According to Patil A et al [24] Buckling can be simply defined as the instability of any

structure. Bhoi R, Kalurkar L.G [4] have concluded that, before designing of structure it is
necessary to know about buckling behaviour of beam–column connection and beam, column.
Experimental as well as analytical procedure takes place for finding out buckling effect in
beam and column. This behaviour of the analyzed structures signifies that under loaded
condition the structure does not become unstable and buckle immediately. Therefore it is
important to study buckling behaviour of beam, column and beam- column. Mesut Simske
[19] have studied two-dimensional functionally graded materials (2D-FGMs) are presented
for the first time to investigate the buckling of beams with different boundary conditions. He
assumed that the material properties of the beam vary in both axial and thickness directions
according to the power-law form. Basis on the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT), he obtained
the critical buckling load of 2D-FG beams using the Ritz method. In order to obtain buckling
load, he expressed the trial functions for axial, transverse deflections and rotation of the
cross-sections in polynomial forms. Mohanty S.C et al [21] have analyzed the dynamic
stability of functionally graded ordinary (FGO) beam and functionally graded sandwich
(FGSW) beam on Winkler’s elastic foundation using finite element method. They found that
the foundation enhances stability of the FGO beam for first three modes. The effect of
distributions of material properties of the FGO beam on its parametric instability is
investigated. They found that the FGO beam with steel-rich bottom is more stable as
compared to that with Al-rich bottom for all the three modes and for both the types of
property distributions. The effect of property distribution on stability of FGSW beam with
steel as bottom skin and alumina as top skin is also investigated. It is concluded that the beam
having properties in core according to exponential law is the most stable beam while the
beam having properties in core as per power law with index 2.5 is the least stable beam. For
an FGSW beam it is found that the increase in the thickness of FGM core makes the beam
less stable when the properties in FGM vary as per power law whereas the stability of beam
enhances with the increase of thickness of FGM core when the properties vary according to
exponential law. Abbas B.A.H, Thomas J [1] considered Timoshenko beam resting on an
elastic foundation and subjected to periodic axial loads & investigated the effect of an elastic
foundation on the natural frequencies, static buckling loads and the regions of dynamic
instability of hinged-hinged and fixed-free Timoshenko beams. They concluded that the
action of the elastic foundation the natural frequencies and the static buckling loads are
increased. As the elastic foundation constant increases the regions of dynamic instability are
shifted away from the vertical axis and the widths of these regions are decreased thus making
the beam less sensitive to periodic forces. Tiwari K, Kuppa R [31] considered finite element
method for static and dynamic analysis of beam is provided in detail. An example is taken
and solved for both static and dynamic loading. The results show the behavior of beams on
elastic foundation when subjected to loads with spatial and temporal variation. This provides
a groundwork to study structures on continuous foundations. Clastornik J et al [6] presented a
stiffness formulation for the solution of beams on variable Winkler foundation. The accuracy
of the solution is dependent only on our computer precision, i.e., better than 10 figures
accuracy. The solution may be achieved by using only a small number of elements, thus
reducing also the data preparation time. The procedure can be incorporated into a standard
beam analysis program. Big savings in computer time are achieved, with even better
accuracy. Eisenberger M, Clastornik J [9] have presented new methods for the vibration and
buckling analysis of beams on variable elastic foundations. The stiffness, consistent mass,
and geometric stiffness matrices have been formulated. The solution can be achieved with a
small number of segments, thus reducing the computation time in comparison to that for
other models. The second method is preferred, since it gives slightly better results at lower
computation cost. Razaqpur A.G, Shah K.R [25] have discussed a new finite element is
derived which eliminates these limitations. The stiffness matrix, nodal load vector and shape
function of the element arc derived using the differential equation of a beam on a two-
parameter elastic foundation. The complete solution of the equation corresponding to the
most common types of load is also presented. This permits the determination of the
delocalization and internal forces anywhere along a simple or continuous beam on two-
parameter foundations. Matsunga H [16] analyzed Natural frequencies and buckling stresses
of a deep beam-column on two parameter elastic foundations by taking into account the effect
of shear deformation, depth change (the transverse displacement can vary in the depth
direction of beam-columns) and rotatory inertia. They concluded that it is very important to
take into account the complete effects of higher order deformations such as shear
deformations with depth changes and rotatory inertia for the analysis of vibration and
buckling problems of deep beam-columns on elastic foundations. In order to verify the
accuracy of the present results, the convergence properties of the numerical solutions
according to the order of approximate. Javaheri R, Eslami M.R [12] the buckling analysis of
functionally graded plates under in-plane compression was investigated and concluded that:
The equilibrium and stability equations are identical with the corresponding equations for
homogeneous-isotropic plates. The critical buckling load for the functionally graded plates is
generally lower than the corresponding value for homogeneous plates. Functionally graded
plates have many advantages as a heat resistant material, but it is important to check its
resistance to buckling. The critical buckling load for the functionally graded plates is reduced
when the power law index k increases. The critical buckling load for the functionally graded
plates increases with increasing dimension ratio .The critical buckling load for the
functionally graded plates decreases with increasing dimension ratio. The critical buckling
load for the plates under uniaxial compression are greater than the plates under biaxial
compression. The critical buckling load for the plates under combined compression and
tension are greater than for plates under uniaxial and biaxial compression. This conclusion
confirms that the addition of a tensile load in the transverse direction is seen to have a
stabilizing influence. Morfidis K, Arvamidis I.E [17] have discussed about a new, generalized
Bernoulli/Timoshenko finite beam element on a two-parameter elastic foundation is
presented. The element stiffness matrix is based on the exact solution of the differential
equation governing displacements, and possesses the ability for an optional consideration of
shear deformations, semi-rigid connections, and rigid offsets. Kargarnovin M.H, Younesian
D [13] have discussed about the response of a Timoshenko beam with uniform cross-section
and infinite length supported by a generalized Pasternak-type viscoelastic foundation
subjected to an arbitrary-distributed harmonic moving load is studied in this paper the
response of a uniform Timoshenko beam of infinite length placed on a Pasternak viscoelastic
foundation and subjected to a harmonic arbitrary distributed moving load was studied.
