Definition of Petrodiesel:

Diesel, Diesel Oil, Diesel Fuel, Petrodiesel

JUNE 29, 2010• OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY• BY ECONOMYWATCH 3 Comments

EconomyWatch EconomyWatch

Content Team

The core Content Team our economy, industry, investing and personal finance reference articles.

Diesel is a heavy oil named after Rudolf Diesel, or Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel, a German engineer who invented the
diesel engine (1858-1913). The most common form of diesel is petrodiesel, which is derived from the fractional
distillation of petroleum. Diesel is derived from fossil fuels and refined like gasoline.

There are various types of synthetic diesel, such as biodiesel, gas-to-liquid diesel and coal-to-liquid diesel. They are
derived from natural wastes like remnants of food, sewage and wood scraps.

Uses of Diesel Oil

Diesel oil is used for the following:

For running heavy road vehicles, like buses, trucks and tractors

For running cars and SUVs

For overland shipping

In military vehicles, like tanks and trucks

To power modes of water transportation, such as ships, tankers, liners, yachts and boats

For electricity backup in major industries, hospitals and other telecom industries

In power generators

In construction and farming equipment

For the removal of tar from Bitumen burns

How is Diesel Processed?

Petroleum diesel, which is also called petrodiesel or fossil diesel, is produced from the fractional distillation of crude oil
(petroleum) at atmospheric pressure, within a temperature range of 200°C to 350°C. This results in a mixture of
hydrocarbon chains that contains around 8 to 21 carbon atoms per molecule. The viscosity and the boiling point of the
fuel increase with an increase in the number of carbon atoms. This helps in the separation of the various components by
distillation.

The chains from C7 to C11 vaporize at temperatures below the boiling point of water and are used as gasoline. The
products from the range of C12 to C15 form kerosene, diesel oil and heavier fuel oils. The No. 2 fuel oil is known as
diesel oil and is used for running cars, trucks and other vehicles. The lubricating oils follow, ranging from very light to
very thick motor oils, gear oils and semi-solid greases. Vaseline also falls in this category. Hydrocarbon chains above the
range of C20 form solids, like paraffin wax, tar and asphalted bitumen.

http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/oil/diesel-petrodiesel.html

pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō′lē-əm)
A thick, black to yellow, flammable liquid mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum occurs naturally, mainly below the Earth's
surface, and is believed to originate from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals. It is the source of
petrochemicals and is used to make gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics, and many other products.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of Student Science, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Petro-diesel

PMCID: PMC3915488

Diesel Fuel from Used Frying Oil

Bronislaw Buczek*

ScientificWorldJournal. 2014; 2014: 683272.

Published online 2014 Jan 16. doi: 10.1155/2014/683272

1. Introduction

Biodiesel is a trade name of the fuel obtained in the process of transesterification of vegetable oils. This method is used
for the production of diesel engine fuel having the properties close to diesel oil from petroleum. The viscosity of this oil
is lower than that of vegetable oil. Often the name biodiesel has been used for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from
rape oil, which are main components of biodiesel in Europe.

The economic effectiveness of the production of fatty acid methyl esters applied in the production of the biofuel has
been diminishing. One way of reducing the production costs for biodiesel fuels is the use of nonedible oils, which tend to
be considerably cheaper than edible vegetable oils. The technology of simultaneous transesterification of used and fresh
frying oils was industrially introduced at the end of the ninety nineties.

Recycled or waste oils have evolved as popular sources for the production of biodiesel, as they are inexpensive and offer
the additional environmental benefit of using substances, which would otherwise have to be disposed of.

Long recognized for its environmental benefits, biodiesel is renewable, nontoxic, biodegradable, and sulphur-free,
emitting 80% fewer hydrocarbons, 60% less carbon dioxide, and 50% less particulate matter than petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel is 11% oxygen by weight and, therefore, burns more completely than petrodiesel. In fact, a 20% blend with
petrodiesel in trucks and buses would eliminate the black smoke (actually unburned fuel) emitted during acceleration.
As an example (see Figure 1), biodiesel in the form of esters from waste cooking oils was tested and it was reported that
emissions were favorable.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3915488/

BIODIESEL: Cultivating Alternative Fuels

Charles W. Schmidt

Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Feb; 115(2): A86–A91.

