Limba engleza

Lesson one-Introducing oneself-Prezentarea personala

Conversation
1. Formal
J.D:Excuse me.Who are you?
S.R.:I am Sandra Reynolds.I am your enghish teacher,and who are you?
J.D.:How do you do.My name’s Jane David.I’m a student.
K.S:And my name is Ken Smith,I’m a student too.
S.R.:How do you do.I’m glad to meet you.It’s nice to meet you.
J.D.It’s nice to meet you too.Greetings.
S.R.:Good morning,Good afternoon,Good evening

J.D.:Good evening.How are you?

S.R.:I’m fine thank you.And how are you?
J.D.:Very well,thank you.Rather unwell.
S.R.:Good bye.See you later.
J.D:Good night.See you tomorrow

2. Verry Formal
J.D.:Good morning,professor Reynolds.Let me introduce myself.My name is Jane David.I’m
your new student.
S.R.:How do you do.Welcome to our courses.My name is Sandra Reynolds.
J.D:How do you do.I’m pleased to meet you,professor Reynolds.
S.R.:I’m your English professor.What are you studying this term?
J.D.:I’m studying English language this term and English literature next term
S.R.:Till tomorrow then.
J.D.:It’s been nice to knowing you.Good bye for now.

3. Informal
J.D:I’m Jane.I’m a new student.Who are you?
K.S:Hi, I’m Ken.I’m a new student too.Glad to know you.Where are you from?
J.D:I’m from Canada.Are you from Canada,too?
K.S.:No,I’m not.I’m from Scotland.
J.D.:Oh.How nice!
K.S.:See you soon.
J.D.:Bye-bye for now.
Greetings-Salutari
How are you?-Ce mai faci?
Rather unwell.-mai degraba rau
this term-in aceasta perioada/semestru

EXPLANATORY NOTES-note explicative

1.Name:
a)First name: Christian name = Given name: Jane, Jennifer, Robert, Mary, Kenneth, Sandra
etc.
b)Surname:Family name= Last name: Reynolds, David, Bush, Smith, MacDonald, O‟Casey,
Roberts etc.

2.How to you address people?

There are different ways of addressing people and of speaking:
a)Informaly and friendly- between friends,(prietenii) teenagers,(adolsecenti) young people
(classmates)(tinerii,colegii de clasa), businessmen(oamenii de afaceri)
b) Formal- between acquaintances and also for older people or people in higher jobs. /intre
cunostinte si de asemenea pentru oameni mai in varsta sa peroane cu joburi inalte
c)Very formal – for people we want to show respect to./pentru oamenii care vrem sa le aratam
respectul

3.How do we address unknown people?

 “Excuse me, sir (madam, officer/constable etc.)”- "Scuzaţi-mă, domnule (doamnă, ofiţer /
jandarm, etc)"
 “Ladies and gentlemen” (when addressing an audience)- "Doamnelor şi domnilor"
(atunci când abordează o audienţă)
4. How about people we know?
“Hi, Ted / Hi, Betty” (more used for young people).-utilizat pentru tineri
“Hello, Fred / Hello, Barney” (it is slightly more formal).- mai putin formal
We can greet acquaintances or people we know whether they are older or in higher jobs with “hello”,
or “good morning / afternoon / evening”./ Putem saluta cunostinte cu hello
At a very formal level, respect may be shown by adding their name: ”Hello, Mr. Smith” (for
gentlemen), “Hello, Mrs. Reynolds” (for married ladies), “Hello, Miss David” (for unmarried
ladies), or “Hello, Mes Green” (for ladies, when their marital status is not important).
If the persons have titles, they are used in calling them: “Professor Hill”, “Dr. Brown”, “Dean
Roberts” (only one title - the highest – is used together with the surname).
For very high ranks we can use: “Your Excellency”, “Your Highness”, “Your
Sanctity”.- "Excelenţa Voastră", "Inaltimea voastra", "Sanctitatea ta".

Grammar Focus

1.Pronumele personal-Personal pronouns

Definitie: Desemnează persoanele ce pot apărea într-un dialog (vorbitorul, interlocutorul) sau
înlocuieşte obiectul despre care se vorbeşte.

Person Nominativ Dativ Acuzativ

Singular First I-Eu (To) me-pentru mine Me-mă
person
Second You-Tu (To) you- pentru tine You-tu
person
Third She,he,it-ea,el (To) him,her,it- pentru Him,her,it-
person el,ea el,ea
Plural First We-noi (To) us -pentru noi Us-ne
person
Second You-voi (To) you- pentru voi You-tu
person
 Third They-ei/ele (To) them- pentru ei/ele Them-lor
person

2.Verbul To be-Present tense

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Interrogative+negative

I am Am I? I am not Am I not?
You are Are you? You are not Are you not?
She,he,it is Is she,he,it? She,he,it is Is she,he,it not ?
not
We are Are we? We are not Are we not ?
You are Are you? You are not Are you not ?
They are Are they? They are not Are they not ?

În engleza vorbită este mai folosită forma contrasă:

I’m a teacher/I’m not a teacher.

You’re a student/You’re not a student.
He’s a policeman/He’s not a policeman.
She’s an air hostess/She’s not an air hostess-stewardeza
It’s an animal/It’s not an animal.
We’re workers./We’re not workers.
You’re engineers/you’re not engineers.
They’re taxi drivers- They’re not taxi drivers-

Verbul TO BE ca verb de legătură (link verb) se foloseşte:

cu un substantiv (la singular, întotdeauna precedat de articolul nedefinit „a” sau „an”) „I
am a mother”;
cu un adjectiv, „He is tired”
cu adverb de loc, „He is in the room” / „He is there”.

EXERCISES
I. Substitute the nouns in the following sentences by the personal pronouns in the
correct case. Model: I like this book. I like it.
1. I’m very pleased with this test paper.-I’m very pleased with it.- Sunt foarte multumit
cu această lucrare de încercare .-
2. John arrives at the faculty early.He arrives at the faculty early.
3. I always give George good books to read.-I always give him good books to read.
4. Three students are talking about the exam.They are talking about the exam.
5. The assistant-lecturer is asking Henry a question.-The assistant-lecturer is asking him
a question
6. The professor is lending the student a book-The professor is lending him a book.
7. Students are verry attentive during seminars-They are very attentive during seminars.
8. I see my coleague going to the library.I see him going to the library.
9. Give mother a glass of water-Give her a glass of water.
10.Read the lesson,please-Read it,please
11.Let’s go and see grandmother.Let’s go and see her.
12.I want to give my grand parents a present-I want to give them a present.
13.I’ll thank father tomorrow-I’ll thank him tomorrow.
14.Look and Tom and me-Look to us
15.I can’t see your friends-I can’t see them.
16.Give the cat some milk-Give her some milk.

II. Fill in the blanks using the personal pronouns in brackets in the correct case:-
Completaţi spaţiile libere folosind pronumele personale în paranteze, în cazul corectă
1.This is a book form him.
2.John always buys text+books for them.
3.I never speak to her during lectures.
4.I am putting it on the shelf.-O pun pe raft
5.Every day,I see you in the classroom.
6.I pay attention to it.
7.I tell her not to be late.
8.She requests them to take part in the scientific session.-Ea le solicita sa ia parte la sesiunile
stintifice

Lesson two-Conversation-Getting around

1.British conversation
Liz:Hi,Jenny.How are you?
Jenny:Rather unwell this morning.And you?
Liz:Oh,I’m fine,thanks,but I’m sorry for you.Why are you such in a hurry?It’s pretty hot
today isn’t it? Can I help you?
Jenny:I’m late for class and I want to buy the stationery,you know,writing paper,notebooks
and a ball-paint pen.It’s a stationer’s near here?
Liz:Yes,of course.Can you see the restaurant over there?
Jenny:The one on the corner?
Liz:Turn at the restaurant and keep straight on up to the next cross-roads;go across the road
and take the first turning to the left.The stationer’s on the left side of the street.You can’t
miss it.
Jenny:Thanks a lot.But that’s guite a distance.
Liz:Yes,That’s right,but you can find there everythink you need:there are writing
paper,pads,envelopes,refills for your pen,erasers and even a marvelosus assortment of
greeting cards and diaries.There are so glue,ink,thumbtacks.

2.American version

Jenny:Pardon,Excuse me officer.Where is the City Bank?

 Policeman:It’s downtown,five blocks from here,straight ahead.
Jenny:It is on the left?
Policeman:No,it’s on the right.It’s across the coffee shop.
Jenny:Thank you very much.
Policeman:You’re welcome.

Vocabulary:
stationery – papetărie
notebook – blocnotes, carnet
ball-(point) pen – pix
cross-road – intersecţie
writing paper pad – tampon pentru hârtia de scris
envelope – plic
refill – mine de pix
eraser – gumă de şters
diary – jurnal (intim)
glue – lipici
ink – cerneală
thumbtack – pioneză
over there- de dincolo
turning-cotitura
greeting cards-felicitari

Explanatory notes:
1.block-cvartal/ block of flats / apartment house = bloc
downtown = în sau spre centrul comercial al unui oraş
2. expressing gratitude
Thanks;Many thanks;Thanks a lot;Thanks again;Thank you very much;Thank you very
much indeed; Thank you ever much for (letting me know)… - It‟s been really marvelous…
Vă mulţumim; Multe mulţumiri, mulţumesc foarte mult, mulţumesc încă o dată, vă
mulţumesc foarte mult; Vă mulţumesc foarte mult, într-adevăr, Vă mulţumim mult pentru
vreodată (permiţându-mă să ştiu) ... - Este "E într-adevăr a fost minunat
3.possible responses,depending the occasion
Don’t mention it(I’m glad to help you)- Nu menţionaţi acest lucru (mă bucur să te ajut)
It’s all right-Totul este in regula
It’s my pleasure-Este placerea mea
You’re welcome-Esti binevenit
I’m very much obligated to you-Sunt foarte mult obligat sa va

Study and remember expression:

Vă trebuie numai zece minute ca să ajungeţi acolo –It takes to only ten minutes to get there.
Luati-o spre stanga-Turn on the left
Mergeti tot inainte-Go straight ahead.
Semaforul arata rosu-The red light is on.
Trolebuzele circula pana la ora la-The trollez bus run till…o’clock.
Sunteti amabil sa imi spuneti care este drumul catre-Would you mind telling me the way to…?
M-aţi putea indruma-Could you put me right?
Pe aici,va rog-This way,please
Luati-o pe prima strada la stanga/dreapta-Take the first turning to the left/right
La prima intersectie luati-o la stanga/dreapta-At the next cross-roads take to the left/right.
Este pe partea dreapta-It’s one the right hand side.
Imi puteti arata directia catre-Could you direct me to
Acesta este drumul catre-It is the road/right way to
Sunteti inca la o oarecare distanta-You are still some way off.
Este chiar dupa colt-It is just round the corner
Intamplator si noi mergem in aceasta directie-We happen to be going in that direction ourselves.
Incerc sa gasesc drumul catre-I’m trying to find my way to
Mergeti intr-o directie gresita-You are going the wrong way.
Este mult de mers pe jos-It is much of a walk?
Sa o iau pe aceasta strada sau pe cealalta-Do I take this street or that?
Este destul de departe-It’s guite a distance.
Care este calea cea mai rapida catre-Wich is the quickest way to

Grammar
1. Verbul TO BE exprimând existenţa – there is / there are (este, se află, se găseşte / sunt,
se află, se găsesc)
Se foloseşte ori de câte ori subiectul propoziţiei este o persoană oarecare nedefinită sau un
obiect, iar predicatul este verbul TO BE.
Această expresie introduce noi informaţii interlocutorului: Exemple:
There is (There´s) a pen on the desk.
There are (There‟re) two books on the table.
There is a glass on the table.
There are lots of interesting buildings in Edinburgh.
There are writing paper pads ...
There is glue in the bottle.
Observaţi că:
a) There se foloseşte în loc de subiect;
b) There is se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la singular;
c) There are se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la plural;
Interogativul se formează: Is there a stationery near here? Are there many children in the
room?
Negativul: There is not (isn´t). / There are not (aren´t).
Observaţi că şi în acest caz există forme contrase, neaccentuate.
Atenţie! Să nu confundaţi cuvântul THERE din expresiile THERE IS şi THERE ARE cu
adverbul THERE care se traduce cu ACOLO. Într-o propoziţie ele pot apărea împreună.
Ex. There are two chairs there. (Sunt două scaune acolo).

2.The plural of nouns-pluralul substantivelor

RULES Examples
Singular Plural

a. Majoritatea substantivelor bedroom bedrooms

formează pluralul adăugând -s la picture pictures
tap taps -robinete
forma singularului:
b. Substantivele care se termină în Glass Glasses-sticle
-sh, -ch, -tch, -ss, -s, -x primesc -es Bus Buses
brush brushes
watch watches -ceasuri
box boxes
c. Când substantivele se termină în Party Parties
-y precedat de o consoană, -y se country countries
schimbă în i şi se adaugă –es:
d. Substantivele care se termină în -f, leaf Leaves-frunze
-fe îl schimbă pe f în v şi se adaugă life lives
-es:
e. Substantivele care se termină în -o Tomato Tomatoes
precedat de o consoană primesc -es: potato potatoes
f. Substantive cu pluralul neregulat: man Men
woman Women
child Children
tooth Teeh
foot Feet
goose Geese
mouse mice

Terminaţia pluralului se citeşte:

Terminaţia pluralului se [z] după vocale şi consoane [iz] după: [s], [z], [ſ], [tſ],
citeşte: [s] după consoane sonore: [b], [d], [v], [g], [l], [dз]
surde: [p], [t], [f], [k], [h], [θ] [m], [n], [η], [r], [ð]

clocks -ceasuri jugs -ulcioare Wages-salarizare

taps -robinete towels =prosoape classes -clase
baths-bai films-filme brushes-perii
watches -ceasuri
buses =autobuze

Exercise
1.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the phrase:
1.There is a teacher in the classroom.2.There are two teachers in the classroom.3.There are
many pupils in the classroom.4.There is a dog in the room.5.There are books and notebooks
on the shelf.6.There are books on the floor.7.There is a blackboard on the wall.8.There are
many pictures on the wals.9.There is a map in the classroom.10.There are many flowers in
the garden.

2.Change these sentences according to the patterns:

a)There is a large table in the room(small)/There isn’t a small one.
b)There are two black cats in the garden(white)/There aren’t two white ones.
1. There is a short pencil in the pencil-box(long)/There isn’t a long one in the pencil-box
2.There are three glasses on the table(clean)/There aren’t three clean ones.
3.There are two green books in the bag(brown)/There aren’t two brown ones.
4.There is a young man in the room(old)/There isn’t an old one.
5.There are two large armchairs in the room(small)/There aren’t two small ones.
6.There is an old newspaper on the table.(new)/There isn’t a new one.
7.There is a white dog in the schoolyard(black)/There isn’t a black dog one.
 8. There are two red blouses on the chair(blue)/There aren’t two blue ones.
9.There is a tall man in the garden.(short)/There isn’t a short one.
10.There are two fat cats under the tree(thin)/There aren’t two thin ones.

3.Make guestions and answers

1.There is a kitchen in the flat(yes)
Is there a kitchen in the falt?
Yes, there is

2.There are two livings-room in the flat(No)

Are there two livings-room in the flat?
No,there aren’t

3.There is a dog in the classroom(No)

Is there a dog in the classroom?
No,there isn’t

4.There are three cats in the schoolyard(yes)

Are there three cats in the schoolyard
Yes,there are

5.There are two books on the desk(no)

Are there two books on the desk
No,there aren’t

6.There is a book on the floor(no)

Is there a book on the florr
No,there isn’t

7.There is a dining-room in the house(yes)

Is there a dining-room in the house
Yes,there is

8.There are two bedrooms in the house(yes)

Are there two bedrooms in the house
Yes,there are

9.There are three armchairs in the living-room(yes)

Are there three armchairs in the living-room
Yes,there are

10.There is a bookcase in the bedroom(no)

Is there a bookcase in the bedroom
No,there isn’t
IV.Rewrite the sentences,making the words in the brackets plural.
1.Our students’ club often organizes evening parties.2.She has just put ten tomatoes on the
plate.3.All the children who have reached the age of six go to school.4.Have you already
brushed your teeth?5.She has bought two loaves.6.Have you turned off the hot and cold
taps.7.You go to the library after classes,don’t you?8.She has put six glasses on the
table.9.There are many fallen leaves on the ground.10.I have never seen such beautiful
pictures.11.Women have equal rights with men in our country.12.They have put the watches
into boxes that do not exceed an overall length of two foots.

V.Use the plural of nouns in brackets making the necessary changes.In case no change is
possible,explain the reasons:
1.He was thanked for his works at the hospital.They were fully aware of the spirits of the
time.3.The poet published his new volumes at the start of the century.4.The Chinese invented
the compasses.5.The information didn’t came in time.6.I have a small cactuses at home.7.Don’t
fight with him.His forces are enourmous.8.I feel a pains in my leg.9.It’s a damage that can’t be
repaired.10.I won’t take anybody’s advices.11.I don’t like his manners of speech.12.Six to eight
hours of practice a day gave him a great abilities for playing the piano in less than a
year.13.Lots of peoples come to the Romanian seaside every summer.14.I like the fabrics my
husband brought me as a birthday present.15.She has a brooch of diamonds set in platinum.

Lesson three NATIONALITIES-COUNTRIES

Jenny:Meet my friend,Ingrid
Pedrro:Hello
Ingrid:Hello.Pleased to meet you.What nationality are you?
Pedrro:I’m from Peru/I’m a Peruvian.Where are you from?
Ingrid:I’m from Sweden.I’m Swedish.
Pedrro:Is your family in London too,?
Ingrid:No my family is in Sweden and Australia.
Pedrro:Oh!
Ingrid:Are you in London in holidays or business?
Pedrro:I’m on business.I’m a physicist.I’m working in a Research Centre for three months.It’s
not far from London.What about you?Are you a student,or a post graduate student?If not,what’s
your job?
Ingrid:No,I’m not a student.I’m visiting an English family for a year to brush up my
English.Are you standing in a private house,too?
Pedrro:At the moment I’m standing at a hotel.
Ingrid:Isn’t too expensive?
Pedrro:It sure is,but tomorrow morning I’m registering for a special Nuclear Physics
Course,and then I’m moving to a bed-sitter.Look!Here is my registration card.Be so kind and
help me to fill it in.

Moving in
Because the hotel is too expensive,Pedro wants to rent a nice,small apartment/flat.So,he has two
ways to find it:
1.Direct conversation:
Pedro:Excuse me,are you Mrs.Scott?
Mrs.Scott:Yes,I am
Pedro:How do you do Mrs.Scott.I’m Pedro Gonzalez your new tenant.You’re the
landlady,aren’t yoy?
Mrs.Scott:Yes, I am.How do you do,Mr.Gonzales.Nice to meet you.This is Maggie Baxter.She’s
your neighbour.
Maggie:Hello,Pedro.Nice to meet you.
Pedro:Hello,Magie,glad to see you,too.Can I see the bed-sitter Mrs.Scott?Is it upstairs?
Mrs.Scott:Of course you can.Come in,please.It’s upstairs.My flat is downstairs.
Pedro:Oh,it’s very nice.

2.On the phone

Five three oh,four nine seven eight Mrs.Scott:Hello?
Pedro:It’s about the flat/apartment to let in the morning paper ads.It is still to let?
Mrs.Scott:Oh yes,of course it is
Pedro:Can you tell me about it?
Mrs.Scott:There are two rooms:a living-room and a bedroom,and also a kitchen and a
bathroom,of course.You can came and see it.
Pedro:Where is it?
Mrs.Scott:It is in the neighbourhood of the University College,near Regent’s Park.
Pedro:What is your address?
Mrs.Scott:54 Drummond Street,near Euston Station
Pedro:Oh,and how much is to rent?
Mrs.Scott:Two hundred pounds/200$ a month
Pedro:I can come in twenty or thirty minutes.Is that all right?
Mrs.Scott:Yes,of course,I wait.What is your name?
Pedro:Pedro Gonzales
Mrs.Scott:Can you spell it?
Pedro:P-E-D-R-O G-O-N-Z-A-L-E-S
Mrs.Scott:Thank you.See you and half and hour.
Pedro:Good bye.See you soon.

VOCABULARY
bed-sitter = bed-sitting-room – garsonieră, cameră combinată
ads. – (prescurtare de la advertisements) – reclamă, publicitate

Grammar
The Present tense- Common Aspect
Timpul Present-aspectul continuu
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Neagtive-
Form Interrogative
Form
I work I do not work Do I work? Do I not work?
You work You do not work Do You work? Do You not
She,he,it works She,he,it do not Does She,he,it work?
We work work work? Does She,he,it
 You work We do not work Do We work? not work?
They work You do not work Do You work? Do We not
They do notwork Do They work? work?
Do You not
work?
Do They not
work?
Rules Examples
1. Timpul prezent, aspectul comun, se Student study for their exams
foloseşte pentru a arăta o acţiune obişnuită
sau repetată în prezent.
2. Adeseori este folosit cu adverbe de tipul: Every year,the Academy organizes
often, usually, never, always, every year. post-gradutes courses.
3. Poate arăta o acţiune viitoare, dacă este
însoţit de un adverb de timp exprimând We sit for an exam tomorrow’
viitorul. In acest caz, acţiunea viitoare face
parte dintr-un program stabilit.
4. Este folosit în loc de prezentul continuu I like this book
cu acele verbe care nu sunt întrebuinţate la
forma continuă (to like, to dislike, to love,
to hate, to want, to own, to consist of/in, to
belong)
to like- a placea
to dislike-a displacea
to love-a iubi
to hate-a ura
to want- a dori
to own- a detine
to consist of/in- sa fie alcatuita din/in
to belong-sa apartina

The present tense -continuous aspect

Timpul present-aspectul continuu

Mai simplu, se poate exprima: TO BE(present) + Ving ( „V” este verbul de conjugat)
Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-
Form Form Interrogative
Form
I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I not
You are working You are not Are You working?
She,he,it is working working? Are you not
working She,he,it is not Is She,he,it working?
We are working working working? Are she,he,it not
You are working We are not Are We working? working?
They are working Are You Are we not
working You are not working? working?
working Are They Are You not
They are not working? working?
working Are They not
 working?
Rules Examples
1. Prezentul continuu arată o acţiune în curs They are studying for tomorrow’s
de desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii. Uneori, examination.
momentul acţiunii este fixat prin adverbe de
timp ca: now, at the present moment. We are not planning our holidays at
2. Prezentul continuu exprimă uneori o the present moment
acţiune ce caracterizează subiectul într-o What are you doing here in
anumită perioadă de timp. Aceasta rezultă din Bucharest?
context.
I am studying economics.
3. Ca şi aspectul comun, poate arăta o
acţiune viitoare care a fost planificată într-un They are coming to see us next week.
moment prezent, dacă este însoţit de un
adverb de timp exprimând viitorul.
Exercices
1.Put the following sentences in the third person singular.
1.We listen to courses-She/he/it listens to courses.
2.They take down notes- She/he/it takes down notes.
3.You study for your exam- She/he/it studies for his/hers/it exam
4.I like learning when I enjoy the subject- She/he/it likes learning when She/he/it enjoies the
subiect
5.You always lend me your text- books- She/he/it always lends me hi/her/it text-books.
6.I go home at 2 o’clock- She/he/it goes home at 2 o’clock
7.I pay attention to what the lecturer says- She/he/it paies attention to what the lecturer says.
8.You like begin in time for the courses- She/he/it likes begin in time for the courses.

2.Make the following sentences-a)interrogative

b)negative
1.I leave home at 7 a.m. every day.
Do you leave home at 7 a.m. every day?
No,I do not leave home at 7 a.m. every day.
2.This student speaks English very well
Does this student speak Enghish very well?
No,he doesn’t speack Enghish very well.
3.He reads very hast.
Does he read very fast?
No,he doesn’t read very fast.
4.Students read sports magazines every day
Do student read sports magazines every day?
No,students don’t read sports magazines every day.
5.He writes his homework in the afternoon.
Does he write his homework in the afternoon?
No,he dosen’t write his homework in the afternoon.
6.I always go to the cinema with pleasure.
Do you always go to the cinema with pleasure?
No,I don’t always go to the cinema with pleasure.
7.He likes to watch television on Saturday morning
Does he likes to watch television on Saturday morning.
No,he doesn’t like to watch television on Saturday morning.

8.He likes Latin grammar.

Does he like Latin grammar
No,he doesn’t like Latin grammar
9.He reads a few page of Spanish literature every week.
Does he read a few page of Spanish literature every week.
No,he doesn’t read a few page of Spanish literature every week.
10.You write many letters.
Do you write many letters?
No,I don’t write many letters.

