Comparative Study of Back-Propagation and the Particle

Swarm Optimization for Diagnosis Anemia in Pregnant

Ladies
Er. Neha Sharma (Research Scholar) , Er. Vikas Khullar (Assistant Professor)

ABSTRACT
Anemia deficiency is the leading Causes of disorder in the children world over the past years. While during Survey
Anemia is noticed as one of the most occurring deficiency these days specially effecting females at the duration of
pregnancy which give rise to various disorders in the offspring. Today diagnosing patients correctly and managing
effective treatments have become quite a challenge. Poor clinical decisions may lead to serious consequences and
which cannot be afforded by the hospital as it loses its reputation. So to maintain a correct and cost effective
treatment computer based information and/or decision support systems can be developed to do the task. Now several
different methods have been developed for designing an anemia deficiency prediction system. In this paper we are
designing a computerized method for predicting anemia deficiency with the help of two different Optimization
techniques Back-propagation (BP) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). While these algorithms found to be very
effective and robust in training many types of network structures, they suffer from certain drawbacks. Both models
are criticized among the main parameter that is accuracy and number of epochs. The results showed by PSO
approach outpaced the BP for training neural network models. [1][5]

systems for medical decision making

Keyword: Particle swarm optimization,
swarm intelligence, Back-propagation,
anemia.
Introduction:
The medical diagnosis of a disease is highest
reaching problem in today’s medical world.
The medical area is one of the recent
branches that need engineering techniques to
gain access to imprecise information. With
new advances in medical engineering and
other control systems that have been
acquired by the usage of artificial intelligent
techniques. Artificial intelligence has made
a progressive research that includes various
algorithms those can be implemented for
disease diagnosis. [1]
According to the survey by WHO anemia
has been detected the farthest- reaching
deficiency today. [10] It has been widely
surveyed in pregnant ladies who further lead
to an unhealthy infant. There are various
causes and symptoms which give rise to
anemia in pregnant ladies which are deeply
discussed in earlier paper. [1] Artificial
neural networks provide a powerful tool to
help doctors to diagnosis any disease easily.
Development of artificial intelligence
problems is not a trivial task. Difficulties
include the acquisition, collection and
organization of the data that will be used for
training the system. [10]
Paper is organized as follows, in section II
overview of related Work has been
Defined, Section III covers the full
methodology of the research. In section IV,
we discuss about the results. Finally, section
V presents our conclusion and plans for
future. Where at the end section VI covers
the references which are used while
research.
Section II
Background: In recent years artificial neural
network (ANN) had come in demand for
diagnosis of many diseases. As discussed in
earlier paper [1] ANN had help to diagnosis
anemia in pregnant ladies also various
research papers describing various anemia
causes, symptoms and types have discussed.
Also working of BP for diagnosis anemia
has being enclosed. Back-propagation has an
input layer of neurons, a number of hidden
layers and an output layer. By using
sufficient number of hidden layers MLP can
 April 2017. The dataset is classified into two
RBC HCT MCV
Gender
HB
(12-16)g/dl (4.5-6) (32-36) (80-
OUTPUT different classes either positive or negative
100)fb/cell for anemia in pregnant lady respectively.
8.2 3.16 24.5 77.5 0 Results of the final diagnosis after the
F
11.1 4.06 34.3 84.5 1
confirming the specialists had been used for
F study. Consisted records have 8 attributes
10.2 4.22 34 80.6 1 each while 4 of them are actually used as the
F
major attribute.
5.3 1.51 15.5 102.6 0
F
11.5 4.08 35.4 86.8 1 Total No of observations = 1180
F
6.1 3.08 20 64.9 0 Total no. of anemia positive observations = 593
F
8.9 3.87 29.2 88.6 1
F Total no. of anemia negative observations = 588
map any nonlinear input-output function to
arbitrary degree of accuracy. All layers are Table: 1.1 Dataset representations for few
patients
fully connected and of the feed forward
type. The outputs are nonlinear function of
the inputs, and are controlled by applying
Table 1.1 represents the dataset sample few
weights to the data that are connected. In
pregnant ladies with the medical parameters
recent years, the use of three layer feed
forward NN, which propagates the included while study.
information from the input towards the
Description of the database entities:-
output layer. [4]
Used Attributes are: [5]
Proceeding further in this, a heuristic  Gender: Female (F)
optimization algorithm is used to increase  Hemoglobin (HGB) : Range (12-
the success and speed of these methods. [2] 16)g/dl
PSO as a heuristic optimization learning  Red Blood cell (RBC) : Range (4.5-
method is successfully applied to train the 6)
model. In this study, in order to improve the  Hematocrit (HCT) : Range (32-36)
ability of BP to escape from local optimum,  Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) :
the PSO algorithm this works on global Range (80-100)fb/cell
optimum to modify the accuracy. [3]  Output: Anemia as 0
Non anemia as 1
Section III
Methodology Back-Propagation:
Steps involved during the research are: The development of the NN is inspired by a
human brain. Typically, The NN contains
1. Brief overview of the dataset of three classes of layer called the input layer,
pregnant ladies. the hidden layer, and the output layer,
2. Diagnosis using Back-Propagation. respectively. The NN has only one input
3. Diagnosis using Particle swarm layer and one output layer, but it may have
optimization. more than one hidden layers. Each layer has
4. Compare results for both algorithms. several nodes. The input data are transmitted
from a node in one layer to the nodes in the
Dataset: next layer through an activation function. [6]

Live Data records of pregnant ladies were

collected from various hospitals. Total of
1180 records of pregnant ladies were
collected between 1 March 2017 and 30
Fig: 1.1 Methodology for back-propagation

