A column should be designed with a specific wall thickness to ensure it has sufficient rigidity to

be able to cope with the maximum amount of pressure which it is expected to be susceptible to in
operation. The minimum column wall thickness needed to withstand the vessel weight itself as
well as other incidental loads such as internal pressure is calculated and shown in the following
calculation section The design pressure for vessels under internal pressure is conventionally
taken as the pressure where the relief device is set. This is usually about 5-10 % above the
regular working pressure. This is done to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets.
A cylindrical pressure vessel shell must be enclosed at both ends by heads. Flat plates, formed
flatheads, hemispherical heads, torispherical heads and ellipsoidal heads are several principal
types of heads used . Hemispherical, torispherical and ellipsoidal are categorised as domed heads
where the formation is by pressing or spinning with large diameters fabricated from formed
sections.Torispherical heads, on the other hand also referred to as dished ends. Pressure vessels
can theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders and
cones are usually employed. More complicated shapes have historically been much harder to
analyse for safe operation and are usually far harder to construct. Theoretically a sphere would
be the optimal shape of a pressure vessel. Unfortunately the sphere shape is difficult to
manufacture, therefore more expensive, so most of the pressure vessels are cylindrical shape
with 2:1 semi elliptical heads or end caps on each end. Smaller pressure vessels are arranged
from a pipe and two covers. Disadvantage of these vessels is the fact that larger diameters make
them relatively more expensive. Many pressure vessels are made of steel. To manufacture a
spherical pressure vessel, forged parts would have to be welded together. The design of pressure
vessels is an important and practical topic which has been explored for decades. Optimization
techniques have been extensively applied to design structures in general; few pieces of work can
be found which are directly related to optimal pressure vessel design. These few references are
mainly related to the design optimization of homogeneous and composite pressure vessels.
The pressure vessel meets international safety standards, carefully selected steel with a high
impact resistance & corrosion resistant material.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Vessels failure can be grouped into the following major categories, which describe why a vessel
failure occurs. Failures also grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs
mean each failure contains its failure history, why and how it occurs. There are many reasons of
vessels failure such as:
Improper material selection, defected material.