III.Use the verbs in brackets in the present tense(common or continuous aspect):

1.Students from other countries come to get trained as economists at the Academy of Economic
Studies.2.We attend classes regularly.3.He likes English.4.Today,we are studying commercial
correspondence in our English seminar.5.We are rehearsing for a show this evening.6.They are
meeting at 8 o’clock tonight.7.She is just leaving for the mountains.8.He doesn’t like to borrow
the books,he prefers to buy them.9.Where are you hurring?10.We are hurring to the lecture-hall
as we aren’t want to be late.

IV.Fill in the blanks with correct form of verbs in parantheses using present Tense or
Present Continuous.
I boil the water for coffee in a special pot.2.Come and make the coffee!3.The water is
boiling.4.This shop opens at 8 a.m. and closes at 8 p.m.4.I am opening the book to read the new
lesson.5.Don’t shout that loud!I hear you very well.6.Don’t interrupt them!They listen a
scientific broadcast.7.I see what you mean.8.Wait a minute,will you?I see them off.9.A man
smalls with his nose.10.Usually she is a very quiet child,but now she is being naughty./obraznic

V.Put the verbs in parantheses in the Present Tense Simple.Notice the adverb they are
associated with:
1.Mother never goes out without a shopping bag.2.We often play chess in the evenings.3.They
usually do their shopping at this supermarket.4.She always listens the concerts broadcast on the
radio on Sunday mornings.5.I occasionaly read a thriller before going to sleep.6.Our kids
frequently break something while playing hide-and-steek in their room.7.Grandmother hardly
ever takes a sleeping pill.8.They always come in time.9.My husband never catches anything
when he goes fishing.10.Do your friends sometimes ask you to babysit?
VI.Fill in the blanks with prepositions:
1.Except the Romanian students,there is also a considerable number of students coming from
other countries.2.There are canteens providing meals to/for the students.3.This term,we insist
about commercial correspondence.4.Students attend conferences with various subjects.5.This
professor gives lectures about political economy.6.All higher education institutes are
endowed(dotate) with libraries.7.The students spend their holidays in the mountains.

Lesson four A student’s daily programme

 The clock has just struck six.Mary is her bedroom.She has got up,opened the window
and turned the radio.She is doing her morning exercises to the music.
It is half past six.Mary has got in the bathroom.She is standing at the wash-basin.What
has she just done?She has just turned on the hat and cold taps.What is she going to do next?
She is going to put some water into the glass and brush her teeth.Then she is going to have a
shower.She doesn’t have a bath in the morning.She takes a bath before she goes to bed.
Mary has already brushed her teeth with her tooth-brush and tooth-paste.She has had a
warm shower.She has dried herself on the towel and has got dressed.What is she doing now?
She is doing her hair in front of the looking-glass.
It is seven o’clock.Mary is in the dininig-room.Has she already had her breakfast?No,not
yet.She is laying the table for breakfast.She has just put some coffee-cups,a sugar-bowl,a milk-
jug and some plates on the table.Is she going to have breakfast by herself?No, she is not.She is
waiting for her brother who he hasn’t shaved yet.
It is half past seven.Mary and her brother have just finished their breakfast.They are in
hurry.They are leaving for the Academic of Economic Studies.
It takes them twenty minutes to get to the Academy by bus.They arrive there ten minutes before
the bell rings.So that have a chat with the fellow-students.Only six students of their group are
from Bucharest,the others either come from different parts of the country,or from other
country.They usually have a lot of things to talk about.
The classes begin at eight o’clock and are over at ten minutes to two,three times a week.Twice a
week they have classes in the afternoon.They regularly attend lectures and seminars.
Then Mary prepares something for dinner and her brothers helps her.They have their dinner at
seven o’clock in the evening.After dinner they usually look through some newspapers and
magasines,or read some novels or listen to music,or watch a film on T.V.
On Sundays they often go to the students’ club that regularly organizes various cultural
activities such as evening parties,cinema shows, lectures on music and literature wich recitals
by famous musicians and actors.

Morning and evening

-What do you usually do at your office?

-In the morning I receive letters and cables which I have to answer that every day.My secretary
usually helps me to type the answers.Twice a week I have a meeting where we discuss different
business questions with our chief manager.Almost every day I have business interviews,talks or
conferences with the representatives with the foreign firms we have done business with lately.In
the afternoon I usually make appointments on the phone with engineers of the producting
entrepresives of foreign businessmen for the next day.Sometimes, I make business trips with a
view to concluding sales contracts.

-What do you usually do in the evening?

-We generally stay at home and watch T.V.Once a week we go to the pictures.Occasionally we
go to the dance.
-Have you been to the theatre this month?
-Yes,we have been to the theatre twice this month.
Vocabulary
Bedroom-dormitor
To strike-struck-struck- a bate,a suna
To get up- a se scula
To get into- a intra
To get to- a ajunge la
To get dressed- a se imbraca
Bathroom-baie
Stand-stood-stood- a sta in picioare
Sugar-bowl- zaharnita
Milk jug- cana de lapte
To shave- a se barbieri
Plate- farfurie
Leave for -left-left- a pleca
Lately- in ultimul timp
To do one’s hair- a-si face parul
To turn on the radio,the tap- a deschide (radioul, robinetul)
To pour some water- a turna (ceva) apă
To dry onself on the toward- a se şterge cu prosopul
To lay-laid-laid the table- – a pune masa
To have breakfast/lunch/dinner- a lua micul dejun / prânzul / cina
To be in a hurry- a se grabi
To have a chat- a sta de vorba
To read up for the seminars- a se pregăti pentru seminarii
To do one’s homework- a-si face tema
To have/to take a shower- a face un dus
to conclude a sales contract- încheia un contract de vânzare-cumpărare
to make an appointment- a fixa o întâlnire
with a view to (+gerunziu) – în vederea, pentru a
wash-basin-lavoar
attend- a urma
on foot- pe jos
I receive letters and cables-primesc srisori si cabluri

Grammar

The present perfect tense-Perfectul compus

Perfectul compus se formează cu ajutorul verbului to have la

prezent şi cu participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat:
TO HAVE + V3

Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-

Form Form Interrogative
Form
I have finished I haven’t finished Have I finished? Haven’t I
You have finshed You haven’t Have you finished?
She,he,it has finshed finished? Haven’t you
 finished She,he,it hasn’t Has she,he.,it finished?
We have finished finished finished? Hasn’t she,he.,it
You have We haven’t Have we finished?
finished finished finished? Haven’t we
They have You haven’t Have you finished?
finished finished finished? Haven’t you
They haven’t Have they finished?
finished finished? Haven’t they
finished

Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formează din forma scurtă a infinitivului, prin
adăugarea desinenţei –ed, după următoarele reguli ortografice:

Spelling Rules Examples

1) Verbele terminate la infinitiv în – e mut To live-lived
pierd această vocală înaintea desinenţei – To arrive-arrived
ed To celebrate-celebrated
2) Verbele terminate la infinitive în –y To study-studied
precedat de o consoană, schimbă y în i To dry-dried
To hurry-hurried
3) Verbele monosilabice terminate într-o To stop-stopped
consoană precedată de o vocală scurtă
dublează consoana finală

4) Verbele plurisilabice, terminate într-o To prefer-preferred

consoană precedată de o vocală şi având To compel-compelled- a obliga
accentual pe ultima silabă, precum şi verbele To travel-travelled
terminate în –l, indiferent de accent,
dublează consoana finală

The use of the Present Perfect Tense-Common Aspect

Rules Examples
1. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiune trecută I have seen this fim
care are legătură cu prezentul. I have know him for many years
a) Legătura poate fi temporală: acţiunea We have not seen him since Monday
începe în trecut şi continuă în present. He has not slept well since that night.
Momentul începerii acţiunii se indică prin Mary has opened the window
cuvântul She has turned on the tap.
since (prepoziţie, conjuncţie, adverb) – din,
de când.
Durata acţiunii se redă printr-o locuţiune
adverbială introdusă prin prepoziţia for – de:
b) Legătura poate fi cauzală: acţiunea s-a
terminat, dar urmările ei continuă să existe în
present:
Since=din,de cand
For=de
2. Present Perfect se referă la o perioadă de Have you been the theatre this month?
timp încă în curs, ceea ce este indicat prin She has worked much this week.
adverbele sau locuţiunile adverbiale:
today, this week, this summer, this month,
lately, of late, this morning, this year, in the
last few years.
3. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiune care a The clock has just struck six.
avut loc într-un trecut foarte apropiat. El este She has already brushed her teeth.
însoţit atunci de adverbe de timp nedefinit ca: He hasn’t shaved yet.
often,
seldom, ever, never, just, yet, always, already.

Exercises
I.Speak about Mary’s working day according to the plan:
a)What she usually does in the morning?(before breakfast)
Mary wakes up in the morning at six o’clock.She usually opens the window and turns the
radio and she does her morning exercices to the music.At half past six she goes to the bathroom
and turns the cold and hot tap and put some water into glass and brushes her teeth with tooth-
brush and tooth-paste.After this she has a shower and she dries herself on the towel and gets
dressed.After this she does her hair in front of looking-glass.
b) What she generally does at the Academy of Economic Studies.
At the Academy of Economic Studies she has a chat with her fellow-students.Only six
students from her group are from Bucharest, the others either come from different parts of the
country,or from other country.She usually has a lot of things to talk about.Her classes begin at
eight o’clock in the morning and are over a ten minutes to two three times a week.Twice a week
she has classes in the afternoon.She attends lectures and seminars.
c) What she usually does after classes and in the evenings.
In the evening together with her brother prepare something for dinner.They have their
dinner at seven o’clock in the evening.After dinner they usually look through newspapers and
magazines,or read some novels or listen to music,or watch a film on T.V.
d) How she spends her time on Sundays.
On Sundays she goes to the students’ club that regularly organizes various cultural activities
such as evening parties,cinema shows,lectures on music and literature with recitals by famous
musicians and actors.
II.Complete the dialogues using the words in brackets:
’’When do your classes begin?’’
My classes begin generally at 8 o’clock in the morning.
’’How many classes do you have every day?’’
I usually have no more than six classes,sometimes four.
’’Do you go straight home after the classes?
No,not always,I sometimes go to the library or the reading-room
’’What do you usually do there?’’
I usually read books and magazines,make notes on,look through newspaper.
’’And when do you usually do your English lessons?’’
I usually do my English lessons when I do my homework at home if I have got the necessary
books.
I usually do my homework at home if I have got the necessary books.
’’Do you work in the library till late in the evening?’’
No,I am not stay late in the evening
’’And how do you spend your time in the evening when you are free?’’
In the evening when I am free,I spend my time watching television,going to the pictures or to
the theatre,going to see my friends.
’’Do you go to bed late?’’
No,not very late,as a rule I go to bed at about 11.

III.Use’’since’’or’’for’’and translate the sentences into Romanian:

1.I haven’t seen her since Sunday.-Nu am vazut-o de duminica
2.I haven’t seen them since 1980- Nu i-am vazut din 1980.
3.We haven’t seen them for ten years-Nu i-am vazut de zece ani
4.She has been here for morning-Ea a fost aici de dimineata
5.We have been here for an hour and half-Au fost aici pentru o ora si jumatate
6.He hasn’t shaved for two days-El nu s-a ras timp de doua zile.
7.I have know him for five years-Il stiu pe el de cinci ani.

IV.Insert the past participle of the regular verb:to open,to turn,to pour,to brush,to dry,to
shave,to finish,to stay,to watch,to live
1.He has just opened the window.2.She has just turned on the radio.3.She has already brushed
her teeth.4.She has already pourred some water into the glass.5.We have already finished our
breakfast.6.Has she dried herself on the towel?7.Has he already shaved?8.Have you staied at
home and watched a film on T.V.9.They haven’t lived in Constantza.
b)the past participle of irregular verbs:to see,to strike,to get up,to put,to do,to go,to
come,to have,to be,to lay,to stand,to leave
1.I have seen this film on T.V.2.The clock has just.3.George hasn’t got up yet.4.Have you put a
sugar- bowl on the table?5.Why haven’t you done your hair?6.Jane has gone to the students’
club.7.Has your brother been at home?8.She has just had a cold shower.9.Have you came to the
pictures this week.10.Who has laied the table for breakfast?11.Who has just standed at the
wash/basin?12.They have just leaved for their office.

V.Translate into English:

1. Nu v-am văzut de doi ani. Unde aţi fost? 2. Cine a deschis robinetul de apă caldă? 3. N-am
luat încă micul dejun. 4. Aţi terminat micul dejun? – Da, mi-a plăcut foarte mult. 5. Cât este ora
le dvs.? – Ceasul meu a stat. 6. De când sunteţi la Bucureşti? – Sunt aici de duminică. 7. De
când locuieşte fratele tău în Bucureşti? – Din 1974. 8. De când aveţi televizorul? – Numai de
două luni.
1.I haven’t seen you for two years.Where have you been?2.Who has opened hot water tap?3.I
haven’t yet taken breakfast.4.Have you finished breakfast?-Yes,I have liked very much.5.What
time is it you?/My clock has stated.6.How long are you in Bucharest?- I have been here for
Sunday./I am here on Sunday.7.Since your brother lives in Bucharest?/since 1974.Since you
have T.V.-only two months

Lesson five-The family

Mary is twenty years old.She is a student of the Faculty of the Agrarian Economy and
Accounting.
She lives with her parents in Bucharest.Her father is a worker.He works as a welder at a large
plant.Her mother is a weaver at a textil mill.Mary has a brother.Mary’s brother John is a doctor
at Brancovanescu Hospital.He has been working there since 1979.He has a family of his own:a
wife and three children:two sons and one daughter.Helen John’s wife,is an assistant-lecturer at
the Academy of Economic Studies.
Mary’s grand mother and grand father are pensioners.They live in Brasov.Their gran son and
gran daughter often spend their holidays at their grandparents.
Mary’s uncle lives in a provincial town.He is a miner.His wife is a very kind woman and a good
housewife.Jane,their daughter is Mary’s cousin.Mary’s great grand mother lives with them

John:Where do you love?

Peter:I live with my parents and grand parents in Bucharest.
John:Have you got any sisters and brothers?
Peter:Yes,our family is quite a big one:I have three brothers and two sisters who are twins.
John:Are they older than you?
Peter:I have only a brother who is older than me.The others are all younger.
John:What is your elder brother?
Peter:He is a civil engineer.He lives in Constantza.He his married and has two children.My
sister-in-law is an economist.I can tell you I’m very proud of being an uncle.I love my niece
and my nephew very much.
John:Oh,I’m sure you do.Do they often come to Bucharest?
Peter:No,they don’t.You see,most of our relatives lives there-my uncles,my aunts,and all my
cousins.
VOCABULARY

parent – părinte; tată sau mamă

father – tată
mother – mamă
welder – sudor
weaver – ţesător
son – fiu
daughter – fiică
great grandparent – străbunic sau străbunică
grand mother – bunică
grand father – bunic
grand daughter – nepoată de bunică (bunic)
grand son – nepot de bunic (bunică)
housewife – gospodină
sister – soră
brother – frate
cousin – văr sau verişoară
twins – gemeni
civil engineer – inginer constructor
to marry – a căsători; a se căsători
sister-in-law – cumnată
brother-in-law – cumnat
uncle – unchi
aunt – mătuşă
niece – nepoată (de unchi sau mătuşă)
nephew – nepot (de unchi sau mătuşă)
relative – rudă
in-laws – rude prin alianţă
bachelor – celibatar
spinster – celibatară
an only child – copil unic
mill – uzină, fabrică, filatură, moară
GRAMMAR

1.POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

Persoana POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES Persoana POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES

I.-Singular My- meu, mea, mei, mele I.-Plural Our-nostru, noastră, noştri,
noastre
II.-Singular Your- tău, ta, tăi, tale II.-Plural Your-vostru, voastră, voştri,
voastre
III-Singular His,her,its- lui, ei III-Plural Their-lor

2.Possesive Pronouns

Persoana POSSESIVE PRONOUNS Persoana POSSESIVE PRONOUNS

I.-Singular Mine- al meu,a mea, ai I.-Plural Ours- al nostru, a noastră, ai
mei, ale mele noştri,ale noastre
II.-Singular Yours- al tău, a ta, ai tăi, II.-Plural Yours-a vostru, a voastră, ai
ale tale voştri,ale voastre
III-Singular His,her,its- a lui, a ei III-Plural Theirs- al lor

Pronumele posesiv înlocuieşte atât numele obiectului posedat cât şi al Observaţi

posesorului. Pronumele posesive nu determină substantive ca adjectivele mai jos
diferenţa
posesive, ci le înlocuiesc dintre
adjectivul şi pronumele posesiv şi pronumele personal în cazul dativ/acuzativ:
Posesive adjective Posesive pronoun Personal pronoun
It’s my car It’s mine It belong’s to me.

II.Demonstrative Adjectives and pronouns

De apropiere De departare
Singular This- acesta,aceasta That- acela,aceea
Plural These- acestia,acestea Those-aceia,acele
Se traduc:
this – acest, această; aceste, aceasta
that – acel, acea; acela, aceea
these – aceşti, aceste; aceştia, acestea
those – acei, acele; aceia, acelea
1.Examples:
 Possessive Adjectives
a) Where is my book?-Unde este cartea mea?
b) She gave me his address- ea me dat adresa ei
c) Our classroom is very nice.- Clasa noastra este foarte frumoasa
d) His coat is new.-Haina sa este noua
e) Her dress is nice.-Rochia sa este draguta
f) Our house stands in a quiet street.-Casa noastra se afla intr- o zona linistita
g) The room is large.Its walls are white-Camera este mare.Peretii sai sunt albi
Possessive Pronouns
a) This book is mine.
b) I have lost my pencil-Please give me yours
c) This is not their house-theirs bigger than his.
d) The new coat is his.
e) The nice dress is hers.
f) This house is ours.
g) The fault is mine.
h) These seats are theirs.
Demonstrative Adjectives
I)This young man is my best friend.
That house is very small.
These pencils are good.
Those flowers are roses.

Demonstrative Pronouns

This is my dictionary and that is hers.

These are his magazines, and those
are mine.

III. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Prezentul perfect continuu)

Se Affirmative
formează cu ajutorul verbului TOForm
Negative BE la prezentul perfect şi participiul
Interrogative prezent (-
Negative-
ing) al verbului de conjugat:
Form Form Interrogative
HAVE (HAS) BEEN + Ving
Form
I have been I haven’t been Have I been Have I not been
working working working? working?
You have been You haven’t been Have you been Haven’t you not
working working working? been working?
She,he,it has She,he,it hasn’t Has she,he.,it Hasn’t she,he.,it
been working been working been working? not been
We have been We haven’t been Have we been working?
working working working? Haven’t we not
You have been You haven’t been Have you been been working?
working working working? Haven’t you not
They have been They haven’t Have they been been working?
working been working working? Haven’t they not
been working

Am fost de lucru
Prezentul perfect la aspectul continuu se foloseşte:
1. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care continuă şi în present: I‟ve been waiting for
him for half an hour. (I‟m still waiting for him)
2. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care tocmai s-a încheiat: I‟m so sorry I‟m late.
Have you been waiting for me for a long time?

Exercices:
I. Enlarge upon: a) Your own family.
I.My family
My name is Anton Beatrice Alina and I am thirty-three years old.I am a school counselor
and teach psychology at school in rural areas in Romania.I live with my parents in a little town-
Barlad.My father is a worker at a private factory and he works many hours per day,sometimes
he works in the weekend.My mother is a housewife.I am a sister,Simona wich has twenty-nine
years old.She has finished Academy of Economic Studies.She still looks something to work.My
grandmother-Aurora lives in Barlad and my grandmother Reveica lives in village Tutova nearly
for Barlad.My grandmother Reveica together with my aunt Iordana work hard in field work in
agriculture.
My aunt Liliana is married and has a son Octavian wich has thirteen years old.My aunt
Liliana works at the shop.
b) Three relatives.
Describe each one to a friend:
- What each relative looks like.
- Where he / she lives and works.
- What his / her interests are.
My cousin Octavian a young man of thirteen years old.He is tall man with blue
eyes,blond hair.He is a student at a very good school.He learns much at every object of
education.He lives with his parents in an apartment of flat in Barlad.Octavian’s mother is a
saleswoman at a clothing store and she works from morning to evening.Octavian’s father is
electrician at a private factory in Barlad and has been working in shifts eight hours per
day.Octavian is an only- child.Octavian has many habits:he likes to work at computer,goes to
bycicle,sings at guitar,has good notes at school and many friends.

II.Ask question to the following sentences,according to the model:

Model:I have been waiting for you for half and hour.How long have you been waiting for me?
1.He has been teaching French for two years.How long has he been teaching French?
2.I have been writing the letter for an hour-How long have you been writing the letter?
3.The children have been playing in the park since they came from school-How long have they
been playing in the park?
4.She has been working in the garden since 8 o’clock-How long has she been working in the
garden?
5.The boys have been fishing since early in the morning-How long have the boys been fishing?
6.He has been staying with us for a week-How long has he been staying with us?
7.He has been reading since I have been there-How long has he been reading?
8.I have been peeling potatoes for twenty minutes now-How long have you been peeling
potatoes?
9.She has been teaching at this school for five years-How long has she been teaching at this
school?

III.Write the following sentences in the plural:

1.This is an interesting book.
There are an interesting books.
2.That clock is slow-Those clockes are slows.
3.This little boy is Mary’s brother-These little boys are Mary’s brothers
4.That young man is a student at the Faculty of Trade.-Those young men are students at the Faculty of Trade.
5.This family is a very big one-These families are very bigs ones.
6.That play was very good,the acting was wonderful indeed!-These plays were very goods,the actings were
wonderfuls indeed?
7.That is a naughty boy,isn’t he?-These are a naughty boys,aren’t they?
8.This is the most beautiful crystal glass I’ve ever seen-These are the most beautiful crystal glasses I’ve ever seen.
9.That dictionary was printed in 1930-These dictionaries were printed in 1930.
10.This is the ring she lost yesterday-These are the rings she lost yesterday.

IV.Replace the underlined words by possessive adjectives:

1.John’s book is on the desk-His book is one the desk.
2.The children’s toys are neatly arranged on the shelves-Their toys are neatly arranged on the shelves.
3.My sister’s room is very large and clean-Her room is very large and clean
4.Where are mother’s shoes?-Where are her shoes?
5.Our brother’s new books are extremely valuable.-His books are extremely valuable.
6.Mary’s old flat looks quite shabby-Her old flat looks quite shabby.
7.The student’s copybooks are all on the desk.-Their copybooks are all on the desk.
8.Your sister’s watch is very nice and keeps good time.-Her watch is very nice and keeps good time.

V. Translate into English:

a) 1. Familia lor este foarte numeroasă.- Their family is very large.
2. Casa noastră este situată pe o stradă extrem de liniştită.-Our house is situated in a very quiet
street.
3. Familia ei locuieşte în Bucureşti; unde locuieşte a ta?-Her family lives in Bucharest –where
live yours?
4. Fratele ei mai mare lucrează de doi ani la o uzină de tractoare. Her older brother has been
working for two years at the tractor factory/mill/plant.
5. Inelul lui de logodnă este aici; unde este al tău?His ring of engagement is here,where is
yours?
6. Această tânără este fata cumnatului vostru, nu-i aşa? This girl is the your brother-in-
law’girl,isn’t it?
7. Acestea sunt darurile de nuntă pe care le-au primit tinerii căsătoriţi de la bunica lor. There are
the wedding presents wich they have received from their grandmother.
8. Aceste verighete sunt pentru nunta lor de argint. These rings are for the silver wedding.
9. Florile acelea le-am cumpărat pentru stăbunica mea.Those flowers I bought for my great
grandmother
10. Apartamentul acela este încă neocupat.That apartment is still free/vacant.