Fig: 1.2 Methodology for PSO

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO):
PSO is a heuristic global optimization Section IV
technique. It was firstly discovered and
described by James Kennedy and Russell C. RESULTS OF THIS RESEARCH
Eberhart in 1995. [11] This technique was
proposed from the study of swarm Dataset of pregnant ladies has been collected
intelligence. Swarm or a group of flocks from various hospitals. Data is being
when search for food, the type of determined for accuracy for both Back-
intelligence they use in interacting with their propagation and PSO.
friend swarms is the main principle behind
the origin of this technique. When a group 1. Accuracy during Data Splitting
of swarms go for searching food, either they 2. No. of epochs
go together or in group till they find a place
where food can be found. One of the birds 1. Accuracy during Data Splitting:
among them searches the best food called Data has been divided in different ratios and
the optimum search. Now every bird is accuracy has been determined for both the
moving with some velocity to search the algorithms that are BP and PSO
food. Now the method which this bird respectively.
adopts to convey the message of best food to
BP PSO
all other birds and the flock comes to that (Accuracy in (Accuracy in
Training/Testing
place is used in PSO. It was thought that this % age) % age)
interaction among birds can be efficiently 90/10 65 82
utilized in finding the optimum solution. 80/20 72 80
These birds or swarms are said to be
particles in particle swarm optimization. 70/30 69 89
Now in PSO every particle is moving with 60/40 53 81
some velocity and when the optimum 50/50 65 69
solution is found by one particle, there is a
memory which helps in conveying the Table: 1.2 Accuracy during different data
message to all other particles. [9] ratio

According to table.1.2 results it can be

analyzed that while BP the accuracy
increases when data has been divided in the
ratio of 80 – 20 as training and testing
respectively while in terms of PSO
algorithm the data shows highest accuracy
during 70-30.

Accuracy (in% age) 100

80

60 BP(Accuracy
in %age)
40
PSO (Accuracy
20 in % age)
0 Fig: 1.4. Graph for accuracy during number
of epochs

Section V
Fig: 1.3 Accuracy during different Data ratio
Conclusion:
2. No. of epochs: The diagnosis is based on deep learning by
Number of epochs is the second approach Back-propagation and PSO on the live
followed during the work under which reports of pregnant ladies. In the database
learning is done by BP and PSO with relevant live data from the various hospitals
different number of runs. are present. In current study BP and PSO are
used for the anemia diagnosis. Both
algorithms have two different approaches
for calculating the accuracy. The first
BP PSO approach has data splitting percentage as
No. of (accuracy in (accuracy in different ratio of training and testing
Epochs % age) % age) respectively. Second approach varies the
10 76.271 78.49 number of epochs run on the dataset. Hence,
50 78.084 86.42 results help to determines easily that the
100 80.923 89.77 accuracy of PSO in both the approaches is
better than BP.
150 82.084 90.34
200 81.355 91.23 Section VI
Table: 1.2 Accuracy during different number Reference:
of epcohs 1. Er. Neha Sharma (Research Scholar) , Er.
Vikas Khullar (Assistant Professor),
Table.1.2 defines the accuracy of algorithms Comparative Review Of Artificial Neural
during different number of epochs. It can Network Machine Learning For Diagnosing
Aneamia Deficiency in Pregnant Ladies, i-
easily analyze from table.1.2 that during manager’s Journal on Information
both algorithms, as the number of epochs Technology (JIT), Vol. 5, Issue 4, Sep-Nov
increases the accuracy gets optimized. 2016.

2. Tuan Linh Dang, Thang Cao and Yukinobu

Hoshino Data Pre-processing for a Neural
Network Trained by an Improved Particle
Swarm Optimization Algorithm,
International Journal of Computer
Applications, Vol. 154, Issue 1, November
2016.
3. Abhijit Suresh, K.V Harisha, N. Radhikaa,
Particle swarm optimization over back
propagation neural network for length of
stay prediction, International Conference on
Information and Communication
Technologies (ELSVIER),Vol. 46 ,pp 268 –
275, 2015.

4. Esra Kaya, Mehmet EminAktan,AhmetTaha

Koru and ErhanAkdogan, Diagnosis of
Anaemia in Children via Artificial Neural
Network, International Journal of Intelligent
Systems and Applications in Engineering,
Vol.3, Issue.3, pp. 24-27, 2015.

5. ZiynetYilmaz, M.RecepBozkurt,
Determination of Women Iron Deficiency
Anaemia Using Neural Networks, Journal of
Medical Systems (Springer), Volume 36,
Issue 5, pp. 2941–2945, 2012.

6. Qeethara Kadhim Al-Shayea , Artificial

Neural Networks in Medical Diagnosis,
IJCSI International Journal of Computer
Science Issues, Vol. 8, Issue 2, March 2011.

7. Salman Mohaghegi, Yamille del Valle,

Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy and Ronald G.
Harley,A Comparison of PSO and
Backpropagation for Training RBF Neural
Networks for Identification of a Power
System with Statcom, Swarm Intelligence
Symposium, 2005.

8. The LINKAGES Project, Maternal Nutrition

During Pregnancy and Lactation, United
state Agency for International Development
(USAID),Academy for Educational
Development [AED],The CORE Group,
2004.

9. Russell C. Eberhart and Yuhui Shi, Particle

Swarm Optimization: Developments,
Applications and Resources, Evolutionary
Computation (IEEE), vol. 0,Issue no. 3, pp.
7803-6657, 2001.

10. WHO, Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Assessment, Prevention, and Control - A
guide for program managers,
WHO/NHD/01.3 : World Health
Organization, pp. 1-43, 2001.

11. J.Kennedy and R.C.Eberhart, “Particle

Swarm Optimization,”Proceedings IEEE
International Conference on Neural
Networks, , IEEE Service Centre,
Piscataway, NJ Vol. 4, pp.1942-1948, 1995.