load tests was conducted on three plates 300 mm, 450 mm
and 600 mm square plates. The loads and corresponding settlements in the
linear portions of P – Δ curves are as follows at a site. Find the immediate
settlement of a footing 2 m X 2 m subjected to a load of 1000 kN.
1 − µ2
SI =
E
qBI ρ
SI 1 − µ2
∴ =
I ρ
qB E
1 − µ2
E I ρ = 0.000111 ( kPa )
−1
Data
B=2m
q = 1000/(2*2) = 250 kPa
1 − µ 2
S I = I ρ qB
E
SI = 0.0555 m
Problem 4
The following are the results of plate load test on granular soil. Find the allowable
bearing pressure if B = 2 m, Bp = 0.3 m, permissible settlement in field = 12 mm.
Load (kN)
0 20 40 60 80
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
Pf = 50 kN;
tlm
n
() S
e
-7 qf = 555.6 kPa
-8
-9
Fig. 8.4 : Load – Settlement curve for Plate Load Test data
2
sp B p ( B f + 0.3)
=
sf B f ( B p + 0.3)
2
0.3( 2 + 0.3)
=
2(0.3 + 0.3)
∴ s p = 1 mm
Based on settlement
Permissible plate settlement ~ 1 mm
ABP = 32 kN/(0.3X0.3) = 355.6 kPa
Problem 5
The following results were obtained from a plate load test conducted on dry sandy
stratum using square plate of 0.3 m width. Determine the settlement of square footing 1.5
m wide when the intensity of loading is 120 kPa.
Data
Sandy stratum
BF = 1.5 m
BP = 0.3 m
SP = 3.2 mm
Fig. 8.5 : Load – Settlement curve for Plate Load Test data
Sc = Consolidation Settlement
Cc = Compression Index
eo = Initial Void Ratio
H = Thickness of clay layer
σo = Initial overburden pressure at the middle of clay layer
Δσ = Extra pressure due to the new construction
t = Time taken
d = Drainage path
H
σ o = γ sat
2
P
∆σ = 2
H
2 + B
2
H
H/2 B H/2
TV d 2
CV =
t
Here, Tv is the time factor, d is the drainage path and t is time taken for
consoldation.
Time factor is obtained from the formulae shown below. It depends on the
degree of consolidation.
πU
TV =
4 100
TV =1.7813 − 0.9332 log (100 − U %)10
Commonly time factor at 50 % and 90 % degrees of consolidation are used
and are as mentioned below.
(TV)50 = 0.197
(TV)90 = 0.848
Problem 6
The total time taken for 50 % consolidation of clay layer is 4 years. What
will be the time taken for 90 % consolidation ? (Aug 2001)
(TV ) 90 d 2 (TV ) 50 d 2
(TV)50 = 0.197 CV = =
t90 t50
(TV)90 = 0.848
0.848 d 2 0.197 d 2
∴ =
t90 4
∴t90 =17 .22 years
Problem 7
C σ + ∆σ
S c = c H log10 o
1 + eo σo
eo = ωG =1.355
45o (Dispersion angle)
H
H/2 B H/2
Cc σ o + ∆σ
Sc =
1 + e
H log 10
σ
o o
= 0.1967 m
Problem 8
Data
Cc = 0.477
eo = 1.215
H = 18 m
σo = 162 kPa
Δσ = 9 kPa
18
σ o = γ sat Z = 18 * = 162 kPa
2
∆σ = 9 kPa
Cc σ o + ∆σ
Sc =
1 + e
H log 10
σ
o o
= 0.091 m
Problem 9
Cc σ o + ∆σ
Sc =
1 + e
H log 10
σ
o o
= 0.0485 m
Problem 10
Data
Dlab = 25/2 = 12.5 mm
Dfield = 5000/2 = 2500 mm
tlab = 10/(60*24*365) years
2 2
tlab d tlab d
= lab = lab
t field d field
t field d field
∴t field = 0.761 years
SAND
5m CLAY
SAND
Fig. 8.10 : Soil profile in the field and details of oedometer test
Cα
tlm
n S
e
Logarithm of Time
Problem 11
Data
tsec = 100 yrs
H=6m
Cα = 0.01
2
tlab d lab
=
t field d field
2
6000
t field = 10
20 / 2
= 36 X 105 mnts
∴ t prim = t field = 6.85 yrs
tsec − t prim
S S = Cα H log 10 = 0.068 m
t prim
Problem 12
Total Settlement, S = SI + SC + SS
H
σo = γ sat =100 kPa
2
P
∆σ = 2
=11 .11 kPa
H
2 + B
2
C σ + ∆σ
S c = c H log10 o
1 + eo σo
t − t prim
S S = Cα H log 10 sec
t prim
=0.0047 m =4.7 mm
Total Settlement, S = SI + SC + SS
= 28.71 + 98.30 + 4.70
=131.71 mm
1. Distinguish between
1. Consolidation Settlement and Immediate settlement
2. Consolidation settlement and Secondary settlement
3. Uniform settlement and Differential settlement
8.10 : References