Lesson six
Weather
People everywhere enjoy talking about the weather.:’’Isn’t the weather nice today’’?or’’Hasn’t
the weather been awful today?’’ are excellent beginnings for informal conversations.
Weather conditions across Romania are varied but generally speaking it is a temperate
continental climate.
The year is divided into four seasons:spring wich begins officially with the equinox in mid
March and then summer,autumn and winter.
Temperatures in Romania are measured acoording to Centigrade notlike in England and United
States where they are measured according to the Fahrenheit scale,on wich 32 degrees is the
freezing point of water and 212 degrees the boiling point.Fahrenheit temperatures can be
converted to Centigrade,and vice versa by the use of simple formulas that may be found in any
general reference book.
Winter weather varies widely:with severe conditions in the northern parts of the country and
milder conditions in the southern areas.In the mountains sub-zero temperatures are common and
there is much snow.In the south there are fewer days with freeying temperatures.
Spring is a delightful season.The temperatures are moderate and the blooming trees and flowers
make the city and the countryside bright with colour.
Everyone longs to get outside and enjoy the new season.Many students finf it hard to
concentrate on their work and we jokingly refer to this condition as’’spring fever’’.
Summer is longer and hotter in the southern part than in northern one.The mountains and the
sea coast generally enjoy moderate temperatures.Summer in the great season for all sport in the
open air.Most people take their vacations during the summer,and the highways are crowded.
Autumn,like spring,has many mild days and comfortable temperatures.Nature puts on its
second display by colour,with the red and yellow of the leaves and the bright fall
flowers.Toward the end of autumn,there is a abundant rain,as the weather gradually gets colder
and the winter sets in.
Scientific weather forecasting is a serious matter and the concern of the Romanian
Meteoroghical and Hydrological Institute.The weather reports and prediction are printed in
most newspapers and are read regularly over the radio and T.V.
A:Do you think we’ll be able to go to the beach tomorrow?
B:Why not?Have the plans changed?
A:No,but I’m worried about the weather.It might rain.
B:It certainly fine now.There’s not a cloud in the sky.
A:Yes,but you know how quickly the weather can change around here.
B:Not a chance.The weather Institute has announced fine weather.
A:What time shall we be on the beach?
B:Any time after day-break.Would seven o’clock do?Or perhaps you want to make it even
earlier?
A:Seven o’clock is it all right for me.

Vocabulary:
awful – groaznic
across-peste
according to-in conformitate cu
any general reference book-orice carte generala de referinta
widely-pe scara larga
fewer-mai putine
delightful-incantator
blooming trees-arbori infloriti
the countryside bright with colors-luminoase,cu culori rurale
longs-tanjeste
to get outside-a merge afara
we jokingly- in gluma
most people- majoritatea oamenilor
highways are crowded.-autostrazile sunt agglomerate
mild-usoare
display-a afisa
Nature puts on its second display of colour-natura afiseaza a doua culoare
Leaves-frunze
bright fall-lumioase toamna
toward-fata de
forecasting-prognoza

awful-groaznic
climate-clima
equinox-echinox
solstice-solstitiu
degree-grad
to freeze- a ingheta
to convert- a transforma
mild-bland
delightful-incantator
lately-in ultimul timp
informal-neoficial
accuracy-exactitate
flood-inundatie
high wind-vant puternic
boiling point-punct de fierbere
to be converted- a fi transformat
reference book- carte de referinta
weather forecasting-timp probabil
according to –in conformitate
to long- a năzui din tot sufletul, a dori fierbinte / cu pasiune, a tânji
display- expunere, expoziţie, prezentare, etalare
GRAMMAR THE PAST TENSE
Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-
Form Form Interrogative
Form
I visited I didn’t visited Did I visited? Did I not
You visited You didn’t Did you visited? visited?
She,he,it visited visited She,he,it Did she,he.,it Did you not
We visited didn’t visited visited? visited?
You visited We didn’t visited Did we visited? Did she,he.,it not
 They visited You didn’t Did you visited? visited?
visited Did they visited? Did we not
They didn’t visited?
visited Did you not
visited?
Did they not
visited?

The use of the Past Tense

Rules
1. Past Tense exprimă o acţiune trecută
terminată care nu are legătură cu prezentul.
2. Exprimă o acţiune care are loc într-un
moment precis în trecut
3. Exprimă o acţiune care are loc în cursul
unei perioade terminate, exprimată prin
adverbe de timp definit ca: yesterday, last
night, last week etc.
4. După „when” se foloseşte întotdeauna
Past Tense când acţiunea are loc în trecut
5. Pentru a exprima o acţiune
repetată
în trecut folosim used + infinitiv,
would + infinitivul scurt
Examples
They asked me to come earlier.
I met him at a concert two weeks
ago.
We spend our vacations at the
seaside last summer.
When did they graduate from this
institute?
He used to come and see us every
week end.
She would walk about the garden
for hours.

ADJECTIVES – DEGREES OF COMPARISON ( Adjectivele – gradele de comparaţie)

Comparatia sintetica
 pozitiv comparativ superlativ
1.Adjective tall taller The tallest
monosilabice
2.Adjective bisilabice
terminate in:
-y Pretty Prettier The prettiest
-ow Narrow Narrower The narrowest
-er Clever Cleverer The cleverest
-ble Able Abler The ablest
3.Adjective Comparatia analitica
plurisilabice interesting More The most interesting
interesting
Comparativul de Taller than,more interesting than
superioritate
Comparativul de As tall as,as interesting as
egalitate

Comparativul de Not so tall as,less tall than,not so interesting

inferioritate as,less interesting than
Superlativul Very tall,very interesting
a)absolut The tallest,the most interesting
b)relativ the least tall,the least interesting
c)de inferioritate
Când se compară două
lucruri sau fiinţe se
foloseşte în general
comparativul
precedat de articolul
hotărât, iar când se John is taller than two brothers.
compară trei sau mai John is the tallest of his classmates.
multe lucruri sau
fiinţe se foloseşte
superlativul.

În limba engleză există The days are getting shorter and shorter.
comparative duble care The problems to solve are more and more
denotă o intensificare interesting.
ce se redă prin: His exercices are far better than hers.
a) repetare (din ce în ce We attach ever greater significance to this work.
mai, tot mai)
b) cu ajutorul unor astfel
de cuvinte sau expresii ca:
far, still, ever, much, a
great deal etc
Pentru a reda „cu cât The longer the days the shorter the nights.
mai...cu atât mai” se The more you study the better you know your
folosesc două lesson.
comparative precedate
de „the”
Superlativul absolut se This is an extremely attractive book.
mai poate forma cu They lived in a terribly noisy street.
ajutorul următoarelor
adverbe: extremely,
terribly, exceedingly,
quite
Most se foloseşte It was a most beautiful day.
numai în cazul
adjectivelor cu
comparaţie analitică.
Superlativul relativ al This homework is far more difficult than the
tuturor adjectivelor previous one.
poate fi accentuat prin Yesterday‟s trip was less enjoyable than we
far şi by far. expected by far.

Exercices:
II.Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives:

Adjective Comparativul Superlativul

inferioritat egalitate superioritat inferioritat relativ absolut
e e e
Sad-trist Not so sad As sad as Sader than The least The sadest Very sad
as,less sad sad
than
Grey-gri Not so grey As grey as Grier than The least The greiest Very grey
as grey
Dry-uscat Not so dry As dry as Drier than The least The driest Very dry
as dry
Lovely- Not so As lovely Lovelier The least The Very lovely
minunat lovely as as than lovely loveliest
Heavy-greu Not so As heavy Heavier than The least The Very heavy
heavy as as heavy heaviest
Simple- Not so As simple Simpler than The least The Very simple
simplu simple as as simple simplest
Mild- Not so mild As mild as Milder than The least The Very mild
usoara as mild mildest
Few-putini Not so few As few as Fewer than The least The fewest Very few
as few
Bright- Not so As bright brighter The least The Very
luminos bright as as than bright brightest bright
Hard-greu Not so hard As hard Harder than The least The Very hard
as as hard hardest
Hot- Not so hot As hot as Hotter than The least The Very hot
fierbinte as hot hottest
Yellow- Not so As yellow More yellow The least The most Very
galben yellow as as yellow yellow yellow

Abundant- Not so As More The least The most Very

abundent abundant abundant abundant abundant abundant abundant
as as
Serious- Not so As More The least The most Very
serios serious as serious as serious serious serious serious
Dangerous- Not so As More The least The most Very
periculos dangerous dangerou dangerous dangerous dangeriou dangeroui
as s as s us
Dull-mat Not so dull As dull as Duller than
The least The Very
as dull dullest dull
Fresh- Not so As fresh Fresher The least The Very fresh
proaspat fresh as as than fresh freshest
Thick-gros Not so As thick Thicker The least The V.Thick
thick as as than thick thickest
Cool-rece Not so cool As cool as Cooler than The least The
as cool coolest
Severe- Not so As severe More severe The least The most
severe severe as as severe severe

III.Change the following sentences into the past:

1.Weather conditions change quiet often.-Weather conditions chanded quiet often.2.The day is
rainy and we can’t go on the trip-The day was rainy and we couldn’t go on the trip.3.I like to
watch the snowflakes fall from the grey sky.I liked to watch the snowflakes fall from the grey
sky.4.The streets are slippery and we have to be careful-The streets were slippery and we had to
be careful.5.Towards the end of autumn the temperature grow colder.-Towards the end of
autumn the temperature growed colder.6.Snow begins to melt under the bright sunrays-Snow
began to melt under the bright sunrays.7.Everythink looks fresh,new and joyous-Everythink
looked fresh,new and joyous.8.We listen the weather forecast on the radio.-We listened the
weather forecast on the radio.

IV.Use the adjectives in brackets in the proper degrees of comparison:

1.Winters are the mildest in the southern areas of our country.2.In the south there are few days
with freezing temperatures.3.Last year we had heavlier snowfalls than usual.4.In September we
may have some of the loveliest autumn days.5.The sky is cloudless and if the heat wave
lasts,we might have the hottest month.6.I feel better in spring than in any other
season.7.Yesteraday we have a very cold day but today it is much colder.8.It isn’t any warmer
today than it was yesterday,is it?9.Which is the part of our country with more abundant
rainfall?10.In spring flowers have very bright colours.11.In winter we have the lowest
temperatures with few days above the freezing point.12.Summer is the best season for outdoor
sports.13.Today it is less windy than yesterday.14.I am sure my exercice is as good as yours.
V.Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of adjectives and adverbs in brackets.
1.The soon the rain stops the good.2.The wind gets stronger and stronger.3.The much he
worked the good results he obtained.4.The early we start the good.5.He seemed to get litter and
litter interested in the subject.6.The high we climbed the cold it became.7.The much you read
the rich becomes your vocabulary.8.The fine the weather the much agreeable our stay in the
mountains.9.There are fewer and fewer mistakes in your exercices.

VI.Translate into English:

1. Anul trecut am avut o iarnă aspră-Last year had a rough winter.
2. Noaptea trecută vântul a suflat foarte puternic.-Last night the wind blew very strong.
3. Când a început să plouă?-When it started to rain?
4. Încercau să se concenterze asupra subiectului. –They tried to focus on the subject
5. Merge la munte în fiecare vacanţă de iarnă. –He goes to the mountains every winter
vacation./holiday
6. Buletinul meteorologic a anunţat timp frumos.-Weather bulletin said fine time.
7. A plecat ieri cu trenul şi se întoarce peste două săptămâni. –He left yesterday by train and he
returns in two weeks.
8. Nu am urmărit explicaţia. –I did’t follow the explanation.
9. Am hotărât să-mi schimb proiectele de vacanţă. -I decided to change my holiday projects.
10. Luna trecută am făcut o excursie foarte frumoasă în nordul ţării. –Last month I had a very
beautiful trip in the north area of the country.
11. Nu i-am recunoscut după atâţia ani.-I didn’t recognize their after all these years. I have not
recognized after all these years .
12. În fiecare an merge în Deltă pentru câteva zile. –Every year we go to the Delta Danube for
few days?
13. Când aţi vizitat Nordul Moldovei?-When did you visit nothern Moldovia?
14. S-au hotărât în legătură cu data plecării. –They have decided about the date of departure.
15 Clima unei ţări depinde de poziţia sa geografică. Country’s clime depends on its
geographical position.
16. În România găsim o climă temperat-continentală caracterizată de existenţa a patru
anotimpuri.In Romania we find a temperate continental climate characterized by the existence
of four seasons.
17. Vremea se schimbă odată cu schimbarea anotimpurilor. –The weather changes with the
changing seasons.
18. În ţara noastră avem ceaţă destul de rar dar în Marea Britanie sunt multe zile cu ceaţă.-In
our country we have little fog,but in Great Britain there are many foggy days.

Lesson seven Meals

As a rule we have three meals a day:breakfast in the morning,lunch in the middle of the day and
dinner in the evening.
Breakfast is the frugal meal;nervertless it means laying the table,boiling eggs,preparing tea and
coffee to be serveted with rolls,toast,butter,marmalade,cheese,ham and some diary
products.Lunch usually begins with some appetizers such as a glass of plum brandy,some
olives,then,comes a cold or warm hors d’oeuvre followed by a soup.We,Romanians,are fond of
clear soups,consmomes,bouillons,meat ball soups,dumpling soups and chicken borsch.
For the main course we may usually have some grilled,roast,boiled, or fried fish or meat with
plenty of vegetables or rice,some fruit,fresh or stewed,a cake,some ice-cream,a pie and a cup of
black coffee to finish with.We generally have water or mineral water for lunch,but on special
occasions we may have win or beer.
The Romanian dinner may be a light meal consisting of a glass of tea or milk and some
sandwiches or it may be a big meal with cold meat or roast poultry,an omelette,a salad,and a
putting followed by some sweets.
In England,meal-times differ trom ours.The Enghish have their breakfast between seven and
night in the morning,lunch between twelve and two in the afternoon,tea between four and five
o’clock and dinner at seven in the evening.They may also have super,a little meal about 11 or
12 o’clock at home or at the restaurant.
English breakfast is generally a more substantial meal than in our country.It consist of fruit
juice,corn flakes with milk,cream and sugar or porridge,followed by fried bacon and fried
eggs.Some marmalade make of oranges maybe spread on the toast.Sometimes they may have a
bolied egg,cold ham and black or white coffee.
English food is rather plain compared to ours.They are not very fond of soups and they prefer
warm consomees,beef,chicken,oxtails soups or cream soups.Fish,meat or poultry wich comes
next is generally fried or roasted.The favourite meal with the British is mutton and lamb with a
mint sauce and all sorts of sautéed vegetables and mixted salads.
As for supper they may have fish,cold veal,pork or a steak and chips with some vegetables.
Before we having a meal we lay the table,we spread the table cloth and put on
glasses,napkins,the salt cellar,the pepper box,the mustard pot,the bread basket.It it is breakfast
we take the sugar-basin,cups,saucres,teaspoons, forks and knives out of the side-board.We cut
the bread,the hamthe sausages and the cheese into slices and put them on a dish.For dinner we
put soups plates and dinner plates before each person.The soup is broughte in a soup-turren and
the other courses on dishes and plates.
When the meal is over we clean the table.We clear away the plates,dishes and cutlery and wash
them up in the kitcken.

Alice:What are we going to have for lunch today?

Mother:Well,we have soup,beef steak and chips and an apple-pie.But are you already hungry?
It’s rather early for lunch.I was just baking the pie.
Alice:All right.I’ll wash my hands and set the table until everything is ready.
Mother:Lunch is ready now.You may go and call the others.
John: Steak and chips!That’s my favourite meal.
Mother:Help yourself until they are still hot,but remember we have apple-pie for dessert.
Vocabulary:
Frugal- Roll- Appetizer- Hors Consommé-
frugal,cumpatat cifla,corn aperitiv d’oeuvre- supa
gustare
inaintea
mesei de
baza
Bouillon-ciorba Course-fel To grill,.to To boil- a To roast,
taraneasca,bulion de broil- a fierbe to fry - a se
mancare frige pe frige, a se
principal gratar praji
Pickles-muraturi Poultry- Pudding- Porridge- Plain-
carne de pudinca gris de ovaz fad,fara
pasare fiert in gust
lapte
Mutton-carne de Lamb- Steak- Sideboard- Soup-
oaie carne de friptura la bufet cu toureen-
miel gratar vase supiera
Dish- platou de Cutlery- Helping- Dairy Pum
servit, farfurie; 2. tacamuri portie products- brandy-
fel de mâncare; pl. produse tuica
vase(de bucătărie) lactate
Meat ball soup- Dumpling Stewed Oxtail To lay the
cioba de soup-supa fruit- soup-supa table,to set
perisoare cu galuste compot de vita the table- a
pune masa
To spread the To clear Help corn flakes Cold veal-
table cloth- a the table- a yourself to- with milk- rece manzat
intinde fata de strange serviti-va fulgi de
masa masa cu porumb cu
lapte
Napkins- The salt Saucers- Teaspoons- Forks-furculita
servetele cellar- farfurioare lingurite
sarea
Slices-felii

nevertheless it means laying the table- Cu toate acestea, aceasta înseamnă de

stabilire mesei
spread on the toast.-pusa pe paine prajita
Grammar –The past continuos tense-trecutul continuu

Se formează din verbul TO BE la timpul trecut şi participiul prezent

(-ing) al verbului de conjugat:
WERE / WAS + Ving
Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-
Form Form Interrogative
Form
I was coming I was not Was I coming? Was I not
You were coming coming Were you coming?
She,he,it was You were not coming? Were you not
coming coming Was she,he,it coming?
We were coming She,he,it was not coming? Was she,he,it not
You were coming coming Were we coming?
They were We were not coming? Were we not
coming coming Were you coming?
You were not coming? Were you not
coming Were they coming?
They were not coming? Were they not
coming coming?

The use of Past Tense Continuos

Rules Examples
1. Trecutul continuu exprimă o acţiune în This time yesterday I was preparing the
desfăşurare la un moment dat în trecut. Acest lunch.
moment poate fi indicat de: a) o expresie I was just heaving breakfast wgen you
adverbială: at...o’clock, at that time, this time came.
yesterday b) o altă acţiune:
2. Pentru acţiuni paralele în trecut, forma While we were having dinner we
continuă se poate folosi atât în propoziţia watched T.V.
principală, cât şi în cea secundară. De obicei, While we had dinner we were watching a
se evită folosirea formei continue în ambele T.V.
propoziţii.

3. În vorbirea indirectă în locul prezentului Vorbirea directa:She said:I am cooking

continuu. lunch right now.
Vorbirea indirecta:She said she was
cooking lunch just then.
II.Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns-Pronumele reflexive si de intarire
Reflexive Pronouns Empathic pronouns
Myself I cut myself-m-am taiat I did it myself-eu
Yourself He enjoys himself- se distreaza insumi am facut-o
Herself She came by herself- a venit He himself cooked
Himself singura the meal-el insusi a
Itself See for yourselves-Convingeti- pregatit mancarea
Ourselves va singuri We prepared
Yourselves To do by oneself- A fi singur everything
Themselves ourselves.-Am
oneself pregatit totul singuri
Rules Examples
Pronumele reflexiv, se aşează după I cut myself while I was preparing
verb şi se foloseşte: soup.
 1. când acţiunea verbului se răsfrânge You wash yourself in the morning.
asupra subiectului. Tendinţa actuală este de
eliminare a pronumelui.
2. în diateza reflexivă. He enjoyed himself at the party.

3.în expresii idiomatice precedat de I was all by myself when it

„by”, „of”, „for” (cu sensul de happened.
singur) The plate fall of itself.
You must see for yourself.
4. în comparaţii după „like”, „than”, He is a better cooker than herself.
„as” în locul pronumelui personal.
5. His himself has made the layer
Pronumele de întărire se aşează în cake.
general după substantivul sau He has made the layer cake
pronumele pe care îl întăreşte sau la himself.
sfârşitul propoziţiei.

Exercices:
1.Translate the following guestions and answer them?
a)What dose your breakfast usually consist of?-In ce consta micul dv.dejun/De obicei dimineata
mananc branza,sandwich,hot-dog,croissant,o ceasca de ceai sau de cafea.b)Is there are
difference between Romania and English breakfast?-Este vreo diferenta intre micul dejun
romanesc si cel englezesc./Da,este o diferenta.Micul dejun romanesc consta din fierberea
oualelor,preparea ceai sau a cafelei pentru a fi servite cu chifle,paine
prajita,unt,marmelada,branza,sunca si produse lactate.Micul dejun englezesc este de obicei mai
substantial decat cel romanesc constand in suc de fructe,fulgi de cereale cu lapte,frisca si zahar
sau terci de ovaz,urmate de bacon prajit si oua.c)Do you generally have lunch at home or at
canteen?-In general iei pranzul acasa sau la cantina/Acasa.d).What is your favourite sweet
dish?-Care este desertul preferat/Prajitura cu ciocolata.e)Why do their English put milk in their
coffee?De ce englezi pun lapte in cafeaua lor/Pentru ca cafeaua sa fie mai usoara,mai putina
cofeina,mai dulce dar,cu mai multe calorii.f)What are the English meals?-Care sunt mesele
englezesti/Mesele englezesti sunt urmataorele/micul dejun care se ia intre 7 si 9
dimineata,pranzul care se ia intre 12 si 14 dupa-amiaza,cina seara.Englezii mai poate avea
supperul,o masa usoara intre 10 si 11 pe care o pot lua acasa sau la restaurant.g)What are their
favourite dishes?-Care sunt felurile de mancare preferate?/Englezii prefera supa,vita,puiul,supa
de coada de vita sau supele crema.Pestele,carnea sau carnea de pasare care vin dupa aceea sunt
in general prajite sau pe gratar.Mancare favorite pentru englezi este carnea de oaie sau mile cu
sos de menta si alte tipuri de legume sotate sau salate mixte.h)Who do you lay the table for two
persons?-Cum asezi masa pentru doua masa persoane.Pentru inceput pun o fata de masa
laba,apoi pun 2 boluri pentru supa si 2 farfurii pentru felul principal,cutite,furculite si linguri
pentru fiecare persoana,servetele,pahare pentru apa si bauturi alcoolice,cos de paine,eventual
lumanari.
b).1.Care sunt principale mese ale zilei?What are the main meals of the day?The main meal of
the day are-breakfast in the morning,lunch in the middle of the day and dinner in the
evening.2.Obisnuiti sa luati o masa copioasa seara?Do you take a copious meal in the evening?
No,meal in the evening is frugal,with some cheese,fried poultry,salads and many
fruits,sometimes especial in the winter I finish my dinner with a cup of tea.3.Preferati apa
minerala sau vin la masa de pranz.?/Do you prefer mineral water or wine at lunch?I always
prefer at lunch mineral water.4.Ajutati vreodata pe parintii la stransul mesei?/Do you ever help
your parents to clean the table?Yes,sometimes I help my parents to clean the table,constricted
vesseles on the table,wash the dishes,lead waste.5.Va place cafeaua neagra sau o preferati cu
lapte?Do you like black coffee or prefere with milk?I rarely drink coffee,but the most I like
coffee with milk or Italian expresso.6.Va place mancare mai gustoasa sau mai fada.-Do you like
tastier food or plain food?I like very much testier foof with much sauce,always with
vegetables,sometimes Greece soup.
II.Answer the questions using The Past Tense Continuos of the underlined verbs in your
answers:
Model:Why did you put salt in your coffee?(to read a breakfast time)
I put salt in my coffee because I was reading at breakfast time.

1.Why didn’t you buy anything for lunch?(to rain when I wanted to go out)
I didn’t buy anything for lunch because it was raining when I wanted to go out.

2.When did you learn that wonderful recipe?(to live with my aunt)
I learned that wonderful recipe when I was living with my aunt.

3.Why did the coffee boil over?(not to watch it)?

The coffee boil over because I wasn’t watching it.

4.When did you get the bad news?(to have lunch)

I got the bad news when I was having lunch.

5.Why is your cake burned?(to do several things at a time)

My cake is burned because I was doing several things at a time.

6.When did you break the plate?(to try to dry it)

I broke the plate when I was trying to dry it.

7.When did you cut yourself?(to sharpen the knife)

I cut myself when I was sharpening the knife.

8.Why didn’t you help the guests to some cake?(just to bake it)
I didn’t help the guests to some cake because I was just baking it.

III.Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive or emphatic pronouns.

1. Don’t eat to much or you’ll make yourself ill.2.I tried to cook the meal myself.3.Make
yourself at home and tell me what’s all about.4.I can only speak for myself.5.He is a much
better cook than herself.6.Go and see for yourseves.7.Help yourselves to some more ice-
cream.8.We enjoyed ourselves at the party last night.
IV.Link the sentences in each pair using the words in brackets;make all the necessary
changes:
Model:(While)the phone ring we have breakfast.
The phone rang while we were having breakfast.

1.(While) I prepar dinner.The children laid the table.The children laid the table while I was
preparing dinner.2.(just as)The lights went off.The guests arrived.The guests arrived just as the
lights were going off.3.(as)I remembered I was short of flour.I prepared the vegetables for the
pudding.I prepared the vegetables for the pudding as I was remembering short of flour.4.
(while)I dropped a plate and I broke it.I cleared the table.-I cleared the table while I was
dropping a plate and I was broking it.