Murmu T, Pradhan S.C [20] have analyzed nonlocal elasticity and Timoshenko beam theory
are implemented to investigate the stability response of SWCNT embedded in an elastic
medium. For the first time, both Winkler-type and Pasternak-type foundation models are
employed to simulate the interaction of the (SWCNT) with the surrounding elastic medium.
They concluded it can be clearly seen that the small- scale effect reduces the buckling loads
in the same way as the effect of transverse shear deformation. With the surrounding medium
modeled as a Winkler-type foundation, the critical buckling loads also increase with an
increase of the Winkler modulus parameter. Uzzal R.A et al [33] have analyzed dynamic
response of an Euler-Bernoulli beam supported on two-parameter Pasternak foundation
subjected to moving load as well as moving mass. Their study reveals that moving mass has
significantly higher effect on dynamic responses of the beam over the moving load. The
study further shows that increase in speed increases both displacements and bending
moments of the beam. Simsek M, Yurtcu H.H [29] have studied static bending and buckling
of a functionally graded (FG) nanobeam are examined based on the nonlocal Timoshenko
and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. This non-classical (nonlocal) nanobeam model
incorporates the length scale parameter (nonlocal parameter) which can capture the small
scale effect. They found that reasonable choice of the value of the nonlocal parameter is also
crucial to ensure the validity of the nonlocal beam models. Further, it is found that the power-
law exponent has a great influence on the responses of FG nanobeam, and the responses can
be controlled by choosing proper values of the power-law exponent. Padhi S.N et al [22]
evaluated the static and dynamic behavior of simply supported sigmoid functionally graded
ordinary (SFGO) beam. They used finite element method considering first order shear
deformation for the analysis. They concluded that 1st and 2nd mode natural frequency as well
as the critical buckling load decreases with increase in power index. The higher power index
renders more instability to SFGO beam for the principle as well as the 2nd mode instability
zone. The effect is more prominent in case of 2nd mode instability region. More the beam
become slender more is the probability of dynamic instability for the beam. Abohadima S et
al [3] analyzed Timoshenko beams resting on two parameter foundation. They found that the
significance of the foundation on the Timoshenko beams (?? < 20) behavior is negligible; the
effect of end restraints is more noticeable for slender beams and the natural frequency
decreases as the axial load increases. Tekin G, Kadioglu F [32] studied buckling analysis of
composite Timoshenko beam is conducted and a functional is presented by applying mixed
finite element method with Gâteaux differential. They found that Timoshenko beam with
fixed-fixed end has maximum buckling load. And the beam with one end fixed and another
end free has the minimum critical buckling load as compared with the other boundary
condition types. Moreover, by increasing the L/h ratio, critical buckling load values increase.
In addition, by increasing the h/b ratio of the beam, critical buckling load values increase.
Deng H et al [8] have analyzed the exact dynamic stiffness matrix of double-functionally
graded Timoshenko beam system on Winkler-Pasternak under axial loading are established
and the damping of the connecting layer is also taken into consideration. They conclude that
with the increase of gradient parameter k, the fundamental frequency of the two-beam system
decreases under different boundary conditions. The stiffness of connecting layer has great
influence on the reverse modes of two beams, and the increase of the stiffness can
significantly increase the frequencies of the two-beam system. The increase of the parameters
of elastic foundation will increase the frequencies of two beam system and the effects of
Winkler layer and shear layer on fundamental frequency are close. Huang Y et al [11] have
investigated buckling behaviors of axially functionally graded and non-uniform Timoshenko
beams. They conclude that the obtained results were in agreement with the exact and other
existing results, indicating the effectiveness of the presented approach in dealing with the
buckling of axially inhomogeneous beams.. Liu X et al [14] have shown that the compressive
initial stress enhances the maximum attenuation in the second attenuation zone while it
weakens the maximum attenuation in the first attenuation zone. In addition, based on the
detailed modal analysis, simplified models are proposed to determine the bound frequencies
of the lowest attenuation zone. Padhi S.N et al [23] have analyzed a sigmoid Timoshenko
beam resting on variable elastic foundation is investigated for its dynamic behaviour. They
found that beam with higher slenderness parameter should be used for better dynamic
behavior. Sigmoid distribution with the value power index as one should be designed to
ensure the better performance of the beam. The parabolic foundation model should be
preferred over the selected foundations for analysis.