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Strain--Energy Density
Strain Strain Energy under Axial Loading
• The strain energy density resulting from • In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,
setting ε1 = εR is the modulus of toughness. ΔU dU
u = lim = U = ∫ u dV = total strain energy
ΔV → 0 ΔV dV
• The energy per unit volume required to cause
the material to rupture is related to its ductility • For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional
as well as its ultimate strength. limit,
σ x2
• If the stress remains within the proportional
U = ∫ 2 E dV = elastic strain energy
limit,
ε1 • Under axial loading, σ x = P A dV = A dx
Eε12 σ 12
u = ∫ Eε1 dε x = = L
2 2E P2
0 U =∫ dx
2 AE
0
• The strain energy density resulting from
setting σ1 = σY is the modulus of resilience. • For a rod of uniform cross-section,
σ 2
P2L
uY = Y = modulus of resilience U=
2E 2 AE
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P2L / 2 P2L / 2
(a) U = P L
2
(b) U= +
2 AE 2 AE 2nAE
P2 L ⎛ 1+ n ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟
2 AE ⎝ 2n ⎠
3 P2L
Note for n=2; case (b) has U= which is 3/4 of case (a)
4 2 AE
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Solution Strain Energy in Bending
• For a beam subjected to a bending load,
σ2 M 2 y2
U = ∫ x dV = ∫ dV
2E 2 EI 2
• Setting dV = dA dx,
M2 ⎛ ⎞
L L
M 2 y2
U =∫ ∫ 2EI 2 dA dx = ∫ 2 EI 2 ⎜⎜ ∫ y dA ⎟ dx
2
My
σx = ⎟
I 0 A 0 ⎝A ⎠
L
M2
=∫ dx
2 EI
0
3
Sample Problem 1
• Integrate over the volume of the beam to find Problem 2
the strain energy.
a b
M12 M2
U =∫ dx + ∫ 2 dv
2 EI 2 EI
0 0
a 2 b 2
1 ⎛ Pb ⎞ 1 ⎛ Pa ⎞
2 EI ∫ ⎝ L ⎠ 2 EI ∫ ⎝ L ⎠
Over the portion AD, = ⎜ x ⎟ dx + ⎜ x ⎟ dx
0 0
Pb
M1 = x
L 1 P 2 ⎜⎛ b 2a 3 a 2b3 ⎟⎞ P 2 a 2b 2
= + = (a + b )
Over the portion BD, 2 EI L2 ⎜⎝ 3 3 ⎟⎠ 6 EIL2
Pa
M2 = v P 2 a 2b 2
L U=
6 EIL
P = 160kN L = 3.6m
U=
(160 × 10 N ) (0.9m ) (2.7m )
3 2 2 2
E = 200GPa I = 104 × 10 6 mm 4
4 - 13
U = 336 Nm 4 - 14
Problem 4
Solution:
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Solution: Solution (Contd.)
y Finding the support reactions
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Problem 5 Solution:
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Problem 6 Solution:
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U = ∫ u dV
• In the case of a uniform shaft,
τ xy
2
T 2L
=∫ dV U=
2G 2GJ
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y Substituting the form factor, fs Strain Energy for
Strain Energy for Transverse Shear fs =
A Q2
I 2 ∫A t 2
dA Transverse Shear b
Q2 f I2
(cont)
∫A t 2 dA = sA ⎛h ⎞
⎜ − y⎟ A' h
τ2 ⎝2 ⎠ 2
U =∫ dV L
V ⎛ Q
2 2
⎞
L
fV
2
y
2G U =∫
2GI 2 ⎜⎝ ∫A t 2
v ⎜ dA ⎟⎟ = ∫ s dx N
⎠ 0 2GA h
VQ 0
A
• For transverse shear , τ= and dV = dAdx 2
It y Form factor for rectangular Cross Section:
t=b ⎛ ⎛h ⎞⎞
hence, U = 1 ⎛⎜ VQ ⎞⎟ dAdx = V ⎛⎜ Q dA ⎞⎟dx
2
L 2 2
⎜ ⎜ − y⎟⎟
∫ ∫ 2 ⎜∫ 2 ⎟ ⎠ ⎟ b ⎛ h − y ⎞ = b ⎛⎜ h − y 2 ⎞⎟
2
A=bh Q = y A' = ⎜ y + ⎝
2
2G ⎝ It ⎠ 2GI ⎝ A t ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
v 0 ⎠ ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝2 ⎠ 2⎝ 2 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
I=bh3 /12
• The Integral inside the parenthesis can be replaced with • Substituting in the form factor equation and simplify , f=6/5
f, the form factor, which is dimension less and unique
for a specific cross section
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Problem 1 Solution:
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Problem 2 Problem 3
Rod AC is made of aluminum (G = 73 GPa) and is subjected to torque T applied at end
C. Knowing that portion BC of the rod is hollow and has an inside diameter of 16 mm,
determine the strain energy of the rod for a maximum shearing stress of 120 MPa.