Lesson eight
At the library
A library is a building with a large collection of books where you can borrow books free of
charge.You have only to know your way around a library and you can easily find any fact or
idea you are looking for.
There are all kinds of books:novels,short stories,plays,books of reference such a
dictionaries,biographies,then scientific books,historical books,collection of
poems,periodicals,magazines,etc.
The libray has a system:each book that the library owns is listed on an index card catalogue.The
card catalogue can tell you immediately wheter the library owns a copy of the book you
want.The librarian,on the other hand,will tell you whether the book is in the library or has been
lent.
For each book in the library the card catalogue contains an author card,a title card and a subject
card.On the upper left hand corner of each of these card is the call number by wich you can find
the book.
If you want a book or a magazine you need an admission card issued by a member of the staff
of the library.Then,you pick up an application slip,you look up the title of the book in the
alphabetic or subject catalogue,you fill in the slip by entering the title of the book,the shelf
mark and the author’s name.
The book will be delivered to you by a member of the staff.
Most public libraries have reading rooms provided with tables at wich you may sit and read.
If you want to take books for home reading you may do so by going to the lending department
witch runs a loan service.You may borrow one or two books at a time and you may keep them
for a week or more.If by the end of this period you have not finished reading the book,you may
renew it.
While reading a book,make not of your thoughts and feelings as you go along.
Reading is not only a pastime and a mean of education,it can lead you to a richer understanding
of yourself as well as of the life around you.

Jane:I say Allan,can you give me some advices about reading,please?

Allan:As you well know,reading is an essential part of your university life.Since all knowledge
connnot be obtained in the classroom alone much of it must come from reading
textbooks,reference book and other materials.The library of our Academy is well provided with
a large stock of books,but in Romanian and in foreign language.
Jane:So,do you think I could find there some specialized books recommended in the
bibliographies to our courses?
Allan:Of course you could,there are least editions published in our country and abroad.
Jane:And what can you recommend me for my spare time,I mean something to improve my
English?
Allan:Try things that don’t make difficult reading:short-stories,novels,plays,some modern
authors who write in a simple straightforward style.So,start with Oscar Wilde,then
G.G.Green,S.Maughan
Jane:Thank you very much and I shall follow your advice.

Vocabulary
To borrow- a lua cu imprumut
To look for- a cauta
Novel-roman
Short-story-nuvela
Periodical-publicatie periodica
Abroad-in strainatate
To lend,lent,lent- a da cu imprumtul
To issue- a emite, a publica
Textbook-manual
Index card-fisa de cartoteca
Card catalogue-cartoteca,fisier
Author card-fisier pe autori
Title card-fisiere de titluri
Subject card-fisier thematic
Call number-cota cartii
Admission card-legitimatie de intrare
Shelf mark-fisier pe rafturi
Lending department-departament de imprumut
Well provided-bine apovizionat
Spare time-timp liber
Straightforward style-stil direct
Book of reference-carte de consultat
To fill in a slip-a completa un formular
Statistical year book-anuar statistic
The book is sold out-cartea a fost epuizata
Grammar
The Past Perfect Tense
(mai mult ca perfectul)
Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-
Form Form Interrogative
Mai mult ca perfectul se formează din forma de Past Tense aForm verbului TO
HAVE şi participiul
I had stopped trecut
I had (forma a treia)
not stopped Had I astopped?
verbului deHad
conjugat:
I not HAD +
You had stopped You had not V3
Had you stopped?
She,he,it had stopped stopped? Had you not
stopped She,he,it had not Had she,he,it stopped?
stopped stopped? Had she,he,it not
We had stopped We had not Had we stopped?
The use of Past
You had stopped stopped stopped? Had we not Tense Perfect
Theyo’clock
By seven had I had translated
You hadthenot Had you o acţiunestopped?
- Exprimă trecută,
stopped
article. stopped stopped? Had you not dat
terminată înaintea unui moment
They had not Had they
din trecut. stopped?
When she had finishedstopped
the book,she stopped?
returned it to the librarian. - Exprimă o acţiuneHad they not
trecută,
terminată, anterioarăstopped?
altei acţiuni
trecute.
I shall lend your book after I had read it.
- Se foloseşte în propoziţii secundare
He promised he would lend me the book temporale pentru a exprima o acţiune
when he had read himself.
anterioară unui moment viitor (sau
She told me that she had been busy since viitor faţă de trecut).
she came back from school. - Exprimă o acţiune începută înaintea
unui moment trecut şi care se
continuă până în acel moment.

2.Genitive case-Cazul genitiv

Rules Examples
Genitivul prepoziţional: -se foloseşte The colour of the wall
cu substantivele care denumesc The city of London
The 23 rd of May
lucruri sau noţiuni abstracte.
Genitivul Saxon: - se foloseşte cu The pupil’s room’
substantivele care denumesc fiinţe, The student’s library
Peter’s mother
persoane.
Burns’s poems
- cu substantivele care denumesc A minute’s silence
noţiuni de timp, de distanţă sau A two miles’ way
greutate (şi cu substantive care Today’s program
denumesc zile, anotimpuri
- cu substantivele care denumesc The night’s coolness
fenomene naturale, aspecte din The ocean’s roar
natură.
cu substantive care denumesc London’s park
continente, ţări, oraşe şi cu Romania’s economy
Our country’s natural beauty/wealth
substantivele: city, country, town.
cu anumite substantive ca: the sun, The car’s performance
the moon, the earth, car, ship, boat, The sun’s rays
The ship’s crew
vessel, body, mind, science.
cu câteva substantive comune urmate For goodness’s sake
de sake For mercy’s sake

- în expresii consecrate. At her heart’s desire

substantivele house, shop, store,
office, cathedral sunt adesea omise
după substantive aflate le genitivul
sintetic.
At one’s fingers’ends
St Paul’cathedral was rebuilt by
Sir Chrisopher Wren.
We buy bread at the baker’s shop.

Exercices
I.Answer the following questions:
1.What is the library meant for?A library is a building with a large collection of books where
you can borrow books free of charge.You have only to know you way around a library and you
can easily find any fact or idea you are lookinf for.There are all kinds of books:novels,short-
stories,plays,books of reference such a dictionaries,biographies,then scientific books,historical
books,collection of poems,periodicals,magazines.2.What is card catalogue?A card catalogue
is an index which tell you immediately whether the library owns a copy of the book you
want.The librarian,on the other hand,will tell you whether the book is in the library or has been
lent.3.What does a cart catalogue contain? For each book in the library card catalogue
contains an author card,a title card and a subiect card.On the upper left hand corner of each
these card is the call number by wich you can find the book 4.What do you have to do if you
want to read a book in a library?If you want to read a book in a library you need an
admission card issued by a member of the staff of the library.Then,pick up the application
slip,you look up the title of the book in the alphabetic or subject catalogue,you fill in a slip by
entering the title of the book,the shel mark and the author’s name. 5.Can you take books for
home reading?Yes,can you take books for reading at home you can go to the library’s lending
department wich runs a loan service and you may borrow one of two books. 6.How long can
you keep them?You may keep them for a month or more.7.Describe a reading room in the
Faculty of Economics Study.
II.Suplly the Paste Tense Perfect of the verbs in brackets:
1.Undergraduates could use the library after they had registred as a readers and had got an
admission card.2.He had finished just the books borrowed from the library when he went to
take some new.3.I read the book after I had finished my work.4.My friend had nor readed an
English book for years.5.There were plenty of books that had been rewritten in simple
language.6.He told me he preferred to read a more difficult book that one wich had been make
simpler.7.I had finished redaing the story when he promised me an amusing novel.8.By that
time I already had went through half of the play.

III.Change the following sentences so as to use a negative Past Perfect instead of Past
Tense.Make all the necessary changes:
Model:I read a very interesting novel last year.
I had never read such an interesting novel before.

1.It was the first time I read an English book-I had never read a English book until now.
2.There were many people in the reading room that day-There had none been in the reading
room that day.
3.I often borrowed books from library as a student.-I had never borrowed books from library
when I was a student.
4.This was the first dictionary I consulted-I had never consulted a dictionary before.
5.While reading I looked up the unknown words in the dictionary-I had never looked up for
redaing the unknown words in the dictionary.
6.The book was first published in 1980.The book had never published until 1980.
7.I renewed the book for another week-I had never renewed the book for another week.
8.The writer signed the book with a pseudonym-The writer had never signed the book with a
pseudonym.

IV.Substitute synthetic genitive forms for prepositional genitive forms:

1.He arrived at the library with a delay of a few minutes.-He arrived a t the library with delay’s
few minutes.
2.There is nothing like a holiday of a week in the company of a good book.There is nothing like
week’s holiday in the good book’s company.
3.He promised to leave the place within a time of six weeks.-He promised to leave place within
a six weeks’s time.
4.What is the point of view of the author?-What is the author’s point of view?
5.Here is the news in the newspaper of yesterday/-Here is the news in yesterday’s newspaper.
6.You may find him in the office of the editor-in-chief-You may find him in the office’s editor-
in-chief.
7.I had to borrow the dictionary of Jane to look up some unknown words.-I had to borrow
Jane’s dictionary to look up some unknown words.
8.The book dealt with the economic development of Romania.-The book dealt with the
Romania’s economic development.

V.Translate into English:

a) 1. Care este programul zilei?-What is the usually programs?
2. Performanţele maşinii lui sunt într-adevăr neobişnuite.His car’s performance are
indeed/really unusual.
 3. Cumpăr pâine la brutărie şi carne la măcelărie sau îmi fac toate cumpărăturile la
supermarket. –I buy bread from bakery and meat from butchery or I make/do all the shopping at
the supermarket.
4. Orice student de limbă engleză ar trebui să aibă dicţionarul de pronunţie al lui Daniel
Jones.Any undergraduate of English should have a dictionary’pronounciation of Daniel Jones.
5. L-ai cunoscut pe bunicul Anei şi al lui Paul, cel care era pasionat după romanele ştiinţifico-
fantastice? Did you meet Anna and Paul’s grandfather who was passionate about the science
fiction novels?
6. Sala de lectură a bibliotecii noastre este o încăpere mare şi luminoasă. Our library’ reading
room is a large and bright room.
b) 1. Învăţasem deja câte ceva despre felul de viaţă al englezilor când m-am dus la Londra.I
already learned something about British’s life when I went to London.
2. Săptămâna trecută am împrumutat o carte de la bibliotecă; nu am mai împrumutat niciodată
o carte până atunci. Last week I borrowed a book from library-I didn’t borrow any book before.
3. Când am ajuns în sala de lectură toate locurile erau deja ocupate. When I arrived at the
reading room all the places/seats were already occupied.
4. Bibliotecara mi-a spus că împrumutase cartea cu câteva zile în urmă. The libray woman has
told me that borrowed the book a few days ago.
5. Până la începutul anului universitar a făcut rezumatele tuturor cărţilor citite în timpul
vacanţei.At the beginning of the university year he has made the summaries of all books read
during the holidays.
6. La librărie am aflat că manualul fusese retipărit. –At the library I found that manual was
reprinted.
7. Mi-am amintit că am mai citit această carte cu ani în urmă. I have remembered that I had read
this book years before.
8. Cartea fusese deja tradusă în mai multe limbi când am cumpărat-o.The book had been
already translated in many languages when I bought it.

Lesson nine
What’s your job?
Maggie:Jenny,this is my friend Liz Taylor.She’s my next door neighbour…
Jenny:Is this Taylor or Gaylor ?
Maggie:Taylor.T A Y L O R.Hello!Nice to meet you.
Jenny:Hello,pleased to meet you,too.Where are you from?
Maggie:I’m from Scotland.From Edinburgh.What’s you nationality?Are you British,too?
Jenny:No,I’m from Canada,from Toronto.What’s your job?
Liz:I’m an art student,s sophomore,but I’m a sales-assistant in the holidays.What about you?
Are you a student in a University,too?If not,what’s your occupation?
Jenny:I’m studying in London University College.I’m a fresher.
Liz:I’m glad to have you as a neighbour.But isn’t this flat too expensive?
Jenny:Oh,yes it is.I’m moving to a hotel.
Liz:I’m sorry,I like it here.I’m used to living in a house.In Edinburgh I live in a small house
with my family,in a suburb,at 10 Chrry Tree Lane.
Jenny:What’s Edinburgh like?
Liz:It is the capital of Scotland,wich is the part og Great Britain.With half and a million of
inhabitants,it is situated on the Firth of Forth,in the south-east of the country,but is not very
big.You can see green hills from his centre.There are thousands of tourists in Edinburgh every
summer,especially during the International Festival of Music,Drama and the Arts,in August in
September.It is a beautiful and historical city,with large avenues,like Paris.The are lots of
interesting buildings:The Edinburgh Castle is in the centre of the city on a high hill.From the
Castle to Holyrood House(the former residence od Scottish Kings)there are very old street,the
Royal Mile.There also a beautiful parks and Botancial Gardens.It is also an industrial city and a
busy port.

Explanatory notes
Fresher-student in primul an
Sophomore-student in anul doi
Junior-student in anul trei
Senior-student in anul patru
Ei sunt numiţi în general
-undegraduates sau undergraduettes
Dupa absolvire sunt numiti:Bachelor of Arts/ Bachelor of Science Ba /Bs/BSc
Urmatorul grad este Master of Arts/Master of Science:MA/MSc
Cel mai inalt grad este cel de doctor:’’Doctor in Philosophy’’-Phd or ‘’’Doctor of
Science’’-DSc

Other jobs are:

 Architect-arhitect
 Air-hostess-steuardeza
 Barber-barbier,frizer,
 Carpenter-tamplar
 Clerk-functionar
 Doctor-medic,doctor
 Dress-maker-croitoreasa
 Electrician-electrician
 Hairdresser-coafeza,frizer
 Journalist-jurnalist
 Mechanic-mecanic
 Model-model
 Pilot-pilot
 Postman-postas
 Photographer-fotograf
  Secretary-secretar
 Shop-keeper-negustor
 Taxi-driver-taximetrsit
 Teacher-profesor
 Vet-veterinar
 Waitress-chelnerita
 Waiter-chelner

Grammar –The past perfect tense-mai mult ca perfectul(aspectul continuu)

Este alcătuit din forma de Present Perfect a verbului TO BE urmată

de participiul prezent (-ing) al verbului de conjugat:
HAD BEEN + Ving

Affirmative Negative Form Interrogative Negative-

Form Form Interrogative
Form
I had been I had not been Had I been? Had I not been?
working working working working
You had been You had not Had you been Had you not been
working been working working? working?
She,he,it had She,he,it had not Had She,he,it Had she,he,it not
been working been working been working? been working?
We had been We had been not Had We been Had we not been
working working working? working?
You had been You had been not Had You been Had you not been
working working working? working?
They had been They had been Had They been Had they not
working not working working? been working

The use of Past Perfect Tense Continuos

Rules
1. Timpul mai mult ca perfect-
aspectul continuu arată o acţiune
începută înaintea unui moment trecut
care continuă şi în acel moment.
Examples
When you came home,I had been
writing letters for an hour.
2. O acţiune repetată exprimată prin
timpul mai mult ca perfect-aspect
comun, poate fi uneori exprimată şi
prin timpul mai mult ca perfect-
aspect continuu.
He had tried five times to get her on
the phone.
He had been trying to get her on the
phone.

Exercices:
I.Complete the answers to the following questions about your job:
1.What’s your job?I’m a school counselor/pshychologist in high school.
2.Where do you work?I’m work in a office.
3.How far is it from house?It is a bus ride from my house.
4.How long have you had this job?I have had this job for 8 years.
5.What are the working hours?I work from 9 a.m.to 2 p.m.every day.
6.How many weeks’s holidays do you have?I have seven-week holiday every year.
7.What training do you have?I went to the University ‘’’Al.I.Cuza’’Iasi-Faculty of Psychology
and Educational Science.
8.What are you prospects?I can became a one grad teacher in psychology in high school in one
year’time.

II.Now,you formulate the questions necessary to interview someone about his/her job.Refer to
his/her :job,workplace,distance from home,working hours,holiday,seniority in the
job,training,prospects.
1.What’s your job?
2.Where is your workplace?
3.What distance from home is your job?
4.How many working hours per day do you have?
5.Do you have holiday in winter or in summer?
6.At what age is reached seniority in your job?
7.Do you have special training for this job?
8.What are your prospects in the nearly future?

III.Read this passage:

My job:
My name is Sandra Vlad,I’m 29,I’m married and I have two children.
I work in an office in a big shoe factory,as a secretary to the deputy factory manager.It is a half-
hour bus ride from my house in the suburbs to the factory wich is situated in the industrial
district of the town.I have worked here for the past five years.
My working hours are 7 a.m. to 3 p.m.,five days a week.A ten-hour a day is not unusual when
there are important management meetings.
Every day I open the manager’s letters,take them to him,write down the answers and then type
and send them.
I also answer incoming phone calls,dial some outcoming ones-to other shoe manufacturers,to
raw material suppliers or to important customers,take messages when the manager is away and
handle routine enguiries.
I greet the visitors and take down notes in shorthand at important executive meeting.
I earn quite a good salary and have a two-week holiday every year,as I have not worked long
enough to be entitled to a longer holiday.
I finished a secondary school ten years ago.There I learned shothand and typing as part of the
school’s programme of vocational training.After graduation I became a telephonist and did
several months’ training with the Central Post Office for wich I worked for three years.Then I
had two-years break for children.I returned to work five years ago,and took the job I’m still
having.
I enjoy my job,although it may be very tiring sometimes.I feel I play a responsible part in the
factory’s life,I ma the first contact with anyone has with the management.I like to be friendly
and to meet lots of people.

IV.Write about Sandra Vlad’s job:the ideal job.

Sandra Vlad works in factory as a secretary to the deputy factory manager.She works in
shoe factory from 7 p.m. to 3 a.m.,sometimes she may work ten hours a day because the
unpcoming important meetings.Her workplace is a half-hour bus ride from her house to
suburbs to the factory wich is situated in the industrial district of house.
Every day she opens the manger’s letters,take them to him,write down the answers and
then type and send them.
She also answers incoming phone calls, dials some outgoing ones – to other shoe
manufacturers, to raw material suppliers or to important customers - , takes messages when the
manager is away and handle routine enquiries. She greets the visitors and takes down notes in
shorthand at important executive meetings. She earns quite a good salary and has a two-week
holiday every year, as she has not worked long enough to be entitled to a longer holiday.

V.Fill in the blanks with little,a little,few,a few,much,many:

1.I have many pens.I can give you one.2.I have few pens.I need them.3.There are many sheets
of carbon paper there;you may take two or three.4. There are few sheets of carbon paper
there;you may not take any.5.There isn’t many time left before office-hours are over.6.There
are few clerks in our office.7.A little care should be taken when writing a report.8.There are
much mistakes in this typed letter;please re-type it.

VI.Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Tense Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous Tense:

1.When I met him he had worked in the enterprise for 10 years.2.When I finished writing
the minutes,I realized I had maked some mistakes.3.When I passed by the office-building
under construction,a man told me they have been working on it for three months.4.When
he finally arrived at the office,his colleague had been waiting for him for an hour.5.When
you entered my office,I had prepared my speech for two hours.6.When the head of the
department came in,I had filed papers for an hour.7.Where the office-hours were over,I
had been working for 8 hours.8.When he finished his speech,we had been listening to him
for half an hour.

VII.Translate into English:

a) 1. Ştiam să bat la maşină şi să stenografiez de 10 ani când am venit în acest birou. I had
knowed to beat the machine and to shorthand of 10 years,when I came in this office.
2. Scriam un referat de 2 ore când a intrat directorul şi mi-a cerut să adaug o nouă problemă. I
had wroteen a report for two hours,when the director came and asked me to add a new problem.
3. El lucra de 20 de ani în industrie când a devenit şeful secţiei. He has been working for 20
years in industry when he became the chief of department.
4. Am încercat să te găsesc la telefon toată dimineaţa înainte ca în sfârşit să-mi răspunzi. I had
tried to find you at phone all morning before you answered.
5. Negocierile au durat 2 săptămâni înainte să se semneze contractul. The negotiations had been
lasted for two weeks before they signed the contract.
6. Eram obosită când ai venit, pentru că făcusem 4 ore de traducere simultană în sala de
conferinţe.I was tired when you came because I had been maked four hours of translation.
7. Scrisorile au putut fi expediate pentru că le bătusem la maşină în ziua aceea. The letters have
been sented because I tied at machine in this day.
b) – Cu ce te ocupi Jane? What is your job Jane?
- Sunt stenodactilografă la o intreprindere de comerţ exterior din Bucureşti. –I am a shorthand
typist at a foreign trade company in Bucharest.
Îţi place meseria ta? Do you like your job?
- Da, foarte mult.Yes,very much
- De aceea am urmat cursurile şcolii de stenodactilografie.-That is why I attened
school shorthand typist.
- Acum, după 5 ani de experienţă, redactez 50 de cuvinte pe minut şi stenografiez
100 de cuvinte pe minut.Now,after five years experience,I write 50 words per
minute and shorthand 100 words per minute.
- Care este partea cea mai interesantă a muncii tale? Wich is the most interesting
part of your job?
- - Faptul că tot ce fac îmi oferă sentimentul răspunderii. The fact that everything I
do make me responsible./gives me sense of responsibility.
- Atunci când redactez o scrisoare comercială, ştiu că orice greşeală poate face o
impresie proastă asupra partenerului străin şi, în consecinţă, fac toate eforturile ca
scrisoarea să arate ireproşabil. When I write a commercial letter,I know that any
mistake can make a bad impression on the foreign partner and therefore I make all
the efforts to look flawless letter.
- Acest lucru este valabil şi pentru celelalte activităţi ale mele: imaginează-ţi ce s-ar
întâmpla dacă aş îndosaria greşit documentele! This think is available for others
activitiesof mine Imagine what would happen if I file it wrong documents!
- Întrucât eşti atât de conştiincioasă, bănuiesc că eşti apreciată în întreprinderea
unde lucrezi.Becasuse you are so conscientious,I suspect you are appreciated in the
company where you work.
 Lesson ten
At a public meeting
There are different kinds of public meeting.
Members of parliaments and other similar national assemblies are summoned to sessions and
sittings.Delegates of the political party gather for their regular conferences or
congresses.Meetings and conventions are held also by trade unions,women’s
organizations,artists,journalists,businessmen etc.Sometimes men and women come to
spontaneous rallies to protest against armaments drive,development of missiles,race
baries,etc,or to express their solidarity with the peoples fighting colonoialism,for peace in
word.Scientists are convened to national or international symposia.
The meeting can be ruled by its own’’standing orders’’,unwritten regulations and
customs.These’’rules of procedure’’have been designed to enable any official gathering to be
effective and legally correct.
Any meeting is presided over by the chair(or the chairman),whose mean duty is to conduct the
meeting taking decisions on particular problems of the proceedings.He announces what the
business is,gives members permission to speack,calls for a vote or a motion,announces the
results of a vote and generally presevers order.All speeches or remarks of those present are
addressed to the chair.
The relator(raporteur)’s duty is to give the reguired explanation.The secretary’s duty is taken
minutes.
As soon as a person takes up chairmanship he calls the meeting to order and asks the secretary
to read the minutes of the last meeting.When they have been read he asks:’’Are there many
omissions or errors?’’If the minutes are correct,a member moves that they should be
adopted.This is the seconded by another member.The chairman puts the motion to a vote.If
there is an error or an omission,a member moves that a correction be made.After the minutes
have been discussed and approved the meeting proceds then to’’Business Arising from the
Minutes’’.Members ask for the explanations why certain steps have not been taken or taken in
the wrong way.
The purpose of any public meeting consists in exchanging opinions and views of the matter
discussed and adoptind a certain decision.Most resolutions are vote by a mere show of hands
and considered adopted if a bare majority of members are in favour of it.For more important
decisions the so-called’’constitutional majority’’is necessary,amounting to two-third of the
members of the assembly.
Speakers are to keep to the point and they must confine themselves to the time limit established
by the meeting at the beginning of its words.Some members neglect these rules,they take the
floor on every item on the agenda and speack endlessly.In any public meeting system and order
are required.The regulations and rules must be observed.Otherwise there is more confusion than
accomplishment.