PMCID: PMC1817719
 1. ↑ Toxicological profile for fuel oils. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). Retrieved October 26, 2015.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp75-c3.pdf
Characterization of Petrodiesel:
Chemical analysis[edit]

L. D. Danny Harvey, 2010, "Energy and the New Reality 1: Energy Efficiency and the Demand for Energy Services,"
London:Routledge-Earthscan, ISBN 1-84407-912-0, 672 pp.; see [3], accessed 28 September 2014.

Chemical composition[edit]

Diesel does not mix with water.

Petroleum-derived diesel is composed of about 75% saturated hydrocarbons (primarily paraffins including n, iso, and
cycloparaffins), and 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (including naphthalenes and alkylbenzenes).[54] The average chemical
formula for common diesel fuel is C12H23, ranging approximately from C10H20 to C15H28.[55]

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1995. Toxicological profile for fuel oils.
Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service

Chemical properties[edit]

Further information: Diesel exhaust and Gel point (petroleum)

Most diesel fuels freeze at common winter temperatures, while the temperatures greatly vary.[56] Petrodiesel typically
freezes around temperatures of −8.1 °C (17.5 °F), whereas biodiesel freezes between temperatures of 2° to 15 °C (35° to
60 °F).[56] The viscosity of diesel noticeably increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a gel at
temperatures of −19 °C (−2.2 °F) to −15 °C (5 °F), that cannot flow in fuel systems. Conventional diesel fuels vaporise at
temperatures between 149 °C and 371 °C.[22]

Conventional diesel flash points vary between 52 and 96 °C, which makes it safer than petrol and unsuitable for spark-
ignition engines.[57] Unlike petrol, the flash point of a diesel fuel has no relation to its performance in an engine nor to
its auto ignition qualities.[22]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_fuel

Diesel fuel characteristics and resources

©2009 UFA Limited. All rights are reserved.

Conventional diesel fuels are distillates with a boiling range of about 149°C to 371°C, obtained by the distillation of crude
oil. The components of diesel fuels are straight run fractions containing paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons,
naphtha and cracked gas oils.

Cetane Number: Typical diesel fuels have cetane numbers in the low to mid 40's. These are generally satisfactory for high speed
engines while low and medium speed engines may use fuels with lower cetane number.
Some refiners have used additives such as hexyl nitrate or amyl nitrate to increase cetane numbers.

Volatility: The Canadian General Standard 2-3.6M82 permits a 90% point of 360°C for type B diesel fuel and maximum 90% point of
290ºC for Type A diesel fuel.
Viscosity: Fuels with viscosities over 5.5 centistokes at 40°C are limited to use in slow speed engines, and may require
pre-heating for injection. The CGSB has a viscosity range of 1.30-3.60 for Type A fuel while the range is 1.70-4.10 for
Type B fuel.

Fuel Lubricity: The Canadian General Standards Board recognizes the very high lubricity standard outlined by the High
Frequency Reciprocating Rig Test (ASTM D6079) and all Canadian automotive diesel fuel must pass this standard with a
wear scar diameter of less than or equal to 460 µm (micron) at 60◦C.

Sulphur Content: It was an aggressive iniative to reduce fuel sulphur to 15 parts per million (PPM) by mass.

Acid Number: Lower than 0.50 mg KOH/g

http://www.ufa.com/petroleum/resources/fuel/diesel_fuel_resources.html

BS EN590 STANDARD FOR DIESEL FUEL

BS kite mark for EN590

EN590 describes the physical properties that all automotive diesel fuel must meet if it is to be sold in the UK, the rest of
the European Union, Croatia, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.

EN590 and water contamination

Although EN590 covers numerous fuel characteristics, water content is the most relevant measure for fuel maintenance.
To comply with EN590, fuel can contain no more than 200mg of water per kg of fuel.

This is an extremely demanding standard. 200mg of water per kg of fuel represents just 0.02% water contamination.
Because modern biodiesel blends absorb water naturally (i.e. it is hygroscopic) it is practically impossible to adhere to
the standard without using a water extraction process such as a polishing system or regular tank cleaning.

EN590 looks beyond water content

As the table below shows, EN590’s requirements include the blending of up to 7% Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)
biodiesel with conventional petrochemical diesel.