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Solution Annoucement
yAssignment 2 – Author – due 2
weeks
yTest 1 Marks – readyy ((tampal
p kat
luar bilik c16-101-11)
yTest 2 – 13 Dec 2011, 1.5hours,
buckling, energy
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Impact Loading Impact Loading (Contd..)
y Impact loading is a dynamic loading i.e. vary with time
Ue = Ui
y It occurs when one object strikes the other (collision)
y Consider a block released from rest falling h distance and strikes the spring to W (h + Δmax ) =
1
(kΔmax )Δmax = 1 kΔmax 2
compress it Δmax before it comes to rest 2 2
2W 2W
y Energy of falling is transformed in to − Δmax − h=0
2
Δmax
k k
strain energy of spring
y Work done on falling of weight over a h
y Solving the above quadratic equation, the maximum root is
distance (h+ Δmax ) is work done on spring Δmax
, if
2
W ⎛W ⎞ ⎛W ⎞ W
to displace it Δmax . k Δmax = + ⎜ ⎟ + 2⎜ ⎟ h Δst = ,then
k ⎝ k ⎠ ⎝ k ⎠ k
y Therefore Ue=Ui
⎡ ⎛ h ⎞⎤
Δmax = Δst + ( Δst )2 + 2 ( Δst )h = Δst ⎢1 + 1 + 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ Δst ⎠ ⎥⎦
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⎡ U m = 12 mv02
⎛ h ⎞⎤
Δ max = Δ st ⎢1 + 1 + 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎝ Δ st ⎠ ⎥⎦
- Assume that the stress-strain
⎢⎣
diagram obtained from a static test
y Once ∆max is computed, the maximum force applied to the spring can be is also valid under impact loading.
determined from
• Consider a rod which is hit at its
Fmax = kΔ max end with a body of mass m moving
• Maximum value of the strain energy,
with a velocity v0. σ 2
U m = ∫ m dV
y Note: if h = 0; then ∆max = 2 ∆st 2E
• Rod deforms under impact. Stresses • For the case of a uniform rod,
reach a maximum value σm and then
2U m E mv02 E
disappear. σm = =
V V
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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
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Example 1 Example 1
SOLUTION: • Find the static load Pm which produces
the same strain energy as the impact.
• Due to the change in diameter, the
P 2 (L 2 ) Pm2 (L 2) 5 Pm2 L
normal stress distribution is nonuniform. Um = m + =
AE 4 AE 16 AE
• Find the static load Pm which produces 16 U m AE
the same strain energy as the impact. Pm =
5 L
• Evaluate the maximum stress • E
Evaluate
l t the
th maximum
i stress
t resulting
lti
resulting from the static load Pm SOLUTION:
from the static load Pm
Body of mass m with velocity v0 hits • Due to the change in diameter, Pm
the end of the nonuniform rod BCD. the normal stress distribution is σm =
A
Knowing that the diameter of the nonuniform.
portion BC is twice the diameter of 16 U m E
=
portion CD, determine the maximum U m = 12 mv02 5 AL
value of the normal stress in the rod. 8 mv02 E
σ 2
σ V2
=
= ∫ m dV ≠ m 5 AL
2E 2E
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Example 2 Example 2
SOLUTION: • Find the static load Pm which produces
the same strain energy as the impact.
• The normal stress varies linearly along
the length of the beam as across a For an end-loaded cantilever beam,
transverse section.