A:What day is the opening of the Annual Scientific Conference scheduled for?
B:I haven’t see the notice yet,but I think they won’t be able to convene the participants earlier
tham tomorrow fortnight.
A:They say the whole conference will be held in plenary sessions.
B:No,I don’t think so.It would be impossible with so many papers put for discussion.Besides
plenary meetings there will be sittings of two or three specialized committees.
A:I hear that the papers outlines and summaries have already been published.
B:Yes,they can be consulted next week.I hope that every participant will be provided with a full
set of paper outlines before the proccedings start.
A:I’m looking forward to this scientific conference,there are so many interesting topics to be
discussed and debated.
Vocabulary
Sittings-sedinte
Rallies-mittinguri
preserves order-pastreaza ordinea
chairmanship-presidentia
amounting-in valoarea de
endlessly- la nesfarsit
accomplishment-realizare
To summon- a convoca
Convention-conventie
Trade-union-sindicat
To convene- a intruni,a convoca
Effective-eficient
To preside- a prezida
Chair-presedinte unei adunari
Chairman-presedinte
Relator-povestitor,narrator
Proceedings-lucrarile unei conferinte
Motion-motiune
To move- a propune
To confine- a limita
Agenda-ordine de zi
Outline-plan,reyumat
Aramaments drive-cursa inarmarilor
deployment of missiles-amplasarea de proiectile
standing order-ordinea permanenta
standing regulations-regulament in vigoare
to call for a vote-a cere votarea
to take minutes- a face procesul verbal
to call the meeting to order-a incepe sedinta
a bare majority- o majoritate neinsemnata
to take the floor- a lua cuvantul
sitting-sedinta
committee-comitet
auditing committee-comisia de cenzori
item of the agenda – punct la ordinea de zi
draft resolution – proiect de rezoluţie
to keep the minutes – a păstra protocolul
 Grammar The models verbs
Verbele modale:
Can-could:poate/ar putea
May-might :poate/ar putea
Must:trebuie
Ought to:ar trebui sa

CAN –COULD :POATE/AR  Nu primesc

PUTEA ’’s’’ la persoana
EXAMPLES a treia singular
 Sunt
Exprimă capacitate fizică, urmate de infinitivul
intelectuală, You can scurt
read this page right
 Formeaza negativul
morală, etc şi este echivalentul lui to be now. cu’’not’’
able to:  Formeaza interogativul Until acashort
si verbele auxiliare
time ago she could
 Formele
Exprimă îndoială, nesiguranţă (în contrastante ale acestor verbe
read without eyeglasess.
sunt:can’t,couldn’t,mightn’t,mustn’t
interogativ sau negativ), posibilitate. It cannot be true.
 May si ought se folosesc maiberar
Can this yourin vorbirea
paper?
May-Might:Poate/Ar putea contrastanta EXAMPLES
Pentru toate celelalte timpuri se She will be allowed to leave at
înlocuieşte cu to be allowed to, to be 12:30
permitted to He had been permitted to wear
Exprimă permisiunea: the new coat.
La forma negativă exprimă interzicerea: You may take the floor.
Exprimă posibilitatea: You may not switch off the
Exprimă admonestare, sfat, caz în care light.
se foloseşte might: You may catch the bus.
Exprimă presupunere, nesiguranţă; se She might leave by 9 o’clock
foloseşte atât may cât şi might. train
Might exprimă mai multă nesiguranţă şi They might write the
este echivalent cu perhaps sau maybe. application now.
It may rain.
She might play the violin.
He might abstain from voting.
MUST- Trebuie EXAMPLES
Pentru formarea celorlalte timpuri în We shall to learn this poem.
afară de prezent, se folosesc to have to, We had to finish writing our
to be obliged to, to be compelled to; papers.
Exprimă datoria, obligaţia, necesitatea: He must go to school.
Absenţa necesităţii se redă prin needn’t: Must he buy the book?-No,he
Exprimă prohibiţia (la negativ): needn’t
Exprimă probabilitatea, fiind echivalent They must not smoke in the
cu probably, evidently: meeting hall.
 He must be at the sea-side.
The gloves must be your size.
OUGHT TO-Ar trebui sa EXAMPLES
Exprimă o obligaţie, o datorie morală, They ought to be on time.
un sfat (cu referire la prezent, trecut sau He ought to have brought the
viitor) Exprimă o presupunere, o book he took.
probabilitate He ought to be in a session by
now.
SHALL-Ca verb modal EXAMPLES
Exprimă o necesitate, o constrângere We shall leave by 9 o’clock.
sau o obligativitate; They shall not go to the
se foloseşte cu persoana a II-a şi a III-a: mountains because it was
Exprimă cererea unui sfat, a unei decided like that.
sugestii (în propoziţii interogative la Shall we open the meeting?
toate persoanele): Shall I ask the floor?
Exprimă o promisiune He shall get the question
written in time
WILL-Ca verb modal EXAMPLES
Exprimă o dorinţă (voinţă), o I will buy the book tomorrow.
promisiune sau o hotărâre (este folosit la We will do whatever you say.
toate persoanele singular şi plural): Will you write the
Exprimă o incitaţie, o rugăminte (în minutes,please?
interogativ, în general la persoana a II Will you take the floor,please?
Exprimă ceva inevitabil: Parents will be parents.
Exprimă o acţiune obişnuită, repetată: I will have my coffee in the
Exprimă o supoziţie morning.
We will be about fifty.

Exercices
I.Enlarge upon:
1.The duties of the chairman.
Any meeting is president over by a chairman,whose main duty is to conduct the meeting taking
decisions on particular problems of the proceddings.He announces what the business is,gives
members permission to speack,call for a vote on a motion,announces the results of a vote and
generally preservers order.All speeches or remarks of those present are addressed to the chair.
2.The kinds of committee elected at large conferences
3.Kinds of public meeting
There are different kinds of public meetings.Members of parliaments and other similar national
assemblies are summoned to sessions and sittings.Delegates of the political party gather for
their regular conferences and congresses.Meetings and conventions are held also by trade
unions,women’s organizations,artists,journalists,businessmen etc.Sometimes men and woman
come to spontaneous rallies to protest against armaments drive,deployment of missiles,race
barriers,or to expres their solidarity with the people fighting colonialism,for peace in the
word.Scientists are convened to national and international symposia.
4.Regulations of procedures adoped at meetings.
The meeting can be ruled its own ‘’’standing orders’’unwritten regulations and
customs.These’’rules of procedure’’have been designed to enable any official gathering to be
effective and legally correct.
II.Change the following sentences using modal auxiliaries:
Model:Mister B has permission to leave the room.
Mister B may leave the room.
1.It is advisable for him to go to the meeting-He ought to/may go to the meeting.
2.She promises to go this afternoon to the exhibition-She shall/will go to this afternoon to the
exhibition.
3.Teachers are obligated to help their students-Teachers must help their students.
4.He told George that it was possible for him to write the minutes.-He told George that he may
write the minutes.
5.It is necessary for all students to have I.D.cards.-All the students must have I.D. cards.
6.He asked’’Do you want me to help you with the report?’’-He asked’’Might help you with the
report?’’
7.I guess she will leave at 3:30-Perhaps/maybe she will be leave at 3:30.
8.The students are obliged to study carefully their courses.-The students must study carefully
their courses.
9.Perhaps they don’t always know how to study-Maybe/Might they don’t always know how to
study.
10.Evidently she is in the hospital-She must be in the hospital.

III.Use the following statements in the past tense and past perfect tense:
1.He must speak for ourselves at the sitting.-He was obliget to/had to speak for ourselves at the
sitting.
2.They must to improve the agenda-They had improved the agenda.
3.She can take the floor and address the chair-She was able to take the floor and address the
chair.
4.George can have the meeting postponed.-George was able to have the meeting postponed.
5.They may be elected in the chair.-They was allowed to be elected in the chair.
6.She may be leave the chair when the session is adjourned-She had been allowed leave the
chair when the session was adjourned.

IV.Fill in the blanks with can,may,must,have to,will,shall.

1.Can I borrow your note-book? .I am afraid you can’t.2.He may smoke now,the children have
leaft the room.3.Can you wait till next week? 4.You must/ought to read this report
louder.5.She may attend the meeting this afternoon.6.I will to be at the station at 5
o’clock.7.Accidents could happen8.May he turn on the T.V.set?9.Could the chairman read the
agenda?10.You must have the book tomorrow.11.I promise it mustn’t happen
again.12.Participants must in the meeting enter their names in the list of the session.
V. Translate into English:
a) 1. Vei fi anunţat de îndată ce vei intra.You will be announced as soon as you enter.
2. Să ridic problema în cadrul unei şedinţe? May I issue the problem at a meeting?
3. Să începem discuţiile? Will/Shall begin the discussions?
4. Ce să fac după ce voi da citire propunerii? What may I do after I will read the proposal?
5. Să supun propunerea la vot?We might/may submit a vote?
6. Vei fi acasă când vom veni? Will be home when we will came?
7. Data viitoare când vom pleca la munte, o să vii cu noi.Next time when we will go to the
mountains,you shall go with us.
8. E foarte întuneric aici, o să aprind lumina.It is too dark here,I will turn the light.
9. Trebuie să vezi piesa, e foarte interesantă. You must/should see the play,is very interesting.
10. Ar trebui să vorbeşti englezeşte la seminarul de limba engleză. You should/ought to speak
English at the English seminary.
11. Poate au schimbat programul, trebuia să fie aici la această oră. Maybe/perhaps they changed
the program,they must/should be here at this hour/time.
12. Putem fuma aici? Can we smoke here?
13. S-ar fi putut să plece mai devreme. He could/was able to leave earlier.
14. Trebuie să fie cartea ei.Must be her book.
15. Am auzit că e bolnav. I heared that he was sick.
16. Ar trebui să stea în pat.He should/ought to stay in bed.
17. De obicei mă plimb sâmbătă după masă. I usually go to the walk on Saturday afternoon
/after the lunch.
b) 1. Sunt surprins să aflu că George a fost ales membru în comisia de cenzori. I am surprised to
learn that George was elected member to the Board of Censors.
2. Regret că am lipsit de la şedinţa de lucru. I regret that I missed the work session.
3. Alegerile s-au făcut prin vot secret şi s-a procedat în conformitate cu regulamentul în vigoare.
The choices were made by secret ballot and to proceed in accordance with the rules in force.
4. George putea fi contestat pe motivul ineficienţei în rezolvarea problemelor publice. George
could be challenged on the grounds inefficiency in solving public problems
5. Am aflat că John a fost recuzat. I learned that John was challenged.
6. Luarea lui de cuvânt a creat o impresie bună. Taking his word created a good impression.

CHAPTER TWO – ENGLISH FOR GEOGRAPHERS AND HISTORIANS

Lesson one-Great Britain ‘

Britain consists of the three,formerly separate countries of England,Scotland and
Wales.Since Scotland and England joined in an Act of Union in 1707(Wales has been
incorporated in 1535),the island has been officially known as Great Britain.Now its know
politically as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Its total area is of
244130 km2.The group of islands forming the British Isles has two main lands.Besides these
there are an infinite number of islets and rocks.Even the mainlands are penetrated by the sea
forming inlets on all the coats,so that no place is the island is more than about 65 miles from
sea,and the greater number of places is much nearer the sea.
Great Britain is separted from the continent of Europe by the North Sea and the Enghish
Channel.At the promontory of North Foreland begins a fine line of limestone cliffs wich are
quite similar to those of the French Coast opposite.The white cliffs of Dover,the gleaming
 whiteness of the Kentish shore which made the Roman invaders who landed at Deal
nameBritain’’Albion’’-these are the striking features of the chalk Country.This part of England
is filed with English history.Here the very ancient and the very modern are side by side,in such
close proximity as perhaps nowhere in the world.The south coast presents many identations, a
great number of wich are natural harbours Portsmouth and Southampton among them.The coast
in these parts(Davon and Cornwall)consists mainly of hard rocks,such as granites.It is deeply
indented and it much resembles the French coast of Britany:

Vocabulary:
merly- To join-se uni; a Kingdom-regat Isle,islet- Island -insula
data,odinioara lega, a uni; a insulita,ostrov
alătura, a anexa;
a cupla
nland- Rock- Inlet-golfulet Channel- The English
inent roca,stanca matca,canal Channel-
Canalul Manecii
estone-piatra Cliff- Shore- To land- a To gleam- a
ar,calcar faleza,stanca in mal,tarm,coasta debarca straluci
mare
king-izbitor, Proximity- Indentation- Harbour-port To resemble-a
arcabil proximitate zimtuire semăna/a aduce
cu, a semăna cu;
ote- To cluster- a Subsidence- To cut off –a Depth-adancime
partat,de forma un grup,a scădere, descreştere; taia,a separa,a
rte se aduna tasare, denivelare; desparti
slăbire, cedare
intins,plat Top- varf, To wear down- a Sheet-strat To make up- a
uza, a roade forma,a alcatui
d-salbatic Barren- Slate-gresie Moist- Moor,moorland-
arid,sterp umed,ud,jilav mlastina,balta
h-lac,brat de Tartan-stofa Bagpipe-cimpoi Steep- Indomitable-de
e scotiana abrupt,prapastios neimblanzit
sman-scotian Scotch/Scottish- Irishman,Irisher- Irish-irlandez;,limba Irish Sea-Marea
scotian,dialect irlandez irlandeza Irlandei
scotian
Free State- Irish green- Welshman-galez Welsh – Seaport-port
ul liber verde inchis galez,limba
ndez intens galeza
golf Shipyard- Wharf,pl Castel-castel Fortress-
santier naval wharves sau fortareata
wharfs-
debarcader
sion-conac Mansion house- the Mansion Cottage-casa Lawn-peluza
casa boiereasca House-primaria taranesaca
(reşedinţa oficială a
lordului primar al
Londrei)

ceata the gleaming Shore-tarm the striking features Intended

whiteness- of the chalk Country- destinate -
caractersiticile
stralucitor de remarcabile ale tarii
albe creta
rounded- coal fields- Join- a se alatura Wetter-umeda hilly parts-partile
njita domenii de carbune deluroase
sture- pears and Wealth-avere Coal-carbune Potteries-olari
zeala plums.-pere si Iron-fier
prune
m-engines,- Shore-tarm Features- Harbours-porturi barren mountains-
i de motoare caracteristici munti sterpi

Lies –se afla

 have been worn down by slowly-moving sheet of ice that once covered the whole of
Northern Europe au fost purtate în funcţie de fişa lent în mişcare de gheaţă care a acoperit
o dată toată Europa de Nord
 The coal fields of Wales contain a great quantity of anthracite-Domeniile de cărbune din
Ţara Galilor, conţin o cantitate mare de antracit
 Besides the heavy industry a corresponding light industry has come into being which
produces textiles, glassware, porcelain, chemicals, etc.- În afară de industria grea o
industrie uşoară corespunzătoare a intrat în a fi, care produce textile, sticlarie, portelan,
produse chimice, etc

Grammar
SENTENCES WITH THE ANTICIPATORY IT (Propoziţii cu it introductive)

Când subiectul unei propoziţii este un infinitiv sau un gerund sau o propoziţie întreagă,
acesta se aşează după predicat, iar propoziţia începe cu pronumele it, care se numeşte it
introductiv.
Examples
1. It is good of you to help me-Daca este bine pentru tine sa ma ajuti.
2. It is no use sulking-Aceasta nu este de utilizat
3. It takes an hour to get there-Este nevoie de o ora sa ajungeti aici
4. It is dangerous to drive here-Este periculos sa conduca aici
5. It is a great joy to meet such nice people-Este o mare bucurie sa intalnesti asemenea
oameni.
6. It is likely that she will come by train-Este probabil ca ea va veni cu trenul.
7. It was difficult to translate that text- A fost dificil de tradus acest text
8. It was quite unexpected her returning so soon.-A fost destul de neasteptat ca ea sa se
intoarca atat de devreme.

Rules
O propoziţie cu it introductiv poate
avea forţă emfatică servind la
accentuarea oricărei părţi a
propoziţiei.
Examples
It was she whom I met on Monday.-
A fost luni cand eu am intalnit-o.
It was yesterday that I saw him.
Ieri a fost cand l-am vazut.
It is apples that he likes best. –Sunt
merele care ii plac cel mai mult.
It was three years ago that I first
met your friend. –A fost acum trei
ani in urma cand l-am intalnit pentru
prima data pe prietenul tau.

Exercices
I.Speack
1.Great Britain’s two mainlands.
Britain consists of the three formerly separte countries of England,Scotland,Wales.Since
Scotland and England joined in an Act of Union in 1707(Wales has been incorporated),the
islands has been oficially known as Great Britain.Now it is known politically as the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Its total area is 224.130 km2.The group of
islands forming the British Isles has two main lands.Besides these,there are an infinite number
of islets and rocks.Even the mainlands are penetrated by the sea forming inlets on all the
coasts,so that no place in the island is more than about 65 miles from sea,and the greater
number of places is much nearer the sea.
2.The English Channel.
Great Britain is separated from the continent of Eurpe by the North Sea and the English
Channel. At the promontory of North Foreland begins a fine line of limestone cliffs which are
quite similar to those of the French coast opposite. The white cliffs of Dover, the gleaming
whiteness of the Kentish shore which made the Roman invaders who landed at Deal name
Britain “Albion” – these are the striking features of the chalk Country. This part of England is
filed with English history. Here the very ancient and the very modern are side by side, in such
close proximity as perhaps nowhere else in the world.
3.Britain’s forms of relief
The south coast presents many indentations, a great number of which are natural harbours,
Portsmouth and Southampton among them. The coast in these parts (Davon and Cornwall)
consists mainly of hard rocks, such as granites. It is deeply indented and it much resembles the
French coast of Britany; so that one is naturally led to think that Britain may have been at some
remote time, one and the same country as France, from which it was cut off by the subsidence
of the ground under the sea level. There are many other facts which prove this. None of the seas
round the British Isles are very deep; in fact in some parts of the North Sea, there is a depth of
less than six meters. The rounded, flat-topped hills that give character to the English scenery,
have been worn down by slowly-moving sheet of ice that once covered the whole of Northern
Europe. The highest mountains are in the central and northern parts of Scotland, in Wales and in
the north-west of England. The mountains and the hills cluster round the Grampians Range, of
which Ben Nevis is the highest peak (1 343 m). The Cheviot hills running from sea to sea
separate England from Scotland. The Lowland Plain, to the north of the Cheviot Hills is fertile
and forms a big contrast to the barren mountains of the Scottish Highlands. The Pennine Chain,
called the Backbone of England, with its widespread coal – and iron-fields is the mountainous
part in the centre of the country. Where the Pennine Chain ends there begins the Great Midland
Plain reaching from Lincoln and Leichester to the valley of the Thames. Wales is rich in coal
fields in the south and statequarries in the north.
There are many rivers in Britain but none of them are very long. The Thames on which London
is situated, runs through rich agricultural districts in an easterly direction into the North Sea.
The Severn, which flows south-west into the Irish Sea, is the longest British river. Many rivers
have been joined one to another by means of canals, so that it is quite possible to travel by
water from one part of England to the other.
4.Britain’s natural resources.
The great wealth of Britain consists in the abundance of coal often found side by side with iron.
In the north of England, the Newcastle coal field extends along the Tyne. Another large coal-
field lies between the Mersey and the Humber. The most important coal and iron field, which is
situated in Staffordshire and nearest to London, is well known as the “Black Country” with the
two centres of metal industry Wolverhampton and Birmingham. Its northern part is called the
Potteries. The coal fields of Wales contain a great quantity of anthracite.

II.Say it in one word,choosing from the words below:

Barren-sterp Moist-umed Remote- Iron-fier Cliff-stanca
departe
Sea-mare To spread- a Scenery- Join-a alatura Slate-ardezie
raspandi scenariu

1.far aparte,far distance in space-remote

2.the aggregate of features that gives character to a landscape-scenary
3.to extend or to be distributed over a considerable area of time-to spread
4.to bring together or in contact;connect;to bring together in a particular relation or for a
specific purpose,action,unite-join
5.a ductile,malleable,silver-white metallic element,used in its crude or impure carbon
containing forms for making tools,implements,machinery- iron
6. Level or slightly rolling land, usually with a sandy soil and few trees, and relatively infertile-
barren
7. A fine grained rock that trends to split along parallel cleavage planes. -slate
8. Moderately or slightly wet; damp. -moist
9. The high steep face of a rocky mass overlooking a lower area. -cliff
10. The salt waters that cover the greater part of the earth‟s surface-sea

III.Ask each other questions on the following text:

The Great Fire of London
The fire began on the second of September,1966,at ten o’clock at night.The flames first
broke out of baker’s shop,near London Bridge.It spread and spread,and burned and burned from
three days.The nights were lighter than the days;in the day time there was an immense cloud of
smock,and in night time there was a great tower of fire mounting up into the sky,wich lighted
the whole country ten miles round.Showers of hot ashes rose into air and fell on distant
places:flying sparks carried the conflagration to great distances and kindled it in twenty news
spots at a time:church steeples fell down with tremendours crashes;houses has been intensely
hot and dry,and streets were very narrow,nad the houses mostly built of wood and
plaster.Nothing could stop the tremendours fire but the want of more houses to burn, nor did it
stop until the whole way from the Tower of the Temple Bar was a desert composed of the ashes
of 13 000 houses and 89 churches. (Charles Dickens)
Vocabulary:
 The flames-flacarile
 baker‟s shop,-brutarie
 broke- a rupe
 was a great tower of fire mounting up into the sky,-a fost un mare turn de fum
urcand la nori
 Showers of hot ashes rose into the air and fell on distant places;-ploi de cenusa
fierbinte erau in aer si cadeau pe locuri indepartate
 flying sparks carried the conflagration to great distances and kindled it in
twenty new spots at a time:- scântei efectuate conflagraţie la distante mari şi a
aprins-o în douăzeci de locuri noi, la un moment dat:
 church steeples fell down with tremendous crashes-turlele bisercilor cadeau cu
accidente enorme
 tremendous fire-imensul incendiu
Ouestions :
1.When it was the Great Fire of London?
2.What burned the first?
3.How long was the fire burned and spread?
4.From what distance the fire colud been seen?
5.What happened with the church steeples and the houses?
6.What damage have had the tremendous fire?
IV. Translate into English using the anticipatory it:
1. N-are rost să plângi.-It is no use to cry.
2. Este greu să urci acest munte.It is hard to climb this mountain.
3. E ciudat că el nu a apărut încă.It is strange that he has not appeared yet.
4. Ne trebuie două ore să terminăm referatul. It must two hours to finish the essay.
5. Când vom putea (va fi posibil) afla rezultatele examenului de admitere? When is possible to
know the results of admition exam?/of entrance
6. Se speră ca el să-şi îmbunătăţească metodele de studiu.It hopes to improve his methods of
study.
7. A fost o nesăbuinţă (to be foolish) că te-ai prezentat la concurs fără o pregătire tmeinică. It
was a foolish that you submitted in the competition without preparation.
8. Are importanţă cine vorbeşte mai întâi? It is important who speack first?
9. Este fără însemnătate (immaterial) pentru noi dacă ne vom caza ăntr-o cameră la parter sau la
etaj.It is immaterial for us if we will accommodate in a room at downstairs or upstaris.
10. S-au gândit (to occur to) că e prea târziu să mai cumpere bilete.They occurred it was too
late to buy the tickets.
V. Complete the following sentences:
1. It is a great joy to know you 2. It was he whom taked the greatest note at exam. 3. It is no use
to speack hard.4. It was quite unexpected his behaviour. 5. It is likely that on Sunday to go to a
trip. 6. It was on Saturday that I was for the first time at a swimming pool.7. It is grapes that
the wine is made 8. It was difficult to learn English 9. It was a friend of John‟s who helped me
10. It was foolish his work at laboratory.11. It was necessary that bought many food for the last
week-end. 12. It occurred to me that I didn’t have my homework.13. It was good of you wrote a
letter for your mother. 14. When will it be possible for them to clean the entire house/to finish
the work. 15. It takes her two hours to drive here.
VI. Translate into English:
Dezvoltarea industrială din ultimul timp a schimbat atât de mult Oxford-ul încât oraşul
Cambridge, un oraş cu o frumoasă arhitectură, este acum mult mai frumos. Industrial
development at the last time has changed so much that the Cambridgw city,a city with a
beautiful architecture,is now more beautiful.
Armonia lui a fost puţin alterată de firmele magazinelor, de cinematografe, -His armony was
little/slighty alterated by the companies stories,by cinemas
În ceea ce priveşte numele de Cambridge, unii oameni de ştiinţă consideră că originea lui este
cuvîntul latinesc Camborium. –As the name of Cambridge some scientists believe that its origin
is Latin word Camborium.
Se spune că această universitate a fost creată după instrucţiuni primite din partea mănăstirilor
din Paris.It is say that university was created by the instructions received from the monasteries
in Paris.
La început, cuvântul Universitas a însemnat un grup de persoane, o corporaţie, apoi o breaslă a
studenţilor sau a profesorilor, nu o clădire în care se audiau cursuri. At the beginning,the word
Universitas has mean a group of people,a corporation,then a guild of students or a teachers and
no a building that is attenting the courses.
Istoricii Oxfordului pretind că în anul 1209 a existat o răzvrătire în oraş şi că mulţi studenţi au
fost nevoiţi să părăsească Oxford-ul; ei s-au dus la Cambridge şi au format acolo un prototip de
Universitate. Oxford historians claim that in 1209 there was a rebellion in the city and that
many students were forced to leave Oxford's, they went to Cambridge and formed there a
prototype by the University
Fondatorul unui colegiu, în sensul de astăzi al cuvântului, a fost Walter de Merton din Oxford
care în 1264 a redactat statutul pentru activitatea de fiecare zi a învăţăceilor lui. The founder of
a college within the meaning of the word today was Walter de Merton in Oxford in 1264 drafted
the statute to work every day of his learners

