Chapter 3

Quantitative: Having a numerical value with units

Ex. A temperature reading 99.6˚F
Qualitative: Having a non-numerical description
Ex. Someone feels very hot

Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation: A number is written as a product of 2 numbers: a coefficient and a 10 risen
to a power
Ex. 36,000 would be written as 3.6 x 10^4
- Numbers greater than 10 have a positive exponent
- Number smaller than 10 have a negative exponent
Ex. 81,000 would be written as 8.1 x 10^4
Ex. 0.0081 would be written as 8.1 x 10^-3

Multiplication and Division:

- Multiply the coefficients and add the exponents
- Divide the coefficients and subtract the exponents
Ex. (3.0 x 10^4) x (2.0 x 10^ 2) = 6.0x 10^6
Ex. (3.0 x 10 ^4) / (2.0 x 10 ^2) = 1.5 x 10^2

Addition and Subtraction:

THE EXPONENTS MUST BE THE SAME

Ex. 5.40 x 10^3 + 6.0 x 10^2

5.40 x 10^3 + .6 x 10 ^3 = 6.00 x 10^3

International System of Units

International System of Units (Si): A raved version of the metric system. There are 7 different
based units and some derived units (Volume, Density, and Pressure). The Si is the standardized
system of the measurement. The common ones
Length Meter
Volume Liter
Mass Kilograms
Temperature Kelvin, Celsius
Time Seconds
Density g/cm^3 or g/cm

The Stair Step of Measurements

Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity: If the comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference
substance, usually the same temperature. Water at 4˚C, which has a density of 1g/cm^3 is
commonly used as the reference substance. Specific gravity is usually measured with a
thermometer.

Density
Density of the ratio of mass of an object is its volume.
~ Density = Mass (Over) Volume
Ex. A 10.0cm^3 piece if lead has a mass of 114g. What is the density?
Density = 114/10 = 11.4g/cm^3
Ex. A copper penny has the mass of 3.1g and a volume of 35cm^3.
Density = 3.1/135 = 8.8571g/cm^3
Ex. A balloon has a volume of 2.2 x 10^3 L and 37.4g helium.
Density = 37.4/2.2 x 10^3 = 1.7 x 10^-2g/L
Ex. Plastic ball has a volume of 19.7cm^3 and a mass of 15.8g.
Density = 15.8/19.7 = .8g/cm^3

Dimensional Analysis:
1. You have 1.55 dollars. How many pennies do you have?

2. 250cm -> cm
 3. 2km -> cm

4. 35.8 mi -> feet per second

Temperature
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy partials are in matter; temperature
determines the direction of heat.
Temperature – Celsius Scale
Water Boils at 100˚C
Water Freezes at 0˚C

Kelvin Scale
Water boils at 373k
Water Freezes at 273k
Ex. Cookies bake at 190˚C. What is Kelvin Conversion
190 + 273 = 463
Ex. Surgical instruments may be sterilized by heat at 170˚C for 1.5 hours. Convert 170˚C to
kelvins
170 + 273 = 443