P 2 L3
Um = m
• Find the static load Pm which produces 6 EI
the same strain energy as the impact. 6U m EI
Pm =
• Evaluate the maximum stress L3
SOLUTION:
A block of weight W is dropped from a resulting from the static load Pm
height h onto the free end of the • The normal stress varies linearly • Evaluate the maximum stress
cantilever beam. Determine the along the length of the beam as resulting from the static load Pm
maximum value of the stresses in the across a transverse section. M m c Pm Lc
beam. σm = =
U m = Wh I I
6U m E 6WhE
σ2 σ 2V
= ∫ m dV ≠ m
2E 2E
=
( ) = L(I c2 )
L I c2
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Problem 4 Problem 5
The aluminum pipe( OD= 60 mm, t=10 mm) shown is used to support a The cylindrical block E has a speed υo= 5 m/s when it strikes squarely the
load of 600 kN. Determine the maximum displacement at the top of the
pipe when the load is applied (a) gradually and (b) suddenly from h =0. yoke BD that is attached to the 22 mm diameter rods AB and CD. Knowing that
Take E =70x103N/mm2 the rods are made of a steel for which σY = 345 MPa and E = 200 GPa,
Ue = Ui determine the weight of the block E for which the factor of safety is five with
respect to permanent deformation of the rods.
600 1 W 2L
WΔst =
kN 2 2AE
WL 600( 240)
Δst = = = 0.5953
AE π(602 −502 )70
h when h=0, then
⎡ ⎛ 0 ⎞⎤
Δmax = Δst ⎢1+ 1+ 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ = 2Δst
240 ⎢⎣ ⎝ Δst ⎠ ⎥⎦
mm =1.1906 mm
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Problem 6 Solution
Problem 7 Problem 8
The composite aluminium bar is made from two segments having diameters of 5 The composite aluminium bar is made from two segments having diameters of
mm and 10 mm. Determine the maximum axial stress developed in the bar if the 5 mm and 10 mm. Determine the maximum h from which the 5kg collar is
5kg collar is dropped from a height of h= 100 mm. Eal= 70 GPa and σY=410 MPa dropped so that it produces a maximum axial stress in the bar of σmax=300
MPa. Eal= 70 GPa and σY=410 MPa
P = kΔ max
W = kΔ st
P = kΔ max
W = kΔ st
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Problem 9 Problem 10
The composite aluminium 2014-T6 bar is made from two segments having The composite aluminium 2014-T6 bar is made from two segments having diameters of
7.5 mm and 15 mm. Determine the maximum height h from which the 10 kg collar
diameters of 7.5 mm and 15 mm. Determine the maximum axial stress
should be dropped so that it produces a maximum axial stress in the bar of σmax=300
developed in the bar if the 10 kg collar is dropped from a height of h=100 mm. MPa.
Eal= 73.1 GPa and σY=414 MPa Eal= 73.1 GPa and σY=414 MPa
n = impact factor
n = impact factor
Δ
Δ n = max
n = max Δ st
Δ st
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Problem 7 Solution (Contd.)
y Determine the displacement of point B on the beam shown
y Apply an external force at B
wx 2 ∂M
y Using method of section the internal moment and partial derivative are to be If P = 0 , then M = − and = −x
determined w 2 ∂P
L
⎛ ∂ M ⎞ dx
L
⎛ wx 2 ⎞ dx
B A Δ = ∫ M ⎜ ⎟ = ∫ ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ (− x )
L 0 ⎝ ∂ P ⎠ EI 0 ⎝
2 ⎠ EI
wx
P VM + ∑ M NA
⎛x⎞
= 0; M + wx ⎜ ⎟ + p(x ) = 0
wL 4
=
⎝2⎠ 8 EI
x wx 2
M=− − px
2
∂M
= −x
∂P
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Problem 9 Solution (Contd.)
Sample Problem
Solution (Contd.) SOLUTION:
• For application of Castigliano’s theorem,
introduce a dummy vertical load Q at C.
Find the reactions at A and B due to the
dummy load from a free-body diagram of
the entire truss.
• Apply
pp y the method of joints
j to determine
the axial force in each member due to Q.
Members of the truss shown
consist of sections of aluminum • evaluate the derivative with respect to Q
pipe with the cross-sectional areas of the strain energy of the truss due to
indicated. Using E = 73 GPa, the loads P and Q.
determine the vertical deflection of
the joint C caused by the load P.
• Setting Q = 0, evaluate the derivative
which is equivalent to the desired
displacement at C.
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Sample Problem Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Find the reactions at A and B due to a dummy load Q
at C from a free-body diagram of the entire truss.
Ax = − 34 Q Ay = Q B = 34 Q
FAB = 0; FBD = − 34 Q yC =
(
4306 40 × 103 N ) yC = 2.36 mm ↓
73 × 109 Pa
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