Lesson two –London

Vocabulary
To Find- Stronghold- Crossing-loc de Footway- Drawbridge-
lay.lie.lain- a descoperire fortareata trecere,traversare trotuar pod mobil
sta intins pentru pietoni
Headquarters- Actually- de Tributary- Casual- Subsisdence Warehouse-
sediu fapt afluent intamplator,ocazional existenta deposit
Slum-mahala Cargo- To unload –a Tormented-chinuit To shelter-a Treasure-
incarcatura descarca adaposti comoara
Crowning- To be Unrivalled-de To house-a adaposti Drawing- To be
incunuare Overwhelmed- neegalat,inegalat desen involved in-
a fi coplesit a fi implicat
in
To be buried- Lane-strada Lung-plaman Belt-centura,curea To cease-a To range
a fi ingusata inceta from to - a
inmormantat varia

Roughly Stock Royal Exchange Mansion House cheap- To turn into-

speaking-in Exchange- Bursa din sweated a transforma
general bursa de Londra labour-mana in
vorbind actiuni de lucru
ieftina
Places worth Crown jewels- crowning world-renowned- copyright side street –
seeing-locuri bijuteriile achievement – vestit in intreaga lume library stradă
ce merita coroanei realizare cea mai laterală
vazute de seama
blind alley – fundatură
căderea Imperiului Roman – the downfall of the Roman Empire
legiune – legion
ţintă – aim
hoardă barbară– wild horde
ţinut – land
a chema în ajutor – to call to one‟s aid
a pune stăpânire pe – to take possession of …
de aici înainte – from that time on …
a cunoaşte o dezvoltare rapidă – to witness a rapid development
plin de mărfuri – loaded with goods
a îndrepta – to straighten
cărămidă – brick
bine poiectat – well-designed
a lua locul – to replace
casă pe jumătate din lemn – half-timbered house

London Basin,-bazinul londrei

rainfalls,-precipitatii
rainy-ploios
in London‟s built-up area-in londra intravilan
smoke cover and artificial heating.-acoperirea de fum si incalzirea artificiala
though-desi
though finds of pre-Roman dates indicate that-desi constata ca datele pre-romane indica
elsewhere-in alta parte
the stronghold-cetatea
greatly-foarte mult
roads radiating-drumuri radiante
The finest-cele mai bune
Raised-ridicat
Vessels-navelor
Roughly-aproximativ
Middle Ages-Evul mediu
deserted,-pustiu
running eastward-mergand spre est
concentrating mainly on the banks of the Thames and its tributaries,- concentrându-se în principal pe
malurile Tamisei şi a afluenţilor acestuia
Overcrowding,-suprapopluarea
subsistence wages-salariile de subzistenta
warehouses, dirty-looking little dwellings and slums.- depozite, murdar, aspect locuinţe mici şi
mahalale.
The smell of the Thames and of the cargoes unloaded from the ships hang over the East End.- Mirosul
de Tamisa şi a mărfurilor descărcate de pe nave să atârne peste East End.
Worth-valoarea
Sheltering-adapostindand

Grammar focus
I. Derivarea
I.1. Afixaţia
A. Sufixe

Rules Examples
a) sufixe pentru formarea substantivelor: Verb Substantiv
- ment to achieve achievement –
- al realizarea
-t to withdraw withdrawal -retragerea
- ance to extend extent -masura
- ence to convey conveyance -transport
- (t)ure to exist existence –existenta
- sion to mix mixture -amestec
- ssion to proceed procedure -procedura
-y to conclude conclusion -concluzia
- ery to permit permission -permisia
to deliver delivery -livrarea
to rob robbery -jaf
- tion to distribute distribution -distributia
- ation to transport transportation -transportarea
- ition to compete competition-competitia
- ification to qualify qualification -calificarea
- er to produce producer -producerea
- or to edit editor -editor
- ant to assist assistant -asistent
- ent to reside resident -rezident
- ness
- ity
- ce

ness Adjectiv Substantiv

- ity weak weakness -slabiciunea
- ce possible possibility -posibilitatea
evident evidence-dovada
b) sufixe pentru formarea verbelor: Substantiv Verb
- ize Drama to dramatize
- ate origin to originate
- ify class to classify

- en Adjectiv Verb
Black to blacken
c) sufixe pentru formarea adjectivelor: Substantiv Adjectiv
- al tradition traditional
- ial commerce commercial
- ic economy economic
- ical economy economical
- ian Egypt Egyptian
- an Asia Asian
- ish Britain British
- ese China Chinese
-i Iraq Iraqi
-y mist misty
- ary legend legendary
- ed wood wooded
- ly friend friendly
- ar circle circular
- ful care careful
- less care careless
Ous glory glorious
- ish child childish
Verb Adjectiv
to compare competitive
- ive to perish perishable
- able to divide divisible
- ible

B. PREFIXE

Rules Examples
a) prefixe pentru formarea
adjectivelor: - prefixe
 negative pleasant unpleasant
un definite indefinite
- in possible impossible
- – im rational irrational
legible illegible
- – ir
- – il –
alte prefixe (în general de origine greacă şi national international
latină) departmental intradepartmental
- inter - (between) coloured multicoloured
- intra - (within) normal subnormal
natural supernatural
- multi - (many) continental transcontinental
- sub - (under, below) Roman pre-Roman advantage
- super - (above, over)
- trans - (through, across)
- pre – (before)
b) prefixe pentru formarea
substantivelor: - prefixe
negative Advantage disadvantage
-dis Justice injustice
– in Balance imbalance
– im behaviour misbehaviour
– mis practice malpractice
– mal

- alte prefixe (în general de

origine greacă şi latină)
co - (together) author co-author
ex - (former) member ex-member
post - (after) graduate post-graduate
pre - (before, earlier) history pre-history
pro - (in favour of administration pro-administration

c) prefixe pentru formarea verbelor:

- prefixe negative
dis
– mis – to agree to disagree
- alte prefixe to understand to misunderstand
en – able to enable
contra – (against) to indicate to contraindicate
ex – (out of) port to export
re – (again) to fill to refill

I. 2. Reducerea
a) reducerea începutului cuvântului motorcar car
b) reducerea sfârşitului cuvântului photograph photo
c) reducerea unei părţi din interiorul cuvântului bicycle bike
d) comprimarea mai multor cuvinte fourteen nights fortnight
II. Alternante fonetice
Verb
Substantiv
to lose loss
to sing song
to breathe breath
Adjectiv Substantiv
long lenght
deep depth
wide width

I. 4. Abrevierea
TV – television
G.P.O. – General Post Office
B.A. – Bachelor of Arts
M.A. – Master of Arts
M.P. – Member of Parliament
U.N.O. – United Nations Organization
II. Schimbarea categoriei gramaticale

Rules Examples
1. fără schimbare de formă good – the good
a) substantivizarea adjectivului being – a being
b) substantivizarea adverbului to rest – a rest
c) substantivizarea verbului inside – the inside of an affair
d) substantivizarea adverbului, prepoziţiei,
conjuncţiei, articolului
2. cu schimbare de formă (adăugarea Substantiv
semnului pluralului – s) la: rich riches
a) adjectiv saving savings
b) participiu second seconds
c) numeral to dislike dislikes
d) verb in, out the ins and outs of a problem
e) prepoziţie, conjuncţie, adverb, etc. up, down the ups and downs of life

3. cu modificarea accentului Substantiv Verb

(substantivele sunt accentuate pe prima 'record to re'cord
silabă, iar verbele pe a doua) 'import to im'port
'export to ex'port
'combine to com'bine

III. Compunerea
Rules Examples
a) substantiv + substantiv football, businessman, post office
b) adjectiv + substantive highbrow, coldcream
c) pronume + substantiv he-goat, she-goat
d) gerunziu + substantiv living-room, skating-rink
e) verb + substantiv killjoy
f) adverb + substantiv overshoes, best seller
g) majusculă + substantive X-ray, H-bomb, D-Day
 h) substantiv + verb + -er watchmaker, baby-sitter
i) substantiv + gerunziu sightseeing, housekeeping
j) substantiv + adverb passer-by, looker on
k) verb + adverb knowhow, go-between
l) adverb + verb income, outbreak

EXERCISES I. Enlarge upon:

a) London‟s geographical location.
London the capital city of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland it is the
country’s largest port,its main industrial,financial, commercial and culture centre.
It lies in the South Eastern part of island,in the London Basin,51,30 latitude north,while the
prime meridian of 0 passes through the old observatory ay Greenwich.
b) The climate in the LondonBasin.
The climate in London Basin is characterized by heavly rainfalls,irregular from year to
year(with extremes from 70-130%) that range depending on the relief from 813 mm to 635
mm annually.That is why we one gets the impression that is always raining at London.The
English themselves say that year has 365 days out of wich 65 are good days and 300
rainy.Temperatures in the area are very little,between 11 and 13C,the average being higher in
London built-area because of heat retention by buildings,smoke cover and artificial heating.
c) The development of the city since ancient times.
The history of London goes back to Roman times,though finds pre-roman dates indicate
that,as elsewhere alonf the Thames,the area was occupied by a succession of a small
prehistoric communities.Under the Romans the stronghold of Londinium,one of the ninenth
Colonial of Britain,greatly developed,becoming a flourishing commercial and military
centre with roads radiating from the city to various part of Britain.
d) The City
London is divided into three main parts with different histories and functions.The city lying
to the North of a River,roughly the London of the Middle Ages,covers only about a syuare
mile.It is the financial and business centre of Great Britain,the traditional home of English
Banking.Here we can find the Bank of England,the Stock Exchange, the Royal Exchange,the
Mansion House as well as the headquarters of many of the weathiest companies and
corporations in the world.About half million people work here and when the workday is
over,when businessmen and clerks go home,The city becomes deserted,as only a few
thousand people actullay live here.
e) The East End
The working class is concentrated in the East End,the home of the poor people, a vast area
running eastward from the City .The development of the heavy,clothing and furniture
industries concentrating mainly on the banks of the Thames and its tributaries needed large
quantities of cheap-sweated labour.Overcrowding,casual employment and subsistence wages
have turned the East End into an area of great poverty. It includes all the main dock area, it is
heavily industrialized, with miles of factories, warehouses, dirty-looking little dwellings and
slums. The smell of the Thames and of the cargoes unloaded from the ships hang over the
East End.
f) The West End is the rich part of London the fashionable residential area of the rich.There
are very expensive shops,restaurants and clubs here,theatres,concert halls and
cinemas,public buildings,museums,monuments and parks.The character of West End is
 governmental,professional and cultural.There are a lots of places wirt seeing in
London,depending on your special interests.

g) The main places worth seeing in London:

- historic buildings and monuments;Those are fond of history they will find historic
monuments and places reminding of past ages,of London’s tormented history.Among them
we can mention Trafalgar Square,so named in memory of the great victory of Trafalgar.Right
in the middle of the Square stands the Column of Nelson,a monument 188 feet
high,representing Nelson’s famous victories. Worth visiting is also the Tower of London
built in 1087 by William the Conqueror, a royal palace, a fortress and a prison in the past, a
museum at present, sheltering the crown jewels and other treasures. Another historic
building, a fine example of the classic style is St. Paul‟s Cathedral, the crowning
achievement of Britain‟s greatest architect, Sir Christopher Wren.
- art galleries; - museums; Art lovers will be overwhelmed by the unrivalled collections of
paintings and other important works of art to be found in art galleries. The most famous of
them are the National Gallery housing a collection of the chief European Schools of Painting
and Tate Gallery exhibiting British paintings of all periods, modern foreign painting as well
as modern sculpture. London‟s museums are world-renowned and cover a wide variety of
interests. Thus, among the exhibits of the British Museum, visitors can admire priceless
antiquities: prints, drawings, manuscripts, coins and medals, ethnography of Egyptian,
western Asiatic, oriental, Greek and Roman as well as of British origin. The visitors
involved in or just fond of literature may visit the British Museum Library, the country‟s
largest library which shelters rare books and old, valuable manuscripts. This is a copyright
library which receives a free copy of every book printed in the United Kingdom. The tourists
might be also interested in seeing the Poets‟ Corner in Westminster Abbey, where the most
outstanding English poets and writers are buried.
- London‟s streets; Those visiting London can have a walk along the streets of the city:
Regent Street, Oxford Street, Bond Street with their busy shopping centres, along Fleet
Street with its numerous editorial offices, or along side streets whose names remind us that
this was once the shopping centre of London: Bread Street, Milk Street, Ironmonger Street,
a.s.o. We can form an idea of the number of London streets, lanes and blind alleys from the
fact that, if laid end to end, they would form a line 5,000 km long.
- London‟s parks and gardens. East End
Tired after having walked so much, the visitor may have a rest in one of the large parks and
gardens of London, “the lungs of London” as they are called, that stretch in an irregular
green belt for nearly three miles between Whitehall and Kensington. This is a different
London where the noise of the town ceased, where everything is quiet and calm.

IV.Fill in prepositions and adverbs where necessary:

A:Do you live in the hostel or in our institute?
B:Oh,no.I am in Bucharest and live in Magheru Blvd.But you?
A:Well,I wanted to call to a friend of mine who lives in the hostel,but I am not sure I can
find the way there.Is it far from the institute?
B:No,not very far.It will take you about 25 minutes to get there.
A:How can I get there from here?
B:Take bus 134.It will take you right there.
A:can’t get there by trolley-bus?
B:Yes,you can.But if you go by trolley-bus you’ll have to change:that way the best way for
you to get there is by bus.
A:And where do I get stop?
B:You have to go as far as x street stop,there you get up,turn off the corner,walk a short
distance in the street and about less than 5 minutes you will find yourself at the hostel.
A:It’s perfectly clear.
B:it’s guite easy to get there.But if case you lose your way,you may ask it a policeman or
any passer-by.
A:Thank you very much.Good-bye.

IV. Add noun-forming suffixes to the following verbs:

to achieve,-achievement ,to attach,-attachment ,to equip-equipment, to establish, to govern-government ,to
fulfil-fulfiling, to improve-improvment, to invest-investition, to manage-management, to state-statement; to
betray-betrayal, to dispose,-disposement, to renew,-renewal, to survive-survival, to withdraw;-withdrawl, to
conclude-conclusion, to include-inclusion, to divide-divisible, to provide, to corrode-coorosion, to revise-
review; to deliver-delivery, to discovery-discovery
, to recovery, to master; to administer, to alter, to continue, to form, to occupy, to register; to certify, to
clarify-clarification, to fortify, to identify-identification, to justify, to qualify.

V. Fill in the blanks with words related to the underlined ones: 1. He defined that
word for me, and his explanation was correct. 2. I know Henry is an acquaintance of
yours. Are you know with his brother as well? 3. The final date for applications has
been extended to September 15th. This term will enable more students to apply. 4. If
our team wins the game, we shall celebrate and we hope you will come to the party.5.
Edmund Hillary ascended Mt. Everest; he made the first step of the highest mountains
of the world. 6. The log walk exhausted him. We notice his fatigue right away. 7. He
exceeded the sped limit. He was driving in out of the limit. 8. He resembles his father
very strongly. The similarity is really amazing. 9. I have a lot of camping equipment. I
can borrow you if you want to go camping next week. 10. Manny new countries have
emerged in Africa and their people has increased the number of members in the U.N.
11. We were amazed to see them and our cousin showed in our faces. 12. They wish to
facilitate the building of the dam, and so they are giving the engineers every
project/month. 13. Do you know the origin of that old saying? It‟s a translation of a
proverb that told in France. 14. That matter is of concern to the entire nation. It‟s of
great importance. 15. His father was in navy and he has been always interested in
maked affairs. 16. He wants to study agriculture and so he sits for the entrance exam
at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences. 17. A certain part of the town has been set
aside for industry. All industrial buildings must be located there.
VI. V. Translate into English:
După căderea Imperiului Roman, legiunile romane s-au retras din Britania -care a devenit ţinta
unor atacuri puternice din partea unor hoarde barbare.
After the downfall of the Roman empire ,the romans legions have withdrew from
Britain,which has become the aim of the strong attacks of the wild hordes.
Neputând rezista atacurilor, locuitorii acestor ţinuturi i-au chemat în ajutor pe saxoni, care, la
rândul lor, cu ajutorul altor triburi au pus stăpânire pe întreaga ţară care a devenit capitala
Regatului Saxon de răsărit. Unable to resist the attacks, the inhabitants of these lands have
called in to help the Saxons, which, in turn, with other tribes they conquered the whole
country became the capital of the eastern United Saxon.

De aici înainte, oraşul va căpăta o importanţă tot mai mare. Comerţul a cunoscut o dezvoltare
rapidă, portul fiind permanent plin de mărfuri, iar oraşul a înflorit în special după marele
incediu din anul 1666 când a fost reconstruit în mare parte. From that time on,the city will
became increasingly important. Trade has grown rapidly, the port is always full of goods,
and the city flourished especially after the great fire in 1666 when it was rebuilt largely.

Cu această ocazie s-au făcut multe îmbunătăţiri: străzile au fost lărgite şi îndreptate, case de
cărămidă bine proiectate au luat locul vechilor case pe jumătate din lemn. On this occasion,
made many improvements: streets were widened and straightened, well-designed brick
houses replaced the old wooden houses half.

Lesson three The United States of America

Vocabulary
Desert- Meadow- Brook-parau Grapevine-Rocky-
desert pajiste vie stancos
Uninviting- Roughly- Plateau- Strained- Crust-
neimbietor aproximativ podis apasat,presat
scoarta
Tilted- Earthquake- Opportunity- Grain- Deposit-
inclinat cutremur oportunitate cereale zacamant
To be To border To stem Dotted with-
Prevailing
separated on- a se from- a presarat cu
winds-
from- a fi invecina cu proveni vanturi
separat de neregulate
Lower Upper Downstream- Upstream – To become
course-curs course-curs in aval in amonte aparent- a
inferior superior deveni
evident
Natural To be worlds Tunnel-tunel Bridge-pod Geographic
boundary- apart- a fi boundary-
frontiera foarte granita
naturala deosebit geografica
Rainfall- Abundant Spare Mountain Orchard-
precipitatii vegetation- vegetation- ridge-creasta livada
vegetatie vegetatie muntelui
abundenta saracacioasa
Pasture- Wilderness- Strech of Waterway- Surface soil-
pasune salbaticie land- cale suprafata
intindere de navigabila solului
pamant
Subsoil- The turn of Capped with Landmass- Lies –se afla
subsol the century- snow- suprafata
inceputul acoperit cu
secolului zapada

newest Stems- Stretches- Lakes-lacuri sandy

states-cele deriva intinde beaches-plaje
mai noi state nisipoase
Shore-tarm Rises-creste Gently-delicat coal-rich- Bits-biti
carbune bogat
washed hills by Beyond- the backbone Ranges-
down-spalate streams- dincolo de of the intervale
in jos dealuri de continent”-
fluxuri coloana
vertebrala a
continetului
Rough=dur Encompassed- gather the Inland-interior “rain
cuprindeau rains-aduna shadow”-
ploile umbra ploaie
are Flows- Drains- Near-langa Comprises-
gathered- fluxurile canalizate cuprinde
sunt colectate
Crop-cultura Belt-centura Commodity- sugar beet.- Smelted-
produs sfecla de zahar topite
 in which the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is cut, 1,6 km in depth.- în care
Marele Canion al fluviului Colorado se taie, la 1,6 km adâncime.
 range and the ridges of the Great Basin,-gama si crestele din Marele Bazin
 strained portion of the earth‟s crust broke into high blocks of rock. -partea tensionată a pământului ",
crusta e rupt în blocuri mari de piatră.
 catch the largest share of the rain-prind cea mai mare parte de ploaie
 Through all its lower course, it wanders along, appearing lazy and harmless.- Prin toate cursul inferior,
se rătăceşte de-a lungul, apare leneş şi inofensiv.
 bitter struggles with its floods.-lupte amare cu inundatiile sale
 In the dry western country, both rivers, very different in character, are vital sources of life.- in vestul
tarii uscat,ambele rauri foarte diferite in character sunt surse vitale ale vietii
 are all kinds of unexpected differences in climate-sunt toate tipurile de diferenţe neaşteptate în climatice
 may reach equatorial intensity-poate ajunge la intensitate ecuatoriala
 almost continuous daylight in summer makes the short growing season an intense one-
lumina zilei, aproape continuu, în timpul verii face ca sezonul de crestere scurt, intens
 It is in agriculture that this section has acquired and holds first place in the United States -Este în
agricultură că această secţiune a dobândit şi deţine primul loc în Statele Unite ale Americii
 wheat grows chiefly-graul creste in principal
 packing industries play an enormous part in the economic life of the people of this section-industria de
ambalare joacă un rol enorm în viaţa economică a oamenilor din această secţiune.
 The iron industry naturally gave rise to much of the iron and steel manufacturing of this section- Industria
fierului a dat naştere la mai mult natural de fier şi oţel de fabricaţie a acestui sectiune
 According to value,-in functie de valoare
GRAMMAR
THE PASSIVE VOICE (Diateza Pasivă)
Diateza este categoria gramaticală specifică verbului care exprimă raportul dintre verbul predicat, pe de o
parte, şi subiectul şi obiectul (complementul direct) al verbului predicat, pe de altă parte.

Verbul este la diateza pasivă când subiectul gramatical suferă acţiunea săvârşită
de obiect:
This letter (subiect) has been written (predicat) by Lucy (obiect). Această scrisoare
a fost scrisă de Lucy.

Timpurile verbului la diateza pasivă se formează din timpul corespunzător al

auxiliarului “to be” şi participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat.

I. Common Aspect
Affirmative Negative Interogative
(Negative)

Present I am asked I am not asked Am I (not) asked?

Tense I‟m asked I‟m not asked

Past Tense I was asked I was not asked Was I (not) asked?
I wasn‟t asked Wasn‟t I asked?
Present I have been asked I have not been Have I(not) been
Perfect I‟ve been asked asked asked?
Tense I‟ve not been asked Haven‟t I been
asked?
Past I had been asked I had not been asked Had I (not)been
Perfect I‟d been asked I‟d not been asked asked?
Tense
I hadn‟t been asked Hadn‟t I been
asked?
Future I shall be asked I shall not be asked Shall I (not) be
Tense I‟ll be asked I‟ll not be asked asked?
Shan‟t I be asked?

Future I shall have been asked I shall not have been Shall I (not) have
Perfect I‟ll have been asked asked been asked?
Tense I shan‟t have been Shan‟t I have been
asked asked?

Conditional I should be asked I should not be asked Should I (not) be

Present I‟d be asked I shouldn‟t be asked asked?
Shouldn‟t I be
asked?

Conditional I should have been asked I should not have Should I (not) have
Past been asked been asked?
 I‟d have been asked I shouldn‟t have Shouldn‟t I have
been asked been asked?

II. Continuous Aspect

Present Tense I am being asked I am not being asked Am I(not)being

I‟m being asked I‟m not being asked asked?

Past Tense I was being asked I was not being asked Was I (not) being
I wasn‟t being asked asked?
Wasn‟t I being
asked?

Singurele timpuri care se folosesc la aspectul continuu diateza pasivă sunt Present Tense şi Past Tense, în locul
celorlalte timpuri folosindu-se timpurile corespunzătoare ale aspectului comun.