Property Unit Lower limit Upper limit

Cetane number 51.0

Sulphur contentmg/kg 10.0

Flash point oC Above 55

Carbon residue %m/m 0.30

Ash content %m/m 0.01

Water content mg/kg 200

Total contamination mg/kg 24

Fatty Acid Methyl Ether (FAME) (biodiesel) content % v/v 7

http://www.ipu.co.uk/en590/

Book:
https://books.google.de/books?id=9rq1Jdy3CTUC&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=cfpp+20+26+32+38+44&source=bl&ots=-
sBXi1Sxoo&sig=4lC46bXsZ6fx2S-
6xFNrD5knDfI&hl=de&sa=X&ei=XhkrT_f6C9DBtAaGztH6DA#v=onepage&q=cfpp%2020%2026%2032%2038%2044&f=fals
e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_590

Advantages of Petrodiesel:
Diesel, Diesel Oil, Diesel Fuel, Petrodiesel

JUNE 29, 2010• OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY• BY ECONOMYWATCH 3 Comments

EconomyWatch EconomyWatch

Content Team

The core Content Team our economy, industry, investing and personal finance reference articles.

Benefits of Diesel Oil

The many benefits of diesel fuel vis-à-vis gasoline are:

More economical, Lower emissions and particulate matter, Less volatile, Higher fuel efficiency, Safer, Higher mileage

The main disadvantage of using diesel is that at lower temperatures, its viscosity increases, converting it into a non-
flowing gel.

http://www.economywatch.com/world-industries/oil/diesel-petrodiesel.html

Advantages of Petroleum

Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

Issues May 22, 2014

1. Petroleum has a higher energy density. An average of one kilogram of burnt oil can give about 10,000 kilo calorie
(kcal).

2. Technologies for petroleum have been well developed. Extracting oil from the ground can certainly be exploited in
varied geological conditions.

3. The cost for extraction of petroleum is relatively low and this requires reduced physical and technical effort.

4. Since petroleum is on liquid state, this can be easily transported and stored. Managing petroleum is also said to be
relatively easy.
5. Petroleum got broad application areas including transport, chemical and finishing with its widespread use as resource
of energy used in power plants.

6. Another advantage of petroleum is that this is used as diesel fuel or gasoline to power all types of motors including
trucks, buses and cars. This is also beneficial in terms of satisfying individuals’ need to quickly move from one location to
the other

7. Petroleum can move vehicles longer and faster as compared to other types of energy sources.

8. Petroleum is abundant and easy to use.

http://apecsec.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-petroleum/

Disadvantages of Petrodiesel:
Disadvantages of Petroleum

Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum

Issues May 22, 2014

1. Petroleum got limited resource and there is a possibility that petroleum sources will run out for the coming decades.
Based on studies, almost half of oil reserves have been utilized and that is about 2 trillion barrels and only one trillion
barrels are left. There might be some other sources of petroleum in the world but experts are afraid that these sources
cannot produce enough oil or petroleum to sustain human needs.

2. Processing and extracting oil can contribute to pollution and environmental degradation.

3. Oil is said to be non-renewable resource, meaning once individuals consumed a portion of this, there will no
replacement. In the long run, this may also cause depletion and this can no longer be regenerated once depleted.

4. Oil spill is another disadvantage linked to petroleum. If oil or petroleum spills, adverse effects in oceans and marine
life can be expected.

Despite the many advantaged brought by petroleum, it still cannot be denied that this delivers unfavorable effects as
well. Individuals need to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of petroleum and make these as reminders that
petroleum needs to be utilize wisely.
http://apecsec.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-petroleum/

Definition of A.Bilimbi
Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae)

Common Names: Bilimbi, Cucumber Tree

Ilocano: pias

Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae-Plants

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta-Vascular plants

Superdivision: Spermatophyta-Seed plants

Division; Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants

Class: Dicotyledonae

Subclass: Rosidae

Order: Oxalidales

Family: Oxalidaceae

Genus: Averrhoa

Species: blimbi

Description: This tree grows about 13 m. tall with compound leaves of 14-38 yellow, hairy leaflets. The flowers of the
Bilimbi usually grow directly out of the trunk of the tree, and are cream colored with red dots about 1.5 to 2 cm. long.
The fruits are oblong and cucumber shaped, (~10 x 4 cm.) yellow-green and slightly acidic taste.

Bilimbi is not known to grow in the wild, but is found cultivated throughout Malaysia and Indonesia, which is likely
where it was first domesticated. It is now cultivated throughout the world.

(Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other
tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawai`i.)

http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11908

Chemical Component:
Volatile Constituents of Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit

DOI:10.1080/10412905.1995.9700533

K. C. Wonga & S. N. Wonga

pages 691-693

Publishing models and article dates explained

Received: 1 Apr 1995

Published online: 09 Dec 2011

ABSTRACT

The volatile constituents of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit were isolated by steam distillation with subsequent extraction of the
distillate with dichloromethane. The concentrated extract was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Fifty-three
components were identified, aliphatic acids accounting for 47.8% of the total volatiles with hexadecanoic acid (20.4%)
and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid predominating. Among the 12 esters found butyl nicotinate (1.6%) and hexyl nicotinate
(1.7%) were dominant.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10412905.1995.9700533

QUANTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM AVERRHOA BILIMBI

FEBRUARY 2013

SITI AISHAH BT MUHMED

ABSTRACT Averrhoa bilimbi has been widely used in traditional medicine, thus, this fruits have received much attention
because of its nutritional and antioxidant properties. The purposes of this study are to determine the bioactive
compounds in averrhoa bilimbi and to study their optimum parameters during extraction. Antioxidant activity of the
averrhoa bilimbi extract was determined based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl freeradical (DPPH·), total phenolic
content was measured using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, while flavonoids is determined spectrophotometrically. Solvent
extraction selected is methanol (50%) where this condition has yielded total flavonoids content is about 568.75 μg/ml
QE. The highest antioxidant capacities measured is 80.02 % and total phenolic content shows about 175.3 mg/mL GAE.In
this study, 60 minutes extraction time generally showed the highest effect on total flavonoids which is 496.25 μg/ml QE.
Averrhoa bilimbi extraction had total phenolic about 164.7 mg/mL GAE and antioxidant activity is around 74.5%. 70° C
extraction temperature shown the best extraction for total phenolics at 127.7 mg/ml GAE, while achieved highest total
flavonoids at 656.25 μg/ml QE and the highest for DPPH radical scavenging activity is found about 70.05%. From the
effect of agitation speed, 300 rpm achieved the highest value for total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant
capacity, DPPH which is about 193.3 mg/ml GAE, 717.75 μg/ml QE, and 77.03% respectively. Overall, based on the ideal
extraction conditions chosen, optimum level of TPC, TFC and antioxidant capacity were obtained in averrhoa bilimbi fruit
extract. The selected extraction conditions could be used for further studies and functional food product development

http://umpir.ump.edu.my/7144/1/Quantification_of_bioactive_compounds_from_Averrhoa_Bilimbi.pdf

Physical-chemical characterization of fruits of Biri-biri (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)

December 2009

Article Id : 4893765 Alternate Id : QTNBGL6PX7AI7DY8 DOI : None Language : portuguese Year : 0 Page : 0 Published :
True

Journal : Biotemas

Publisher : Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Authors: Moryb Jorge Lima da Costa Sapucay , Malson Monteiro do Rgo, Juliana Pereira de Castro, Elizanilda Ramalho
do Rgo, Emmanuelle Rodrigues Arajo, Lnia Isis Ferreira Alves

URL : http://www.biotemas.ufsc.br/volumes/pdf/volume224/225a230.pdf

The aim of this work was to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of “biri-biri” fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)
collected at different maturation stages. The following fruit morphometrics and chemical characters were analyzed:
weight, number of seeds, length, major and minor width, pH, the soluble content of solids (TSS), titrable acidity and
vitamin C. The soluble content of solids showed values from 2.32 to 3.23°Brix, being higher in ripe fruits and correlating
with the values for acidity which varied from 1.15 to 1.66g/100g-1 in green and ripe fruits, respectively. However the
levels of vitamin C were higher in green fruits, although there were no significant differences at mature levels..

http://console.open-academia.org/singles.php?id=4893765

Possibility of a Biodiesel:
B100

This table shows selected requirements for B100, 100% biodiesel, as listed in ASTM D6751-12. The full standard can be
purchased from ASTM International.

Requirements for Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock ASTM D6751

Property Test Method Limits Units

Calcium and magnesium combined EN14538 5 max ppm

 Requirements for Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock ASTM D6751

Property Test Method Limits Units

Flash point D93 93.0 min °C

Water and sediment D2709 0.050 max vol %

Kinematic viscosity, 40°C D445 1.9-6.0 mm2/s

Sulfated ash D874 0.020 max % mass

Sulfur D5453 0.0015 max (S15) % mass

0.05 max (S500)

Copper strip corrosion D130 0.020 max -

Cetane number D613 47 min -

Cloud point D2500 Report to customer °C

Carbon residuea D4530 0.050 max % mass

Acid number D664 0.50 max mg KOH/g

Free glycerin D6584 0.020 % mass

Total glycerin D6584 0.240 % mass

Phosphorus content D4951 0.001 max % mass

Distillation temperature, 90% recovered (T90)b D1160 360 max °C

Oxidation stability EN15751 3 min hours

Cold Soak filterability D7501 360 maxc seconds

Alcohol control - One of the following must be met:

 Requirements for Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock ASTM D6751

Property Test Method Limits Units

(1) Methanol content EN14110 0.2 max vol %

(2) Flash point D93 130 min °C

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/biodiesel_specifications.html

RECOVERY AND CONVERSION OF PALM OLEIN-DERIVED USED FRYING OIL TO METHYL ESTERS FOR BIODIESEL

RECOVERY AND CONVERSION OF PALM OLEIN-DERIVED USED FRYING OIL TO METHYL ESTERS FOR BIODIESEL LOH SOH
KHEANG*; CHOO YUEN MAY*; CHENG SIT FOON* and MA AH NGAN* Keywords: used frying oil, palm olein, pre-
treatment, adsorbent, used frying oil methyl esters. Date received: 26 October 2005; Sent for revision: 11 November
2005; Received in final form: 15 March 2006; Accepted: 20 March 2006. ABSTRACT Frying oils (both vegetable oils and
animal fats) degrade with use, and beyond the limits, the excessive free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and polar
components preclude their further use in food applications, unless they can be purified by very effective adsorbent
systems. In this study, four adsorbents: silica gel, activated carbon, aluminium oxide and acid-activated spent bleaching
earth were used to reduce some of the poor quality parameters of the oils. Although pre-treatment of used frying oils
with these adsorbents could improve the oil quality to a certain extent, the oils could only be used for non-food
applications. The FFA and PV of the treated oils subjected to the above adsorbent treatment, were reduced as follows:
33.3% and 65.1%, 6.5% and 7.8%, 30.2% and 20.8%, and 11.8% and 46.9% respectively, and silica gel was found to be
the most effective adsorbent. The treated used frying oil was converted into methyl esters as biodiesel. The methyl
esters obtained had comparable fuel properties as petroleum diesel. Hence, it can be used as a diesel substitute.

Journal of Oil Palm Research Vol. 18 June 2006

http://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/joprv18june-loh.pdf

RESEARCH ARTICLE BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION METHOD Venkata Ramesh
Mamilla1, M.V. Mallikarjun2 , Dr. G. Lakshmi Narayana Rao3 1, 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Peter’s
University,Chennai. 3QIS Institute of Technology, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Biodiesel was
prepared from the edible of palm oil by transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH as
catalyst. Important fuel properties of methyl esters of biodiesel produced from palm oil like viscosity, flash point ,fire
point ,calorific value etc., was found out and compared to the properties of Indian standard biodiesel. This paper studies
about the basic properties of palm oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends were measured according to the corresponding Indian
standards.

International Journal of Current Research Vol. 4, Issue 08, pp. 083-088. August, 2012
http://www.journalcra.com/sites/default/files/1895.pdf

Preperation of Methyl Ester (Biodiesel) from Jatropha Curcas Linn Oil Bobade S.N.1 , Kumbhar R.R.2 and Khyade V.B.3 1
Indian Biodiesel Corporation, Baramati, MS, INDIA 2Rajashri Chhatrapati Shau College, Kolhapur, MS, INDIA 3 Shardabai
Pawar Mahila College, Shardanagar, MS, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 6th February 2013, revised
14th February 2013, accepted 20th February 2013 Abstract Self reliance in energy is vital for overall economic
development of our country. The need to search for alternative sources of energy which are renewable, safe and non-
polluting assumes top priority in view of the uncertain supplies and frequent price hikes of fossil fuels in the
international market. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification, has
attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic fuel. Several
processes of biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which transesterification using alkali as a catalyst
gives high level of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding methyl ester in a short duration. This process has
therefore been widely utilized for biodiesel fuel production in number of countries. As the acid value of Jatropha curcas
oil is high, so that we have to reduce it by the process of esterification followed by transesterification. The methyl ester
produced by this way gives the good result.The present study deals with transesterification of jatropha curcas oil which
gives >83% of methyl ester and >17% of glycerol using molar ratio 6:1(methyl alcohol to oil) and 0.5wt % of sodium
hydroxide at 65O c for 90 minutes and allowed to settle overnight. As per ASTM 6751(American Standards For Testing
and Material) the properties like density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point and pour point have been carried out at
Indian Biodiesel Corporation, Baramati for accessing the fuel quality of Jatropha oil methyl ester. (JOME) Keywords:
Jatropha oil, biodiesel, transterification and esterification.