The Use of Passive Voice

Rules Examples

Diateza pasivă se foloseşte: Depositors are requested to fill in the forms

a) când nu se cunoaşte subiectul logic al in blue ink only. Deponenţii sunt rugaţi să
propoziţiei; când acesta este evident sau completeze formularele numai in cerneală
lipsit de importanţă. albastră

b) când complementul prezintă mai mult
interes decât subiectul logic.
c) când din anumite motive, vorbitorul nu
vrea să menţioneze subiectul logic.
Mary was sent many telegrams on her
birthday. –Maria a trimis multe telegrame
de ziua ei.
The money has been already sent out by
Money Order –Bani au fost deja trimisi
prin ordin de plata

EXERCISES
I. Enlarge on:
a) The location of the United States;
The main landmass of the United States lies in central North America with Canada to the North, Mexico
to the South, the Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. The two newest states, Alaska
and Hawaii, are separated from the continental United States; Alaska borders on north-western Canada and
Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.
b) The diversity of the country‟s forms of relief;
The diversity of the country stems from the fact it is so large and has so many kinds of land, climate and
people. It stretches 2,575 kilometres from north to south, 4,500 kilometres from east to west. There are pine forests
dotted with lakes and mountain peaks covered with snow. There are meadows with brooks and trees, sea cliffs, wide
grassy plains, broad spreads of grapevines and sandy beaches
c) The climate of the United States;
In the U.S. there are all kinds of unexpected differences in climate. For instance, all along the western coast,
the temperature changes little between winter and summer. In some places, the average difference between July and
January is as little as 100C. But in the north central part of the country, summer and winter are worlds apart. There,
the average difference between July and January is 36 0C and more violent extremes are common. In the eastern part
of the United States, the difference between summer and winter is also very distinct, but not so extreme. Near the
south western corner of the country, the climate is mild and spring-like in winter but in summer the temperature may
reach equatorial intensity. In Alaska, almost continuous daylight in summer makes the short growing season an
intense one.
d) The main mountain ranges – their characteristics;
The Appalachians, which run roughly parallel to the east coast, are old mountains with many coal-rich
valleys between them. To the West of the Appalachians lie plateaus built up over the centuries from bits of stone that
were washed down from the mountains and then cut into small hills by streams. Beyond is the great Central
Lowland. North of the Central Lowland, extending for almost 1,600 kilometres are the five Great Lakes which the
United States shares with Canada. West of the Central Lowland are the Great Plains. They are stopped by the Rocky
Mountains,“the backbone of the continent”. The Rockies are considered young mountains: of the same age as the
Alps in Europe, the Himalayas in Asia and the Andes in South America. Like these ranges, they are high, rough and
irregular in shape. One region was formed of material which was washed down from the Rockies and pressed into
rock. This now encompassed the Colorado Plateau, in which the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is cut, 1,6 km
in depth. Volcanoes built the Cascade Mountains. The Sierra Nevada range and the ridges of the Great Basin, on the
other hand, were formed when a strained portion of the earth‟s crust broke into high blocks of rock. At the border of
the Pacific Ocean lie the Coast Ranges, relatively low mountains in a region where occasional earthquakes show that
the process of mountain-building has not yet stopped.

e) The main rivers – their economic importance;

The United States is crossed by great rivers. The Mississippi is one of the world‟s great continental rivers. Its
waters are gathered from two-thirds of the United States and, together with the Missouri, the Mississippi flows some
6,400 km from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the
world‟s longest waterways. The Mississippi has been called the “father of waters”. Through all its lower course, it
wanders along, appearing lazy and harmless. But people who know the river are not deceived by its appearance, for
they have had many bitter struggles with its floods. The two great rivers of the Pacific side are the Colorado in the
south and the Columbia, which rises in Canada and drains the north. In the dry western country, both rivers, very
different in character, are vital sources of life. The Rio Grande, about 3,200 km long, in the Southwest, forms a
natural boundary between Mexico and the U.S.
f) The Middle West – its relief and climate characteristics;
A rich and well-known part of the Unites States is the Middle West, with the states of Kansas, Missouri,
Iowa and Illinois. It comprises about 25% of the area of the country, about one third of the population and nearly
60% of its agriculture. The climate of this region is largely of the continental type, the winters being severe and the
summers long and hot. It is in agriculture that this section has acquired and holds first place in the United States. The
level prairies offer a fine opportunity for the use of the most improved types of farm machinery. Because of the
climate and the soil, grain is the principal crop of this section, as are cotton and tobacco in the south.
h) Aspects of economic development in the Middle West.
Winter wheat grows chiefly in Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. The principal region for corn
growing is the belt from central Ohio to central Kansas and from the Ohio River to Wisconsin. Another commodity
of this region is sugar beet. The cattle and meat-packing industries play an enormous part in the economic life of the
people of this section. The meat-packing industry has centred in Chicago because of transportation facilities. In meat
production Illinois is first and Iowa – second.

III. Ask questions on the text and answer them:

The majestic Rocky Mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic. Like the Alps,
they are high, sharp and rugged. Compared with the Appalachians in the East, they are young
and their faces of bare rock are capped with snow, even to the south. In the high valleys, there
are remains of glaciers while below them are clear, icy lakes which the glaciers made. More
than 100 million years ago, the earth was violently folded and compressed where the Rockies
now stand, and the mountains rose and fell and rose again. The Sierras pushed upward. Lava
poured over the land in great floods to build the Columbia Plateau, and the Colorado River
began to cut the Grand Canyon. As the mountains rose for the last time, the coast ranges near
the Pacific broke into pieces, leaving great cracks along which huge blocks of the earth still
shift occasionally.

Vocabulary:
stretch all-se intinde pushed upward-impinse in sus poured-turnata
great floods-inundatii mari coast ranges-intervale de coasta
leaving- a lasa huge blocks of the earth-blocurilor immense de pamant

1.Unde se situeaza muntii Stancosi?-Where Rocky Mountains lies?

2.Cum arata si cu cine se aseamana?-How they show and who they like?
3.Exista urme de zapada pe ei?-There are traces of snow of them?
4.Ce s-a intamplat acum 100 de milioane de ani?-What happened 100 milion years ago?
5.Ce s-a intamplat cu Siera Nevada?- What happened with Sierra Nevada?
6.Au fost cutremure?-Have been earthquakes?

III. Make the following sentences passive:

1. They built bridges over valleys and rivers.-They are built bridges over valleys and rivers.
2. He had to accept the terms of rebuilding the plant. He had had to accept the terms of
rebuilding the plant.
3. The variations in temperature affected crop growing.-The variations in temperature were
affected crop growing.
4. Wide expanses of forests cover the surface of the United States. –The surface of the United
States are covered by the wide expanses of forests .
5. Volcanoes built the Cascade Mountains.The Cascade Mountains is built by volcanoes.
6. Lava poured from inside the earth and created the high Columbia table land.-Lava poured
from inside the earth and the high Columbia table land has been created.
7. The Sierra Nevada Mountains catch the largest share of the rain off the Pacific Ocean. The
largest share of the rain off the Pacific Ocean is catched by The Sierra Nevada Mountains.
8. They shall build a big hydro-power station on the Rio Grande.-A big hydro-power station on
the Rio Grande shall be built by they.

IV. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense:

1. It is in agriculture that this section (to acquire) first place.- It is in agriculture that this section
acquires first place.
2. Because of the climate and the soil, grain (to be) the principal crop of this section. - Because
of the climate and the soil, grain will be the principal crop of this section.
3. Since the beginning of this century heavy industry (to grow) rapidly. Since the beginning of
this century heavy industry has been growed rapidly.
4. The meat-packing industry (to centre) in Chicago. The meat-packing industry is centred in
Chicago.
5. They (to decide) to build a modern network of railways. –They was decided to build a
modern network of railways.
6. The ore deposits (to give rise) to an important automobile industry. - The ore deposits have
been gave rise to an important automobile industry.
7. A large number of industries (to be located) along the Great Lakes.- A large number of
industries are located along the Great Lakes.
8. A severe winter (to ruin) these years agricultural yield. - A severe winter ruined these years
agricultural yield.
9. Cattle raising (to be carried on) largely in the states farther west.- Cattle raising shall be
carried on largely in the states farther west.
10. The ore deposits in these regions (to exceed) those produced in other places.-The ore
deposits in these regions were exceeded those produced in other places.

Network=retea
The ore deposits-depositele de minereu
agricultural yield.-randamentul agricultural
Cattle raising-cresterea vitelor

V. Fill in with prepositions:

The ancient waters that brought soil to these mountain valleys had no way for reaching the sea,
so they spread out on shallow lakes. As the water slowly evaporated, minerals remained in the
lake beds. Great Salt Lake,for example, contains an estimated six thousand million tons of salt.
Another lake holds millions of tons of soda. The lakes change size and shape in the rainfall and
sometimes dry up completely in arid weather.and the land is little water, farming was very
difficult – and would have been impossible to a series of irrigation canals that bring water to the
high mountains streams and the dry valleys below.

VII. Translate into English:

 Parcul Naţional ai Munţilor Stâncoşi este un muzeu geologic ce conţine rămăşiţele unor
munţi vechi, canioane, păduri şi gheţari. –National Park of the Rocky Mountains is a
geological museum wich containes the remains of ancient mountains,canyons,forests and
glaciers.
 Parcul Naţional Zosemite este vestit pentru cascadele sale care au o înălţime de 730 m şi
văile împrejmuite de înălţimi de peste 900 m. – Zosemite National Park is famous for its
waterfalls with a high for 730 m and valleys surrounded by heights of over 900 m.
 Dar poate că nici un peisaj nu este compatibil cu Marele Canion al fluviului Colorado. Or
maybe any landscape is not compatible with Grand Canyon of the Colorado River.
 Acolo, timp de un milion şi jumătate de ani, marele fluviu a dăltuit în stânca muntelui. There
for one and one half million years,the great river has carved into the rock mountain.
 Părţile cele mai impresionante ale canionului se află în interiorul Parcului Naţional al
Marelui Canion. –Most impressive parts of the Canyon lies within Grand Canyon of
National Park.
 Mai mult decât orice alte porţiuni din Statele Unite, munţii şi deşerturile continuă să
constituie cele mai mari întinderi ale ţării. More than any other portions of the United States,
mountains and deserts continue to be the largest expanses of the country
 Aceste ţinuturi, care odinioară barau calea călătorilor obosiţi, au devenit în prezent locuri
pentru vacanţe de vară şi de iarnă. These lands, which once barau way tired travelers, are
now becoming places for summer and winter holidays.

Lesson four
American cities
Shady-umbros Disorderly- Wheel- Spoke- Marble-
neingrijit shape-in spita marmura
forma de
roata
to bequeath- a Tribute- Sentry- Hazard- Queer-
lasa prin omagiu santinela eveniment ciudat,straniu
testament
Borough- Cluster- Dazzling- iridescent Ribbed-striat
comitat,sector grup,manunchi orbitor – irizat
To wedge into- Facet-fateta To recede-a Subway- Glittering-
a patrunde in se departa,a metrou stralucitor
se retrage
Forefather- Vaunted- To lay the Law- Burial place-
stramos laudat corner- making loc de veci
stone- a pune city-oras
piatra de legislativ
temelie
Law college- To fit ill- a nu An array of In search Pedestal-
colegiu de drept se potrivi skyscrapers- of –in piedestal
in sir de cautarea
zgarie-nori
Ethnographic Rubber To amount Spreading- Cumbersome-
museum- works- to-a se ridica raspandite greoaie
museu rafinarie de la
etnografic petrol
The wide Stationery- Alignment- was with funds
avenues-cele papetarie aliniere carved- a bequeathed-
mai largi fost cu fonduri
bulevarde sculptata lasate
mostenire
Establishment- Possess- display,- panels that armed sentry-
stabilire poseda afisa quote- armata
panouri cu santinela
citate

Jams-blocaje tasteless the natives,- crowd into to the naked

office localnici buses- eye-cu ochiul
buildings,- multimea liber
cladiri de de
birou fara gust autobuze
Torn-sfasiata Trade-comert Mouth-gura Boroughs- Exciting-
cartiere interesant

the harbour- The clouds- Downtown- Wedges- Achieved-

port nori centrul pene realizat
orasului
Pavement- Leaving- the finger- The
pavaj lasand degetul wealthy
sections-
sectiunile
bogate
 old shady trees the branches of which frequently meet in a continuous arch high above the street.-
vechi copaci umbrosi ramuri din care îndeplinesc frecvent într-un arc continuu de mare de mai sus pe
stradă.
 Following the burning of the building,-dupa arderea cladirii
 the marks of fire-urmele de foc
 on the sand stone walls-de pe peretii de piatra de nisip
 It is the sole official memorial to President Kennedy in the capital, opened in 1971.- Acesta este
singurul memorial oficial preşedintelui Kennedy în capitală, deschis în 1971.
 The air is periodically toxic from exhaust fumes.- Aerul este periodic toxic din gazele de eşapament.
 as it is laid out regularly.-asa cum este prevazut cu regularitate
 regular and planned-regulate si planificate
 instead of names- in loc de nume
 the smoky glass walls-peretii de sticla de fum
 its hanging gardens=gradinile sale suspendante
 gleaming facets of new skyscrapers.-fatetele stralucitoare ale zgarie norilor

EXERCISES
I. Enlarge on:
a) 1. Characteristic features of some big and small American towns.
There are many big towns in the United States of America. They can be counted easily spreading the map.
Yet, it is impossible to do the same thing with the small towns. New York is considered to be the most interesting
city of the United States. Perhaps after New York, Chicago might be called the richest city; San Francisco – the most
beautiful; Cincinnati – the most agreeable and civilized; Santa Fe – the most original due to the well-preserved
traditions; Cleveland and Buffalo – the smokiest; Los Angeles – cumbersome, disorderly, hot and smoky and
Washington – the most provincial of all the big towns.
2. Location and history of Washington, D.C.
The capital of the United States is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. The District of
Columbia (D.C.) was named in honour of Columbus, the discoverer of America; it is a piece of land of one hundred
square miles, and it does not belong to any state. The terms Washington and the District of Columbia are practically
synonymous. The nation‟s first president, George Washington, selected the site for the District and laid the corner-
stone of the Capital Building where Congress meets. Washington, D.C. has been the capital since 1800. At the
beginning of the 19th century, the new capital was called “Wilderness City” and the “City of Streets without Houses”.
At the time of its foundation there were few trees and houses. Now Washington has more trees than any other city.
3. Lay-out of the city.

4. Population
Far from being the largest city of the United States, Washington is, in political sense,
however, the centre of the nation, the law-making city of the country. It is also the seat of five
universities and of several independent law colleges, art schools and private schools. In many
respects, Washington, D.C. is a perfect normal American city. Its rivers are polluted. The air
is periodically toxic from exhaust fumes. It has traffic jams, tasteless office buildings, Parent-
Teacher Association (P.T.A.) meetings and other common hazards of urban life. To 9,000,000
tourists every year, the only abnormality is what they come to see, the home of the nation –
the White House, the Capitol, the Washington Monument, the Lincoln Memorial and the
Smithsonian Institution. Beyond its official buildings, the natives, rise each morning, crowd
into buses and car pools, go to work, return at night, to the naked eye not different from the
inhabitants of any other American city. But Washington is the queerest of all the cities in
America. Behind the monuments and official buildings lies a palpitating municipality torn
between its role as home of the United States Government and home for over 800,000 human
beings.
5. Significance of the city nowadays.
6. Places of interest in Washington.
b) 1. Location of New York.
2. Population of New York.
3. New York boroughs.
4. Lay-out of the city.
5. Importance of New York today.
6. Position and significance of Manhattan.
7. Places of interest.
8. New York‟s anti-world.

GRAMMAR THE FUTURE TENSE (Viitorul simplu)

Viitorul simplu desemnează un eveniment posterior faţă de momentul vorbirii.

În structura viitorului simplu intă verbul auxiliar shall la persoana I singular
şi plural, will la persoana a II-a şi a III-a singular şi plural şi infinitivul scurt
al verbului de conjugat.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
(-Negative)
I shall bring / I‟ll bring I shall not bring / I Shall I (not) bring?
shan’t bring Will you (not) bring?
You will bring/You‟ll
You will not bring/ Will he,she,it(not)
He, she, it will bring He, she, it will not bring? Shall we (not)
We shall bring bring bring?
You will bring We shall not bring/we Will you (not) bring?
They will bring shan’t Will they (not) bring?
You will not bring
They will not bring
The use of the Future Common Tense
Rules Examples

Viitorul exprimă o acţiune sau stare

care se va petrece după momentul
vorbirii. Pentru a preciza momentul
viitor în care se va petrece acţiunea
se folosesc adverbe sau expresii
adverbiale de timp: tomorrow; the
day after tomorrow; next month,
week, year; soon; shortly; in a
month’s time; in two months’ time,
etc.
I shall join your sport association
next week.
Will he soon come back?
They will shortly celebrate the
victory of our sportsmen.
Will he go to a football match
tomorrow?

II. Use the sentences given below in the interrogative form and then in
the negative form:
1. He will play for our faculty team tomorrow.
Will he play for our faculty team tomorrow?
Will he not play for our faculty team tomorrow?
He will not play for our faculty team tomorrow.
2. I shall go training every day next winter.
I shadn’t go training every day next winter.
Shall I go training every day next winter?
Shall I not go training every day next winter?
3. She will go in for figure skating in a month‟s time.
Will she go in for figure skating in a month’s time?
Will she not go in for figure skating in a month’s time?
She will not go in afigure skating in a month’s time.
4. They will set up new records next year.
Will they set up new records next year?
Will they not set up new records next year?
They will not set up new records next year.
5. We shall soon be awarded gold and silver medals.
Shall we soon be awareded gold and silver medals
Shall we not soon be awareded gold and silver medals.
We shall not soon be awarded gold and silver medals.
5. We shall go nowhere tonight as the weather is bad.
Shall we go nowhere tonight as the weather is bad.
We shall not go nowhere tonight as the weather is bad.

IV. Translate into English:

1. New York, cel mai mare oraş din lume şi cel mai mare centru
industrial, comercial şi financiar al Statelor Unite, nu este un oraş prea
vechi. New York is the biggest city in the world and the biggest
industrial,trade and financial centre of the United States of America,isn’t
a too old city.
2. Oraşul New York este compus din cinci sectoare: Manhattan,
Brooklyn, Queens, Richmond şi Bronx. New York City consists of five
boroughs: : Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Richmond şi Bronx
3. Toate sunt insule cu excepţia sectorului Bronx, care reprezintă o parte
din continent. –All are islands,with exception the borough Bronx wich
represents a part of mainland.
4. Statuia Libertăţii se află pe o mică insulă în largul portului New York.-
Liberty Statue lies on a small island off the port of the New York.
5. Statuia a fost dăruită Statelor Unite de către guvernul francez în anul
1884. The Liberty Statue was donated/has been given to the United
States by the French government in year 1884.
6. Statuia împreună cu piedestalul are o înălţime de circa 100 de metri.
The statue with the pedestal has a high of about 100 metres.
7. Este uşor să te deplasezi prin oraş deoarece a fost construit în formă de
dreptunghi. It is easy to move around the city because it was built in
rectangle shape.
8. Cincisprezece bulevarde lungi traversează oraşul de la nord la sud şi
circa 300 de străzi scurte de la est la vest. 15 larges avenues cross the
city from north to south and about 300 shorts streets from east to west.
 9. Populaţia New York-ului reprezintă un adevărat muzeu etnografic. The
population of New York represents a really ethnographic museum.
10. Se spune că sunt mai mulţi italieni la New York decât la Roma şi mai
mulţi irlandezi decât la Dublin. It is say that are more italiens at New
York than in Rome and more Irish than in Dublin.
11. Populaţia New York-ului se ridică la peste 19 milioane de oameni.
The population of New York rises/amounts to over 19 million peoples.
12. New York este cel mai mare port maritim al Statelor Unite. –New
York is the biggest harbour/seaport of the United States.
13. Foarte dezvoltată este industria de echipament electronic, de aparate
de precizie şi de instrumente. Industry is highly developed electronic
equipment,precision machines and tools.
14. La periferia oraşului se găsesc rafinăriile de petrol, uzine de cauciuc,
turnătorii de cupru etc.- 14. On the outskirts are oil refineries, rubber
factories, copper foundries, etc..

LESSON FIVE AUSTRALIA

VOCABULARY

Rough- Plateau=podis, Moist- To drain-a Kangaroo-

aspru,brut,accidenta (pl) plateaux, umed usca,a cangurul
t plateaus drena
To account for- a Staple-principal Indingenou Aborigines- To average-
explica,a justifica s-bastinas bastinas a forma o
medie
Slaughter-macel Ranch- Non- Trade The raising
ferma,mosie ferrous balances- of sheep
ores- balanta and cattle-
mineuri comerciala cresterea
neferoase oilor si a
vitelor
To become extinct- a To be endowed Labour- Urnan Soil-sol
disparea with- a dispune forta de areas-zone
munca urbane
Iron-fier Copper-cupru Gold-aur Aluminium Oil
-aluminiu distillation-
rafinarea
petrolului
Shipbuilding yard- Petrochemestry- Extractive Processing
santier de constructii petrochimie industry- industry-
navale industria industria
extractiva prelucratoa
re
Study and remember
 Koala bear – ursul Koala
 flying opossum – oposum zburător
 ant eater/bear – furnicar
 gorges – chei mountainside,
 slope – versant
 precipice – prăpastie
 range of mountains – lanţ de munţi
 to slaughter cattle – a tăia vite
 reef – recif
 shark – rechin
 densely populated – cu populaţie densă
 shearer – muncitor care tunde oile
 drover – văcar, oier
 to border on – a se învecina cu
 shipping line – linie de navigaţie coastal
 shipping – nave de cabotaj, flotă de cabotaj
 subsidiary – filială
 overseas-controlled – dirijat din stăinătate
 gross value – valoare globală
exceedingly flat and dry.-extrem de plat si de uscat
fronts partly-fronturi partiale
winter dry seasons.-sezoane uscate de iarna
run down the entire-se deplaseaza in jos intreaga
its tributaries,-afluentii sai
drains-canalizeaza
hydroelectric power.-hidroelectrica
remote-de la distanta
Most of the rich farmlands-cele mai multe din terenurile
agricole bogate
the leading-liderul
Australia is one of the great trading nations-Australia
este una dintre marile natiuni de tranzactionare
Wool-lana
Wheat-grau
 chief buyers-cumparatorii principali
have long been staple occupations.-au fost mult timp
ocupatii discontinue
sugar cane-trestia de zahar
three fifths of the population-3/5 din populatie
institute of higher education-institut de invatamant
superior

EXERCISES
I. Enlarge on:
1. Australia‟s geographical position.
It is the smallest continent, lying between the Indian and the Pacific
Oceans. It extends from east to west some 3,860 km and from north to south
3,220 km. With the island state of Tasmania to the south, the continent
makes up the Commonwealth of Australia. There are five continental states:
Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Western
Australia, as well as the Northern territory and the Australian Capital
Territory, containing Canberra. Australia‟s external territories include
Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the
Australian Antarctic Territory.
2. Australia‟s relief.
The northern region fronts partly on the Timor Sea, separating
Australia from Indonesia; it also belongs to the plateau, with tropical
temperatures and winter dry seasons. In Eastern Australia, there are the
mountains of the Eastern Highlands which run down the entire east and
south-east coasts. The longest of the Australian rivers, the Murray River and
its tributaries, drains the southern part of the interior basin that lies between
the mountains and the great plateau. The rivers of this area are used
extensively for irrigation and hydroelectric power. Australia, remote from
any other continent, has many distinctive forms of plant life – as for instance
species of giant eucalyptus – and of animal life, including the kangaroo. It
also has many unusual birds.
3. Australia‟s trade.
Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane and Adelaide are the leading industrial
and commercial cities. Australia is highly industrialized and manufactured
goods account for about two thirds of the total value of production. The
leading manufactures are iron and steel products, transportation equipment
and machinery. Australia is one of the great trading nations, with one quarter
to one third of its export income derived from the sale of wool, meat and
wheat. The chief buyers are the United Kingdom, Japan and the United
States. Other main exports are iron ore and non-ferrous ore. The leading
imports are metal products, petroleum, machinery and textiles. They come
mainly from Great Britain, the USA and Japan, too, which makes for a
favourable trade balance. The country is self-sufficient in food and the
raising of sheep and cattle and the production of grain have long been staple
occupations. Tropical and subtropical produce: citrus fruits, sugar cane and
tropical fruits are also important and there are numerous vineyards and diary
and tobacco farms. Australia has valuable mineral resources, including coal,
iron, bauxite, uranium and gold
4. Australia‟s cities.
The country is highly urbanized: about three fifths of the population
lives in the cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Since World War II, the
government has been encouraging immigration and permanent arrivals have
been averaging more than 100,000 people annually. The population has
increased by more than 60% in this period. Canberra is the Federal Capital.
Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, with 2.5 million people, is the
largest city of the country, including one-fifth of the population of the whole
continent. Melbourne, the capital city of the state of Victoria, has 2 million
people. It is the centre of cultural life in Australia. The University of
Melbourne is the institute of higher education in the country, followed by the
New Monash University. Other big cities are Adelaide, the capital of South
Australia and Perth, the capital of Western Australia.
II. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. In the south-west corner of Australia, there is a small moist and fertile
area.
2. In Eastern Australia there are the mountains of the Eastern Highlands
which run down the entire east and south-east coast.
3. The longest of the Australian rivers, the Murray River and its tributaries,
drains the southern part of the interior basin that lies between the mountains
and the great plateau.
4. Remote from any other continent, Australia has many forms of plant life.
5. Australia is one of the world‟s great trading nations.
6. The main exports are iron ore and non-ferrous ore.
7. The leading imports are metal products, petroleum, machinery and
textiles.
8. The country is self-sufficient in food and the raising of sheep and cattle.
III. Complete the following if-clauses:
1. If I had time, I shall read more psychology books.
2. If Romania had a tropical climate,the summer will be longer,there are
many tropical fruits and more tourists at sea.
3. If John had a map of Australia,he was able take ten to exam.
4. If you wanted to see a kangaroo, you can go to Australia or to Zoo.
5. If I were interested in tropical fauna,I should have been knowed more
about giant eucalyptus.
6. If the climate allowed it, you should have been occuped by the raising of
sheep and cattle.
7. If you were here, you might have seen what was happened.
8. If I were asked to speak about Australia‟s population,students should be
told that is a population wich are living in the urban area.

IV. Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:

1. Wild animals (to do) well in Australia. - 1. Wild animals do well in
Australia
2. Rabbits brought to Australia in 1788 (to adapt) perfectly until, by the
middle of the 19th century, they (to become) a distinct menace to sheep
raising. -2. Rabbits brought to Australia in 1788 have adapted perfectly until,
by the middle of the 19th century, they have became a distinct menace to
sheep raising
3. In 1907, a fence, 1,610 km long , (to build) from the north coast to the
south to prevent the rabbits from invading Western Australia. -. In 1907, a
fence, 1,610 km long , was build from the north coast to the south to
prevent the rabbits from invading Western Australia
4. After the agreement (to make) to build Canberra, ten years (to pass) before
much (to do) about it, though a superb site (to select). -. After the agreement
was made to build Canberra, ten years have been passed before much have
been done about it, though a superb site has been selected. -
5. In 1911, many architects (to invite) to an international competition to
design the city of Canberra. -5. In 1911, many architects were invited to an
international competition to design the city of Canberra
6. The first prize (to go) to an American, walter Burley Griffin. Many of his
ideas were retained. -6. The first prize was gone to an American, walter
Burley Griffin. Many of his ideas were retained.

V. Change the following sentences using the subjunctive mood:

Model: It is difficult for them to obtain good crops in a dry climate.
It is difficult that good crops should be obtained in a dry climate.
1. It is easy for the geography teacher to give a lecture on Australia. –It is
easy that a lecture about Australia should be given by a georgraphy teacher.
2. It is easy for your students to speak about trade between countries. –It is
easy the trade between countries should be spoken by your students.
3. It is easy for John to go hunting. –It is easy for John should be gone
hunting.
4. It is difficult for the European man to adapt to life in Australia. –It is
difficult life in Australia should be adapted by the European man.
5.It is impossible for kangaroos to live in a cold climate. –It is impossible for
in a cold climate should be lived by kangaroos.
. It was impossible for the indigenous population to live in big cities.-It was
imposible in big cities should be lived the indigenous population.
6. It is impossible for her to climb a rough mountain. –It is impossible a
rough mountain should be climbed by her.

VI. Ask questions which can be answered by the underlined words:

1. The Australian continent is on the whole flat and dry. –How is look
Australia continent?
2. The longest of all Australian rivers is the Murray River and its tributaries.
–What is the longest river of all Australian rivers?
3. The rivers of this area are used extensively for irrigation and
hydroelectric power. –For what is used the rivers in this area?
4. There are many unusual birds in Australia. Are there unsual birds in
Australia?
5. Melbourne is a highly industrial and commercial city. Is Melbourne a
industrial and commercial city of Australia?
6. Japan is now Australia‟s largest wool buyer. –What is the largest buyer of
Australian wool?
7. Australia has valuable mineral resources including coal, iron, bauxite,
uranium and gold. –What natural mineral resources has Australia?
8. Most of the aborigines live in reservations. –Where live most of the
aborigines?
9. Canberra is the Federal Capital of Australia. What is the Federal Capital
of Australia?
10. Sydney, the capital of New South Wales, has 2.5 million
inhabitants.What numer of inhabitans has Sydney,the capital of New South
Wales?
VIII. Translate into English:
1.Australia dispune de mari resurse naturale, de forţă de muncă puţin
numeroasă în raport cu aceste resurse şi cu întinderea ţării, de un mare
număr de locuitori în zonele urbane; toate acestea fac ca întreaga
industrie (atât cea extractivă cât şi cea prelucrătoare) să fie concentrată în
jurul marilor oraşe. –Australia has great natural resources,labour less
numerous in relation to these resource and the extend to the countru,a
great number of inhabitants in urban areas;all make the entire
industry(extractive and processing ) to be concentrated around large
cities.
2.De fapt, marile oraşe au apărut şi s-au dezvoltat numai acolo unde erau
condiţii favorabile de climă, de sol sau resurse naturale uşor expolatabile.
Sud-estul Australiei, statele Victoria, Noua Galie şi sudul Australiei
dispun de imense resurse ale subsolului cu o activă industrie extractivă:
fier, cupru, aur, aluminiu. In fact,large cities have emerged and developed
only there where conditions were favorable climate,soil and natural
resources explotabile easy.South-eastern Australia,states Victoria,New
Gaul and the south of Australia have huge resources of soil with an active
extractive industry:iron,copper,gold,aluminium.
3. In ceea ce priveşte industria prelucrătoare, se remarcă trei mari centre
în aceleaşi regiuni: Adelaide (industria construcţiilor de maşini, industria
chimică, prelucrarea lemnului şi industria alimentară), Melbourne
(şantiere de construcţii navale, producţia de aur, de utilaj agricol,
rafinarea petrolului şi petrochimia, producţia de îngrăşăminte, industria
alimentară şi textilă – mai ales pe bază de lână) şi Sydney (siderurgie,
şantiere navale, prelucrarea petrolului, industria textilă şi alimentară). –In
terms of manufacturing stands three centers in the same
regions:Adelaide(machine construction industry,car industry,chemical
industry,wood and food),Melbourne(shipbuilding yards,gold
production,equipment agricol,oil distillation and petrochemistry,fertilizer
production,food and textile industry-especially based on whool) and
Sydney (steel,shipbuilding yard,petroleum refining,textile and food
industry).

LESSON SIX
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN BRITAIN

Prominent- Scholar- Male- Heir To behead- a

proeminent,distins, erudit,savant,om masculin,mascul -mostenito decapita
important de stiinta r
Lady-in-waiting- Coffer-visiterie Ultimately-in Defeat- Fleet-flota
domnisoara de sfarsit ,la urma infrangere
onoare
Boundary-granita To embark Climax-punct Ruler- Rhyme-rima
upon-a incepe culminant domnitor
ceva
Lead- a conduce traders,- Reign-domnia Outshining-
comercianti sa stralucirea
 the sixth outlived him – a sasea l-a supravietuit
 Divorced, beheaded, died, -divortat,decapitat,a murit
 Divorced, beheaded, survived”. –divortat,decapitat,a supravietuit
 grew to an unprecedented extent. – a crescut intr-o masura fara precedent
 called until then,-numit pana atunci
 embarked upon a period of progress, wealth and power, which reached its
brilliant climax under Elisabeth I- angajat pe o perioadă de progres,
bogăţie şi putere, care a atins apogeul genial în Elisabeth I
GRAMMAR
Compare:King Henry had two of his wives executed.- he ordered and
somebody else did it. King
Henry executed two of his wives. – he did it himself In English the verb TO
HAVE + NOUN + PARTICIPLE = a face pe cineva să facă ceva

EXERCISES I. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words:

prominent, scholar, male, heir, to behead, lady-in-waiting, ultimately,
defeat, fleet, boundary, to embark upon, climax (faceţi schimbările
necesare):
1. The Danube forms a natural boundary between our country and Bulgaria.
2. Queen Elisabeth never married and died without an heir.
3. The action reached its climax when the killer kidnapped the little girl.
4. If you don‟t want to upset him, let him win; he can‟t stand defeat.
5. I hope that in 1991 you embark upon a happier time of your life.
6. In the Elisabethan theatre the parts of women were acted by male.
7. Ultimatley she agreed that she had been wrong.
8. Thomas More was one of the greatest Humanists scholar.
9. In the 16thcentury England had experienced seamen and a powerful fleet.
10. James Joyce is one of the proeminent figures of modern literature.
11. What do you think is more painful, to be hanged or to be behead?
12. The young prince fell in love with one of his mother‟s lady-in-waiting

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was Henry VIII? Henry VIII was one of the most prominent
monarch in Britain.He borned in 1505 and he died 15 47,he was a
scholar,musician,politician,a true Renaissance ruler,was one England
strongest’s and of most colorful kings.
2. How many wives had Henry VIII? Henry VIII had six wives,
3. What happened to them? Two of Eduard’wives whose executed,he
divorced two,one died giving birth to his only son Edward and the sixth
outlived them.
4. Why did King Henry want a divorce from his first wife? King Henry
wanted to divorce from his first wife because she giving birth a daughter.
5. Why was it not easy for him to get a divorce? In those time it was easier
for a king to have someone executed than to get a divorce.
6. What did King Henry do? King Henry ask permission from the Pope,the
head of the Catholic Church in Rome.When the Pope refused to allow Henry
to divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn,lady-in-waiting to the queen,the
king acted drastically”he broke away from Rome and became:’’Supreme
Head of the Church in England’’.
7. What happened to the monasteries and their wealth?
Thus, Henry married Anne Boleyn, ordered the monasteries dissolved and
transferred their wealth and property to the royal coffers. In this way, the
power of the state, centralized in one figure, grew to an unprecedented
extent.
8. What was Anne Boleyn‟s fate? Unfortunately, Anne Boleyn was unable
to give birth to a son. Just as with Catherine, her only living child was a
daughter and ultimately Henry had Anne beheaded.
9. Who was Elisabeth I? Queen Elisabeth I was one of the greatest rulers to
sit on the throne of England.
10. What kind of person was she? Queen Elisabeth was the last and the
greatest monarchs belonging to the Tudor House,is a symbol of national
glory.She was 25 years when she came to the throne.As a person she
combined violent temper,great personal magnetism and a brilliant art of how
to lead and manage Englishmen.She said of herself:I may have the body of a
woman,but I have the heart and the stomatch of a king,and a king of
England,too.
11. What did she encourage? She encouraged geographical discoveries and
colonial expension.
12. Who were Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh? Sir Francis Drake was a
man who sailed around the world and Sir Walter Raleigh who settled
colonists in Virginia – named for the Virgin Queen Elisabeth – fought for
England‟s supremacy at sea.
13. What happened in 1588? In 1588 the Spanish fleet,called until then was
defeated and English traders,explorers and colonizers were able to travel all
over the word,bringing fame and riches to their country.
14. Why has the reign of Queen Elisabeth been called “Golden Age of
Literature”? The reign of Queen Elisabeth has been called’’Golden Age of
Literature’’because she was a great patron of artist,prose,poetry and drama
flourished in her time. The dominant literary figure of the period, outshining
all the others by his genius, was William Shakespeare

III. Correct the following sentences:

1. Henry VIII married twice. No ,Henry VIII married six times.
2. He executed all his wives. No,he executed only two of his wives executed.
3. He divorced his first wife because he wanted a daughter. No,he divorced
his first wife because he wanted a son.
4. The Pope became the head of the English Church. No,Henry VIII became
the ‘’’Supreme Head of the Church in England.’’
5. Queen Elisabeth I was King Henry VIII‟s aunt. No,Queen Elisabeth I was
King Henry VIII’s daughter.
6. In 1588 the Spanish fleet gained supremacy at sea. No,the Spanish fleet
was defeated and supremacy at sea was gained by the English.
7. The art of gardening flourished in this period. No,the artist flourished in
this period. Prose,poetry and drama flourished in her time.

IV. Turn the following sentences into the Passive:

1. People always admire this picture. This picture always was admired by
the people.
2. Someone has broken two of my plates. Two of my plates were broken by
someone.
3. No one has ever beaten Alex at tennis. Alex was’t ever beaten at tennis by
no one else.
4. People speak English all over the world. All over the world English is
spoken by people.
5. Did anyone ask any questions about me? Was asked anyone questions
about me?
6. They held a reception in his honour. O reception was held by them in his
honour.
7. Somebody left the dog in the garden. In the garden the dog was left by
someone.

LESSON SEVEN
FAMOUS BRITISH SEAMEN –Celebrii marinari britanici

Laden- To aquire- Tremendous- Vain-fara Bold-curajos

incarcat,impovarat a dobandi, a puternic,enorm, valoare, indraznet
obtine Foarte mare infumurat
Vanitos
Undaunted- To secure- Thoughts- Reign- the famous
neinfricat a obtine, a ganduri domniei sailor-
castiga celebru
marinar
Throughout-pe Knighted- the deck-puntea Seamen- Thus-astfel
parcursul cavaler marinari
Immortality- Courtier-curtean he sailed-el a Settled- the vain hope-
nemurirea navigat stabilit speranta desarta
the bold-indraznet fiery-tempered for treason=pentru Overseas-de
courtier-foc tradare peste mari
temperat curtean
 plundered the gold-laden Spanish ships –jefuiau navele de aur ale
spanilor
 has acquired an almost legendary aura – a capatat o aura aproape
legendara

EXERCISES
I. Fill in the blanks with one of the following words: laden/incarcat, to
acquire,/a dobandi tremendous, fleet, vain, bold, undaunted, to secure:
1. In only one year Paul managed acquire a fairly good knowledge of
French.
2. Ian McKellen‟s performance of Richard III was a vain success.
3. All he can offer you are tremendous promises.
4. How was the Spanish fleet called in the 16thcentury?
5. His brilliant speech secures him unanimous admiration.
6. Characters in romantic novels are all handsome and bolds.
7. The trees in the orchard were laden with big, juicy apples.
8. I like his direct and undaunted manner.

II. Choose the correct word for each sentence:

1. Sir Francis Drake was a a) poet b) pirate c) general
2. Sir Francis Drake sailed a) on Spanish ships b) to Australia c) around the
world
3. Sir Francis Drake defeated a) the English fleet b) the Spanish fleet c) the
Italian fleet
4. Sir Walter Raleigh was a a) king b) pirate c) seaman
5. Sir Walter Raleigh settled colonists in a) South Africa b) Virginia c) New
Zealand
6. Sir Walter Raleigh died because he a) had malaria b) was very old c) was
beheaded

LESSON EIGHT
EUROPE‟ S PREMODERN HERITAGE
Patrimonial European premodern

Vocabulary:
To people- a Withdrawal- Intervening- To forge-a League-
popula retragere care s- a intari,a liga,alianta
petrecut intre forja
timp,amestec,
interventie
Core- To shift- a To yield- a Hitherto- Framework-
miez,nucleu, schimba,a se produce,a pana cadru,rama
muta realiza acum
Foodstuff-aliment Raw material – Legacy- Dormant- Acquiescences-
materie prima mostenire inactiv, aprobare
latent
To encroache Sway- Granary-granar Lead- Commodity-
upon-a incalca dominatie, plumb marfa
stapanire
Subject- the wake-trezirea deciduous forest- grassy shores,-tarmuri
Cetean supus paduri de foioase vales-vai
ierboase
Witnessed-martor Radiating-radiaza was crisscrossed- a ever since,- great
fost brazdat inca de accomplishments-
atunci mari realizari
Sovereign- Nevertheless-cu Undone- anulat Shifted-s-a were drawn- au
 suverean toate acestea mutat fost elaborate
flowed into Rome- peak reached-de Throughout-pe railroads,- Sway-leagana
curgeau in Roma varf a ajuns parcursul caile ferate

 in the wake of Pleistocene‟ s most recent glacial retreat –in rma

retreagerii glaciare Pleistocene cea mai recenta ‘
 the rise of its first great civilizations –cresterea primei sale marii
civilizatii
 maritime trade route-rutele maritime comerciale
 ANCIENT GREECE –Grecia Antica
 they also made impressive intellectual achievements (which
peaked during the fourth century BC) –au facut de
asemenea,impresionante realizari intelectuale(care au atins apogeul in
timpul secolului al IV-lea dupa Hristos)
 But internal discord persisted as well; -dar discordia interna a
persistat inca
 sovereign Greek intercity league.-liga suverana greca
 would accomplish.-ar fi putut-o realize
 At its greatest expansion –la cea mai mare expansiune
 More than anything else,-mai mult decat orice altceva
 long lay dormant –care stau mult in stare latenta
 at no time –in nici un moment
 fought over territory –s-au luptat pe teritoriul
 outsiders encroached on it-externii s-au incalcat pe ea.
 granaries for urbanizing (European) Rome; -hambare pentru
urbanizarea romei
 in the production of particular farm commodities, manufactured
goods, or minerals –in producerea de bunuri agricole,bunuri fabricate
sau minerale.

GRAMMAR THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES (Concordanţa Timpurilor)

 În limba engleză timpul verbului din propoziţia secundară depinde, în
genere, de timpul verbului din principală. Această dependenţă, se
numeşte “concordanţa timpurilor”(The Sequence of Tenses).
Propoziţia principală
1. Prezent; He thinks
2. Prezentul perfect He has thought
2. Viitor She will cross the street
I shall tell her
I shall see
3. Timp trecut
a) acţiuni simultane
Past Tense I thought
b) acţiunea din secundară
Trecut I thought
c) acţiunea din secundară Trecut → I
thought
EXERCISES
I. Enlarge upon:
Propoziţia secundara
→ Orice timp
she is crossing the street
she crosses the street
she crossed the street
she will cross the street
she will have crossed the street by now .
→ Orice timp afară de viitor
(if) you allow her.
(what) we have done (did)
(if) she is crossing the street.
→ Past Tense
(that) she crossed the street.
she was crossing the street when I saw her.
este anterioară celei din principală →
Mai mult ca perfect:
(that) she had crossed the street. she
had been crossing the street
yesterday at 2 o‟clock.
- este posterioară celei din principală
a) Viitorul în trecut (Future in the
Past) (that) she would cross the
street
she would be crossing the street
when I saw her.
b) Viitorul Perfect în trecut (Future
Perfect in the Past):
she would have crossed the street
by the time the traffic light stopped
a) Greek civilization;
As the ancient Greeks forged their city-states and intercity leagues, they also made
impressive intellectual achievements (which peaked during the fourth century BC). Their
political science and philosophy have influenced politics and government ever since, and
great accomplishments were also recorded in such fields as education, literature,
architecture and the arts. The fragmentation of Greece‟s habitat led to local
experimentation and success, followed by active changes of ideas and innovations. But
internal discord persisted as well; in the end this contributed to Greece‟s decline. By 147
BC, the Romans had defeated the last sovereign Greek intercity league. Nevertheless,
what the ancient Greeks had accomplished was not undone: they had transformed the
eastern Mediterranean into one of the cultural cores of the world, and Greek culture
became a major component of Roman civilization.
b) Roman civilization;
The center of civilization and power now shifted to the Romans in present-day
Italy. The Greeks never achieved politico-territorial organization on the scale that
Imperial Rome would accomplish. At its greatest expansion (in the second century AD),
the Roman Empire extended from Britain to the Persian Gulf and from the Black Sea to
Egypt. The variety of cultures brought under Roman control and the resulting exchange
of ideas and innovations yielded many opportunities for regional interaction –
particularly in southern and western Europe. Areas that hitherto supported only
subsistence modes of life were drawn into the greater economic framework of the empire,
and suddenly there were distant markets for products that had never found even local
markets before. Foodstuffs and raw materials now flowed into Rome from most of the
Mediterranean Basin. With a population that at its peak reached perhaps one million, the
city itself was the greatest single marketplace of the empire and the first metropolitan-
scale urban center in Europe.
That urban tradition came to characterize Roman culture throughout the empire,
and many cities and towns founded by the Romans continue to prosper to this day.
Roman urban centers were connected by an unparalleled network of highway and water
routes, facilities that all formed part of an infrastructure needed to support economic
growth and development. (Today, a modern state‟s infrastructure would include railroads,
airports, energy-distribution systems, telecommunications networks, and the like). More
than anything else, however, the Roman Empire left Europe a legacy of ideas – concepts
that long lay dormant but eventually played their part when Europe unified by
acquiescence than it was under the Romans, and at no time did Europe come closer to
obtaining a lingua franca (common language) than during the age of Rome.
c) Europe‟ s transformation under Roman rule.
Finally, Europe‟s transformation under Roman rule heavily involved the
geographic principle of areal functional specialization. Before the Romans brought
order and connectivity to their vast domain, much of Europe was inhabited by tribal
peoples who lived at a subsistence level. Many of these groups lived in virtual isolation,
traded little, and fought over territory when outsiders encroached on it. Peoples under
Rome‟s sway, however brought into its economic as well as political spheres and
farmlands, irrigation systems, mines and workshops appeared. Thus Roman-dominated
areas began to take on a characteristic that has marked Europe ever since: particular
peoples and particular places concentrated on the production of particular goods. Parts
of North Africa became granaries for urbanizing (European) Rome; Elba, a
Mediterranean island, produced iron ore; the Cartagena area of southeastern Spain mined
and exported silver and lead. Many other locales in the Roman Empire specialized in the
production of particular farm commodities, manufactured goods, or minerals. The
Romans knew how to exploit their natural resources; at the same time, they also learned
to use the diversified productive talents of their subjects
III. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in
parantheses: Model: Don‟t wait for her if she …(to be) late.
Don‟t wait for her if she is late.
1. If you…(to need) me, give me a ring! If you will need me,give me a ring!
2. Tell her to come if she…(to want) to. Tell her to come is she is waiting to.
3. It is cold in here if the radiator…(to be) off. It is cold here if the radiator
is/was off.
4. You can talk to her if she…(to be) in. –You can talk to her if she will be
in.
5. Don‟t read if you…(not to want) to!. –Don’t read if you will not want to.
6. Take the book if you…(to like) it. –Take the book if you like it./is liking
it.
7. If you…(to be) lucky you can still find him at the office. If you will be
lucky you can still find him at the office.
8. You can‟t buy the typewriter if you…(not to have) enough money. –You
can’t by the typewriter if you don’t have enough money.
9. She is not at home if nobody…(to answer) the door. She is not at home if
nobody will answer the door.
10. Ask him to lend me some money if he (can). –Ask him to lend some
money if he will can.
11. I shall bring you candies if you…(to behave) well. –I shall bring you
candies if you behave well./if you have behaved well.
12. I will help them with their exercises if I…(to have) time. –I will help
them with their exercices if I have time.
13. Nobody will harm you if you…(to keep) quiet. –Nobody will harm you
if you keep quiet.
14. You will learn much more easily if you…(to watch) me do it.-You will
learn much more easily if you are watching me do it.

LESSON NINE BUCHAREST

Vocabulary
Capital- Area- Reign-domnie Century-secol Site-loc,
capitala suprafata,arie amplasament
Fortification Court-curte Remains-ruine To survive-a Dowry-zestre
fortificatie supravietui
Genuine- Girdle- Headquarters Sole- To exert-
adevarat,real centura sediu singur,unic exercita
To witness- a Network- Ethnographical Multi-storey To undergo
fi martorul retea etnografic building- Development
cladire cu A inregistra o
multe etaje dezvoltare

State power- To carry into Home policy- Foregoin To turn into-

puterea de effect-a politica interna policy-politica a transforma
stat traduce in externa in
viata
Iron and Machine- Food products- Consumer Higher
steel building produse goods education
industry- industry- alimentare Produse de institute-
industria industria larg consum institut de
siderurgica constructoare invatamant
de masini superior
Settlement- Establishment District-cartier In the To surround
asezare asezamant Neighbourhood A inconjura
In vecinatate
Stately To set the Unprecedent- Picturesque- Square=piata
house- case foundations fara precedent pitoresc
impunatoare of –a pune
bazele
Civic centre- Shopping Residential Town Hall- Law Courts-
centrul civic centre-centrudistrict-cartier primarie Tribunal
comercial rezidential
Ministry- Prosecutor’s Chamber of The National The National
minister office Commerce and Bank of Theatre
procuratura Industry Romania
Camera de
Comert si
industrie
The Romanian Opera House – Opera Română
preocupare – concern
silvicultură – forestry
a pune accentul pe – to lay emphasize on
intelectualitate – intelligentsia
atelier – workshop
The present day- actuala
from very early times-din vremuri foarte timpurii
Charter-carta
new princely court-curtea domneasca noua
this is what strikes- aceasta este ceea ce loveste
our homeland-partia noastra
throughout-pe parcursul\
bright-stralucita
towards- spre